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Tuning PID loops for level control
Oneinfour control loops are regulating level, but techniques for tuning PID controllers in these integrating processes are not
widely understood.
Lee Payne
10/30/2014
Six steps
Share integrated
vision sys
Top 5 Con
Since the first two PID controller tuning methods were published in Engineeri
1942 by J. G. Ziegler and N. B. Nichols, more than 100 additional October 3
tuning rules have been developed for selfregulating control loops velocity, V
(e.g., flow, temperature, pressure). In contrast, fewer than 10 tuning advantage
methods have been developed for integrating (e.g., level) process validation
types, though roughly oneinfour industrial PID loops controls liquid
level. Encoder s
precision
The original ZieglerNichols tuning methods aimed for a superfast Direct dri
response capability, which was achieved at the expense of control
servo mo
loop stability. However, a slight modification of these tuning rules
improves loop stability while still maintaining a fast response to PLC codi
setpoint changes and disturbances. As most process experts will released
agree, stability is generally more important than speed.
Journey t
Applicable process types of the pla
returns to
This modified ZieglerNichols tuning method is intended for use with integrating processes, and level control loops (Figure 1) Parallelk
are the most common example. piezo pos
stages
Unlike a selfregulating process, an integrating process will stabilize at only one controller output, which has to be at the point
of equilibrium. If the controller output is set to a different value, the process will increase or decrease indefinitely at a steady Future en
slope (Figure 2). students
projects
Note: This tuning method provides a fast response to disturbances in level and is therefore not suitable for tuning surge tank
level control loops. Drive solu
reducing
The modified ZieglerNichols tuning rules presented here are designed for use on a noninteractive controller algorithm with its increase u
integral time set in minutes. Dataforth's MAQ20 industrial data acquisition and control system uses this approach as do other EtherNet/
controllers from a variety of manufacturers.
for positio
Procedure applicatio
To apply these tuning
rules to an integrating
process, follow these
steps. The process
variable and
controller output must
be timetrended so
6.490.000 that measurements
15 nơi bán can be taken from
them, as illustrated in
Figure 3.
Máy in Fuji Xerox Work Centre WC3220
Step 1. Do a step
test
a) Make sure, as far as possible, that the uncontrolled flow in and out of the vessel is as constant as possible.
b) Put the controller in manual control mode.
c) Wait for a steady slope in the level. If the level is very volatile, wait long enough to be able to confidently draw a straight line
though the general slope of the level.
d) Make a step change in the controller output. Try to make the step change 5% to 10% in size, if the process can tolerate it.
e) Wait for the level to change its slope into a new direction. If the level is volatile, wait long enough to be able to confidently
draw a straight line though the general slope of the level.
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f) Restore the level to an acceptable operating point and place the controller back into automatic control mode.
Step 2. Determine process characteristics
Based on the example shown in Figure 3:
a) Draw a line (Slope 1) through the initial slope, and extend it to
the right as shown in Figure 3.
b) Draw a line (Slope 2) through the final slope, and extend it to the
left to intersect Slope 1.
c) Measure the time between the beginning of the change in
controller output and the intersection between Slope 1 and Slope 2.
This is the process dead time (td), the first parameter required for
tuning the controller.
d) If td was measured in seconds, divide it by 60 to convert it to
minutes. As mentioned earlier, the calculations here are based on
the integral time in minutes, so all time measurements should be in
minutes.
e) Pick any two points (PV1 and PV2) on Slope 1, located conveniently far from each other to make accurate measurements.
f) Pick any two points (PV3 and PV4) on Slope 2, located conveniently far from each other to make accurate measurements.
g) Calculate the difference in the two slopes (DS) as follows:
DS = (PV4 PV3) / T2 (PV2 PV1) / T1
Note: If T1 and T2 measurements were made in seconds, divide them by 60 to convert them to minutes.
h) If the PV is not ranged 0%100%, convert DS to a percentage of the range as follows:
DS% = 100 × DS / (PV range max PV range min)
i) Calculate the process integration rate (ri), which is the second parameter needed for tuning the controller:
ri = DS [in %] / dCO [in %]
Step 3. Repeat
Perform steps 1 and 2 at least three more times to obtain good average values for the process characteristics td and ri.
Step 4. Calculate tuning constants
Using the equations below, calculate your tuning constants. Both PI and PID calculations are provided since some users will
select the former based on the slowmoving nature of many level applications.
For PI Control
Controller Gain, Kc = 0.45 / (ri × td)
Integral Time, Ti = 6.67 × td
Derivative Time, Td = 0
For PID Control
Controller Gain, Kc = 0.75 / (ri × td)
Integral Time, Ti = 5 × td
Derivative Time, Td = 0.4 × td
Note that these tuning equations look different from the commonly published ZieglerNichols equations. The first reason is that
Kc has been reduced and Ti increased by a factor of two, to make the loop more stable and less oscillatory. The second reason
is that the ZieglerNichols equations for PID control target an interactive controller algorithm, while this approach is designed
for a noninteractive algorithm such as is used in the Dataforth MAQ20 and others. (If you are using a different controller, make
sure you find out which approach it uses.) The PID equations above have been adjusted to compensate for the difference.
Step 5. Enter the values
Key your calculated values into the controller, making sure the algorithm is set to noninteractive, and put the controller back
into automatic mode.
Step 6. Test and tune your work
Change the setpoint to test the new values and see how it responds. It might still need some additional finetuning to look like
Figure 4. For integrating processes, Kc and Ti need to be adjusted simultaneously and in opposite directions. For example, to
slow down the control loop, use Kc / 2 and Ti × 2.
With just a few modifications to the original ZieglerNichols tuning approach, these rules can be used to tune level control loops
for both stability and fast response to setpoint changes and disturbances.
Lee Payne is CEO of Dataforth.
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Additional reading: J.G. Ziegler and N.B. Nichols, Optimum settings
for automatic controllers, Transactions of the ASME, 64, pp. 759
768, 1942.
ONLINE
To learn more about PID, look for additional application notes at
Dataforth website: www.dataforth.com
Read more about process control strategy with the related stories
below.
Key concepts:
Modified ZieglerNichols tuning rules are effective for tuning
level control loops.
They are designed for use with integrating processes and on
noninteractive controller algorithms.
These rules provide loop stability as well as fast response to setpoint changes and disturbances.
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K. , NonUS/Not Applicable, India, 11/06/14 11:57 AM:
There's always a mountain of a difference between theory and practice. Though there are numerous methods and thumb rules
in tuning, the fine tuning we do in the end for precise control makes the final values deviate much more from the theoretical
values obtained and it finally ends up to trial and error method.
MICHAEL , LA, United States, 11/19/14 04:26 PM:
Since a level is known as an integrating entity, use a controller which tries to control with gain only (as far as possible); use very
long integral times. We use a controller which uses CL to try to keep the PV within adjustable deadbands, and only then adds
itergral action when it is absolutely needed. The integral action is also different for each deadband. This type of control is
especially useful when you have a process with levels in series (such as a high press separator feeding a medium press
separator which then feeds a low press separator, etc). I have also found that using this type of approach yields a great amount
of stability to our (VERY) highly heat integrated xylene unit complex.
Anonymous , 12/12/14 11:10 AM:
It is a long time since I worked in process control, but I used to avoid using deriveative time in level control. Any feedback?
Anonymous , 12/12/14 12:11 PM:
I tuned level loops for years. If the primary purpose of the vessel is just surge, then using a proportional only control works
great. I typically set up a level control so that at 20% level the output to the valve would be 0% or 100% depending on if it was
an inlet or outlet and at 80% it would be 100% or 0%. Any integral time at all could introduce oscillations in the process. With
these settings the vessel would never fill up or go empty unless there was an upset the exceeded the capacity of the valve. It is
important to note that in most processes, the level is the least important variable that needs to be controlled.
ROBERT , MI, United States, 12/14/14 01:04 PM:
Procedure needs help with motor drive with variable WR2
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Oil & Gas Engineering
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