MODULE 6:
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
6.1 Reversible Process
6.2 Irreversible Process
6.3 Isobaric Process
6.4 Isochoric or Isometic
6.5 Isothermal Process
6.6 Adiabatic Process
6.7 Polytropic Process
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the student shall be
able to:
1. Use process diagrams to illustrate
thermodynamic processes.
2. To solve problem using thermodynamic relations.
3. Describe thermodynamic processes on P-V
diagrams
DEFINITIONS:
• Process diagrams plotted
by employing
thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very
useful in visualizing the
processes.
• Some common properties
that are used as
coordinates are
temperature T, pressure P,
and volume V (or specific
volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often
used to designate a
process for which a
particular property remains The P-V diagram of a compression
constant. process.
DEFINITIONS:
Thermodynamic Process:
- any change that a system undergoes
from one equilibrium state to another.
Path:
- the series of states through which a
system passes during a process.
Cycle:
- A process during which the initial and
final states are identical.
• Reversible Process (Quasi-equilibrium
process:
- it is a process that can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings
• Irreversible Process :
- it is a process that proceeds spontaneously
in one direction but the other.
Process Example
DEFINITIONS: (Symbols)
Symbols Meaning
C Constant
n Polytropic index
h Enthalpy
k Ratio of specific heats (isentropic exponent) Cp/Cv
m Mass flow
P Pressure
Q Heat flow
s Entropy
T Temperature
V Volume
η Efficiency
Symbols (Subscripts) Meaning
a Actual or adiabatic process
s Isentropic process
1 Initial state
2 Final state
SUMMARY OF PROCESS TYPES
Process Properties Held Constant
Adiabatic Heat Energy
Isenthalpic Enthalpy
Isentropic Entropy, Equilibrium, Heat Energy
Isobaric Pressure
Isochoric Volume
Isothermal Temperature
Isotropic Direction
Polytropic PV n = C
Reversible Entropy, Equilibrium
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS:
• ADIABATIC PROCESS
-is a reversible process in
which there is no flow of
heat between a system
and its surroundings
(Q=0).
A. PV and T relation (P =
C)
B. Nonflow Work
2
Wn = PdV
1
where: P = C/Vk
Wn =
P 2V 2 P1V 1
1 k
mR ( T 2 T 1 )
Wn =
1 k
C. Steady flow work
2
Ws = - VdP
1 where: V = C/Pk
k (P2V 2 P1V 1)
Ws =
1 k
kmR(T 2 T 1)
Ws =
1 k
Ws = kWn
D. Change in internal energy
ΔU = mCvΔT
ΔU = -Wn
E. Change in Enthalpy
ΔH= mCpΔT
F. Heat Transferred (Adiabatic, Q = 0)
Q = ΔU + Wn
ΔU= - Wn
G. Change in entropy
ΔS = 0
• ISENTHALPIC PROCESS
- is one in which there is no transfer of heat energy to or from
the surroundings as if the system were surrounded by a
perfect insulator (Δh=0)
- is an adiabatic system that is irreversible and extracts no
work.
• ISENTROPIC PROCESS
- is one in which entropy remains constant (Δs=0)
- also known as a reversible adiabatic process
• ISOBARIC PROCESS
-is an internally reversible constant pressure process of
working substance.
A. PV and T relation (V= C)
V1 V 2
(Charle's Law)
T1 T 2
B. PV and TS diagram
C. Nonflow Work 2
Wn =
1
PdV
Wn = P (V2 - V1)
D. Steady flow work
2
Ws = VdP
1
Ws = 0
where: dP = 0 at P = C
E. Change in internal energy
ΔU = mCvΔT
F. Change in Enthalpy
ΔH= mCpΔT
G. Heat Transferred
Q = ΔU + Wn
Q = ΔU + ΔPV
Q = ΔH
H. Change in entropy
From: dS = dQ/ dT
ΔS = mCvpln(T2/T1)
• ISOCHORIC / ISOMETRIC / ISOVOLUMIC PROCESS
-is one in which volume is held constant (ΔV=0)
A. PV and T relation (V = C)
P1 P 2
T1 T 2
B. Nonflow Work 2
Wn =
1
PdV
Wn = 0
C. Steady flow work
2
Ws =
1
VdP
Ws = V(P1 - P2)
D. Change in internal energy
ΔU = mCvΔT
E. Change in Enthalpy
ΔH= mCpΔT
F. Heat Transferred
Q = ΔU + Wn
Wn = 0 at V = C
Q = ΔU
G. Change in entropy
From: dS = dQ/ dT
T2
ΔS = mCvln
T1
• ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
-is one in which there is no temperature change (ΔT=0).
A. PV and T (T = C)
P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyle's Law)
B. PV and TS diagram
C. Nonflow Work 2
Wn =
1
PdV
C
Where: P =
V
V 2
Wn = P1V 1 ln
V1
V 2
Wn = mRT ln
V 1
D. Steady flow work
2
Ws = VdP
1
C
where: V
P
P2
Ws P1V1 ln
P1
V1
Ws mRTln
V 2
E. Change in internal energy
ΔU = 0
F. Change in Enthalpy
ΔH= 0
G. Heat Transferred
Q = ΔU + Wn
For : ΔU = 0
Q = Wn
H. Change in entropy
dQ
From: dS
T
V2
ΔS = mRln
V1
• POLYTROPIC PROCESS
-is an internally reversible process during which PVn = C
where n is a constant
A. PV and T relation (PVn = C)
P1V1n= P2V2 n
n-1
T1 V2
T2 V1 n-1 / n
T1 P1
T2 P2
B. PV and TS diagram
C. Nonflow Work 2
Wn =
1
PdV
C
Where: P
V n
P2V2 P1V1
Wn
1n
mR(T 2 T 1)
Wn
D. Steady flow work
1 n
2
Ws = VdP
1
C
where: V n
P
n(P2V2 P1V1)
Ws
1n
nmR (T 2 T 1)
Ws
1 n
W s nW n
E. Change in internal energy
ΔU = mCvΔT
ΔU = - Wn
F. Change in Enthalpy
ΔH= mCpΔT
G. Heat Transferred
Q = mCn ΔT
kn
where : C n C v
1 n
H. Change in entropy
dQ
From: dS
T
T2
ΔS = mC n ln
T1
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a
weighted piston as the top boundary. The
gas is heated an expands from a volume
of 0.04 m3 to 0.10 m3 at a constant
pressure of 200 kPa. Find the work done
on the system.
Ans. 12 kJ
SAMPLE PROBLEM
In the process where the product of
pressure and volume is constant, a gas
compression is carried out from an initial
pressure of 200 kPa to a final pressure of
800 kPa. Considering that the initial
specific volume is 0.10 m3/kg, determine
the work done per kilogram of gas.
Ans. -27.7 kJ/kg
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute the pressure ratio (P1/P2 ) of
nitrogen that is expanded isentropically
from 620˚F to 60˚F.
Ans. 12.9
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Nitrogen is isentropically expanded from 620
˚F to 60˚F with volumetric ratio (V2/V1) equal to
6.22. If the value of the gas constant (R) is
0.0787 Btu/lbm- ˚R, compute the work done by
the gas.
Ans. 99.22 Btu/lbm
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Helium is compressed isothermally from 14.7
psi and 68˚F. The compression ratio is 4.
Determine the change in entropy of the gas if the
gas constant is 0.4961 Btu/lbm- ˚R.
Ans. -0.689 Btu/lbm ˚R
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Helium (R= 0.4968 BTU/lb-˚R) is
compressed isothermally from 14.7 psia
and 68˚F. The compression ratio is 4.
Calculate the work done by the gas in
BTU/lbm?
Ans. -364
