TOLENTINO, JIESELLE G.

ARC-5203
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
1. CONDOMINIUM
A condominium consists of a unit space in a building or a real estate
development. This can either be a studio-type home, or a unit that has one, two, to
three bedrooms. Each unit can be owned by different owners and have individual
condominium titles. As a condo owner, you share interest and access in the building
amenities and other common areas. These project developments are mostly found in
urban cities and central business districts.

Pros: Shared amenities allow you to enjoy facilities like swimming pools, gyms, and
playgrounds without thinking of maintenance.
Cons: Location and size plays a key influence on the price of a property, so expect to
pay out a substantial amount when buying one, especially on a home loan.
Condominiums have a lifespan of 50 years, and could present problems for
homebuyers who are looking to live in retirement in a condo. Monthly association dues
could also put a dent on your household expenses, especially if the price of amenity
upkeep increases.
These are the different kinds of popular condos in the country:
• Mid-rise
This type of condominium can be up to 10 floors high. Mid-rise condos allow
urbanites and professionals working in the city to enjoy the convenience of condo living
and still feel like living in a laid-back community.
 Riverfront Residences by DMCI is a low-density mid-rise condo in Pasig.
Popular condos: One Spatial, Pasig; Sea Residences, Mall of Asia
• High-rise
High-rise condos are prevalent near or within the city center, and are in proximity
to shopping malls, schools, and everything that modern urbanites need. Residents are
usually young and active professionals and families. It features luxurious and exclusive
amenities that are not usually found in other types of homes.

High-rise condos like Clairemont in San Juan are popular for active urbanites.
Popular condos: Arya Residences by ArthaLand Corporation, One Rockwell by
Rockwell Land, One Serendra by Ayala Land Premier

2. TOWNHOUSE
 A townhouse or townhome is a single family home that shares one or more walls
with other independently-owned units. They are often rows of uniform homes, two
stories or taller. Residents own their interior and exterior walls, lawn, and roof, as well
as the insurance for both their home and property.

Pros: A townhouse can provide the comfort of a house and lot plus the convenience of
condo living. It offers just the right size of living space per household member. It is less
expensive than a house and lot.
Cons: Although most townhouses for sale are well-insulated, residents will still need to
be mindful of the noise to avoid disturbing the neighbors. Unlike a house and lots,
owning a townhouse will limit you to make home improvements that may threaten the
uniformity of the housing complex’s building structure, like solar panel roofs.

3. HOUSE AND LOT

To simply put it, a house lot is a portion of land with an owner that was assigned
to by a governing body. It is a long-term investment that owners can pass on to their
children and other relatives.
It is generally more spacious than other types of properties which serve as
houses.
This type of home is the preferred real estate property by Pinoys. Literally
speaking, you will own both the house and the land where it is built.
Pros: Buying a house and lot for sale gives homeowners more freedom and space to
move around or make home improvements. Owning a home also provides a sense of
privacy not achieved in a condo. Homeowner’s association fees are only applicable
when your house and lot is in a gated subdivision.
Cons: A house and lot for sale in a gated subdivision is more expensive, particularly if
located within or near the city centers. It is more high-maintenance than any other types
of home in the Philippines because you will be responsible for maintenance, repairs and
improvements. For homeowners whose homes are built on vast patches of prime land,
you’ll be paying more taxes as compared to a townhouse or a condo.
Different kinds of houses and lots in the Philippines:
• Single-attached
For this type of house and lot, one side of the house is attached or built directly at
the side of lot. If the house would, there would be a big space on the right, and vice
versa. Usually space at the back and front exist too. It is similar to a duplex, except units
would be side by side only.

• Single-detached
Single detached means that the house is detached from any side of the lot.
Basically, there is an open space on the sides plus the front and back, and the house is
in the middle of the lot.

• Bungalow
This is simply a single-storey house with all the rooms located in the same floor,
and that is in the ground floor. It is suited for families with members who have impaired
mobility such as your elderly relatives (i.e. lolo and lola) that will find it difficult to take
the stairs.
 • Duplex
This is a single building that contains two housing units. They may be side by
side or up and down, depending on the architectural design.

• Triplex
This type of building is similar with the duplex, but instead of two, there are three
housing units in one building.
 • Multi-level
This kind of house and lot for sale is typically the big ones located in gated
subdivisions. Since you own the entire perimeter on the property plus the house, you
can do whatever you want with it.

3. APARTMENT
Apartments are mostly privately owned. Just like condominiums, they are located
in the heart of the city where commercial establishments, workplaces, universities, and
public transportation are found.
An apartment is usually a single level rental that is part of a large building of
other apartments. If you own it, it is usually called a "condo". If you rent it, it is usually
called an apartment.

 A studio type apartment unit is similar to a studio type condo unit. It is a one-
room house where the kitchen, dining, and sleeping areas are located.

 An apartment loft features high ceilings with an open floor plan with no interior
walls. Its second level is used mostly as the sleeping quarter. If you have a
family, it does not offer much privacy, but it serves as a great bachelor pad.
  A convertible is an apartment unit that has a space large enough to be walled
off. You can turn these areas into distinct living spaces that provide privacy and
added comfort.

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THEORIES OF HOUSING
What is theory of housing?
• A theory about (housing) architecture aims to say something about what
(housing) architecture is
– In itself (as typologies, as spatial and aesthetic configurations etc)
– In relation to other societal fields
• ’Internal’ theories
– Historic
• Texts which have been decisive for the professional and theoretical debate
throughout history
 – Systematic
• Texts which aim to describe architecture as a continuum of related phenomena,
concepts and issues
• ‘External’ theories
– Several theoretical traditions which may contribute to throw light upon the
question of what (housing) architecture is, how it has developed and what it should or
could be.

THEORIES AND PRACTICES

 The Garden Cities
- The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in
1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were
intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by
"greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and
agriculture.
- Garden City plans - cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller
garden cities of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green space separating
the cities with the towns.
 The City Beautiful Movement

- The City Beautiful Movement was a reform

philosophy of North American architecture
and urban planning that flourished during
the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of
introducing beautification and monumental
grandeur in cities.

- Influenced by the world fairs of the late

19th century, like the 1891 Columbian
Exposition, Chicago.

- Emphasis was on grand formal designs,

with wide boulevards, civic spaces, arts,
etc.

- Daniel Burnham spearheaded the

movement with his design for Chicago and
his famous words: “make no little plans…”

 The City of Towers

- Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book “the Cities of Tomorrow”.
- His first plan for high density living was Unite d’ Habitation, in Marseilles.
- A “super building with 337 dwellings in 10 acres of land.
- He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high rise offices and residential
buildings with a greenbelt for a population of 3,000,000 people.
  Radical Ideas

- The Linear City - proposed by Spanish Engineer Soria Y Mata

- Stalingrad - N.A Milyutin,1930

- The Arcology Alternative – the 3D city

by Paolo Soleri
- Motopia
- Proposed by Edgar Chambless.
- Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of a continuous network of buildings,
while the streets will be for pedestrian use only.

- Science Cities
- Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers that
proposed underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
- The Floating City- Kiyonori Kikutake

- The Barbican City

- a 63 acre area. mixed used development that was built in response to the
pressures of the automobile. An early type of Planned Urban development
that had all amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns.
 The Neighborhood Unit

- by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein,

definedas the Physical Environment wherein
social, cultural, educational, and commercial
are within easy reach of each other

- concerns self sustainability of smaller unit

- the elementary school as the center of

development determines the size of the
neighborhood.
URBAN MODELS

EMERGING THEORIES

 Planned Unit Developments

- sometimes referred to as cluster zoning
- used in areas that are being intensively
developed for the first time
- ordinary zoning regulations can be
suspended for this particular property
- usually consists of a variety of uses,
anchored by commercial establishments and
supported by office and residential space
 Transit Oriented Developments
- a mixed use community with an average 670 meter distance of a transit stop and
commercial core area. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public
uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to
travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
- Most TODs place residents within 600 to 700m of transit stations.
- This is equivalent to an average walking time of about 5 minutes.
- With TOD, the city and the transit system “meet in the middle”
- Allows residents to have easy access to transit stations, lessening dependence on
the automobile.
- Boosts transit ridership and revenue.
-
o Urban TOD
- are located directly on the
trunk line transit network: at
light rail, heavy rail, or express
bus stops. They should be
developed with high
commercial intensities, job
clusters, and moderate to high
residential densities.

 Traditional Neighborhoods
- Developments that take the form of traditional neighborhoods, while still
accommodating the automobile and other modern amenities.
- These are finely integrated, walkable communities with a strong local identity and
with convivial public places.
- The ideas of TNDs are further illustrated in “New Urbanism”.
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO HOUSING
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1. FINANCING
Financing is critical to the implementation of any housing program. A financing
strategy must take into account the local economic conditions and governmental
institutions relevant to each program. Several financing methods can and have been
used effectively. This section addresses six such methods (and variations thereon),
including cooperatives, cost recovery, credit, leasing, national financing, and subsidies.
1.1 Cooperatives
Many people cannot afford to purchase their own homes. Cooperatives allow
individuals to pool resources and strengthen their ability to build and invest in housing.
Usually a cooperative receives external financial assistance such as grants and
subsidies.
1.2 Cost Recovery
To fully fund the development of housing projects, government or non-
government organizations (NGOs) may collect rental or mortgage payments from
participants. These payments may cover part or all of development costs and are
typically charged based on participants ability to pay. Housing developers may also sell
property on the private market to subsidize affordable units.
1.3 Credit
A large proportion of the world s population lives in poverty and needs some type
of financial assistance to obtain housing. Access to credit is one of the most critical
obstacles to acquiring housing. Cases in this section describe low-interest rate
financing, mortgage guarantees and other financial innovations that increase access to
credit.
1.4 Leasing
When people cannot afford a house but have income with which to pay rent,
leasing can be a useful tool to achieve home ownership. Renters can make regular
contributions to become owners over a determined time period. These payments have
two components: the rent and an additional amount that will cover the total value of the
house at a previously arranged term.
1.5 National Financing
When the market fails to provide adequate housing, national financing may be
used to fill the gap. A central government may create different low-rate financing
systems to promote housing programs.
1.6 Subsidies
 The free market can exclude low-income home buyers and renters because of
high prices. To correct this market failure, a government or NGO may intervene in the
housing market by providing a grant to lower prices. This assistance can be made to the
buyer, renter or seller.

2.HOMELESSNESS
The Best Practices described in this section are divided into three groups. The
first group of practices addresses the immediate and basic needs of homeless people
through various forms of direct intervention by the government. The second group
devises ways of helping those in need to obtain the skills and opportunities they need to
make the transition to independence. The last group of practices establishes a
comprehensive safety net or proactive infrastructure that preventshomelessness from
becoming epidemic.
2.1. Direct Assistance
Growing numbers of people worldwide lack shelter and other basic needs.
Government and NGOs can provide direct assistance to homeless people, including
shelter, food, clothing, counseling and other services.
2.2 Income Generation
Homeless people often lack the means to become economically self-sufficient.
Income generation schemes can provide them with the ability to become independent
and integrated within the community.
2.3 Prevention
It is often possible to prevent homelessness through intervention before a person
becomes homeless. These interventions may include legal advice, financial assistance
and counseling.

3.CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION

Many factors can impede the construction and rehabilitation of housing. For
example, cost is a critical issue, especially in developing countries with fewer available
resources. New technologies have been successfully employed to counteract problems
arising from lack of funds, space and time. By recycling materials and renovating
existing buildings to rebuild housing, developers can cut costs and make optimal use of
existing resources. Self-construction and partnership building have increased
community participation, employment, and homeownership while helping individual
families to survive.
3.1 Low-Cost Building Techniques
High construction costs and funding limitations make it imperative for housing
developers to find the most cost-effective approaches to construction. Cost-saving
innovations include the use of inexpensive building materials, recycling of old building
materials and the conversion of nonresidential buildings to residential use.
3.2 Construction: Technology & Methods
The high cost of conventional building materials and limited access to resources
impede the development of housing. Housing projects may employ a variety of
innovative technological approaches such as the use of solar energy systems and
modular housing design to reduce costs and use available resources more efficiently.
3.3 Self-Construction and Mutual Help
Self-construction involving an exchange of residents free labor for free building
materials can catalyze housing development, reduce construction costs, and promote
home ownership and community involvement. The establishment of community
associations and the provision of technical training are important factors that facilitate
self-construction.
3.4 Rehabilitation
Often in urban areas, space for new construction is limited and a significant
proportion of housing stock is dilapidated. Improvement and modernization of old
buildings is, therefore, often more effective than demolition and new construction.
Measures should be taken to implement rehabilitation without displacing tenants, where
possible.
3.5 Natural Disasters: Rehabilitation and Construction
Natural disasters present two challenges: prevention and response. Preventative
measures include disaster-resistant technologies and appropriate planning techniques.
Effective responses to disasters should include the timely rebuilding and improvement
of housing and infrastructure and the provision of interim relief.

4. LOW INCOME AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Perhaps the biggest challenge facing each nation and various levels of
government is finding inexpensive ways to fund housing for those unable to afford it. In
developed nations with more available assistance, disseminating information about
specific types of assistance has proven effective.
4.1 Informational and Counseling Services
Many low-income households lack the information and assistance needed to
secure housing. Counseling and training may empower residents to understand the
legal and economic resources that are available to help them acquire and retain
housing.
4.2 Mixed-Income Housing
 Economically homogeneous communities can perpetuate segregation and social
and economic polarization. Mixed income communities can produce benefits such as
job creation and economic development for local residents in all income groups.
4.3 Customer-Oriented Housing Distribution
Low-income housing consumers often lack choice in designing and financing
housing units. Expansion of options can increase customer satisfaction and pride in
ownership.

5. PLANNING AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACHES TO HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT
The most successful housing programs involve well-executed strategic or long-
range plans. There are often geographic, environmental, economic and population-
specific issues that require careful consideration in planning. Involving community
members in the planning process improves the responsiveness and appropriateness of
plans and promotes project sustainability.
5.1 Environmentally Sensitive Planning
In some cases environmental conditions and limited natural resources affect the
development of housing. Housing developers should take care to make effective use of
local resources and to create designs with environmental conditions in mind.
5.2 Planning for Needs Sensitive Housing
Some populations have specific needs that are difficult to address through a
general housing scheme. Housing developers must address the particular needs of
older people, single parents, people with disabilities, and others through needs-sensitive
planning, design and implementation of housing projects.
5.3 Infrastructure, Sanitation and Safety
Housing projectsoften lack clear and detailed strategies for the design of
infrastructure. These cases illustrate how housing projects can address sanitation and
safety issues such as clean water, solid waste collection and crime reduction through
innovative planning and design.

6. DISTRESSED AREAS
Millions of families are living in extreme poverty conditions, lacking basic needs
such as food and shelter. This section addresses some of the strategies that have been
used to improve the conditions of those living in marginalized areas. These strategies
include the provision of land tenure and security, and the redevelopment of slums and
shantytowns.
6.1 Free Land Plots
 Lack of land security poses one of the greatest threats to marginalized and poor
groups. A number of innovative programs provide free land plots to address this
problem and lay the foundation for sustainable communities.
6.2 Slum, Shantytown, and Squatter Settlement Redevelopment
The problem of providing housing for families living in high poverty areas is one
of the greatest challenges facing urban areas today. Housing developers can employ
innovative methods for constructing housing, building infrastructure, and providing
social services that integrate these affected groups into the mainstream.

7. COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

To sustain thriving communities, planners must often address housing and
economic development simultaneously. Creative strategies can generate jobs and
income for residents,facilitate their entry into local economies, and meet housing needs.
The provision of housing alone may not address other critical socio-economic
and cultural needs of the community. Housing projects can be designed to address
housing needs and catalyze community and social development simultaneously,
incorporating a variety of program components into their design. Increased participation
fosters a healthier, more invested community.

8. COMMUNITY PA RTICIPATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING

Community participation is often an integral element of successful planning and
development projects. Community participation gives voice to residents, enabling them
to advocate for themselves and influence their environment. Capacity building provides
the hard skills necessary for community members to work toward personal and
community goals and improve socio-economic conditions for all. Providing information
and training can help residents build and maintain their communities.
8.1 Community Participation
Local participation can be crucial to the viability and sustainability of housing
projects. Many successful projects include a variety of methods for facilitating
community participation, including leadership development programs, planning fairs,
and other participatory techniques.
8.2 Capacity Building
To promote the long-term sustainability of housing projects,participants must play
an informed and productive role in project development and implementation. Many
successful projects include a variety of methods for building participants leadership,
management and technical skills.
9. PA RTNERSHIPS
Multi-sectoral collaboration can generate creative responses to housing
problems, harnessing resources and talent from the private, public and the non-
governmental sectors. This growing trend has catalyzed entire communities, and has
promoted greater understanding between sectors.

10. REGULATION
In some cases, the resolution of housing problems is dependent on the reform
and simplification of government regulations. Reform may seek to reduce bureaucracy
and eliminate obstacles to creative responses.