CHAPTER 27 Simple Electric Circuits: 27.1. OHM’S LAW, CURRENT, RESISTANCE, mA 482 TABLE 27-1 Resstvities (p) at 20°C and ‘Temperature Coefficients (a). material 2m ac Silver 16x10 3.8107 Copper 7x10 3.910"? Aluminum 28x10 3.9107" ‘Tungsten 56x10 45x 1077 Iron ix io —-$.0 107? Graphite (carbon) 350010" =0.5x 10% ‘What isthe relation between resistance and resistivity? The resistance R of a wire of length L and cross-sectional area A is aol) where p is a constant called the resistivity and is a characteristic of the material from which the wire is made, For Lin m, Ain m', and R in Q, the units of p are Qm. How does the resistance of a conductor vary with temperature? Ft aire nasa resistance Ry ata temperature Ty then is resistance R ata temperatare Tis RaR,+ aT T,, where aris the temperature coricient of resistance of the material of the wine, Ustally ar varies with temperature and soa linear relation f applicable only over a small temperature range. The units of a are Kor Cl. 'A similar relation applies to the variation of resistivity with temperature. If op and p ate the resistivities at ‘Tpand T respectively, then p = pp aps(T ~ Ti) ‘Table 27-1 lists the resistivities of a number of conductors tor T,= 20°C, as well as temperature coeficients of resistance How are current and current density related? I The rate of flow of electric charge acros a given area (within a conductor is defined asthe electric furren [through that area. Ths, ‘The electric current density J at a poi ag mf ww (within @ conductor) is a vector whose direction isthe direction of flow of charge at that point and whose magnitude is the current through a unit area perpendicular tothe flow direction that poi ‘Thus, the current through an element of area dS, arbitrarily oriented with respect to ‘the flow direction, is given by (see Fig. 27-1) dl =J-dS= IA, where dA = dS cos @ is the projection of dS perpendicular to the flow direction. The total current through a surface S (e.g., 9 cross section of the conductor) is then t= [s-as- [yaade. ally nits ms 27 m8 29 SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 0 433 eee moe relation between J, the current density, and Starting from the standard form of Ohm's law, V=1R, fin E, the electric field in a current-carrying conductor. 1 We consider a conductor of uniform crost-sectional area A and length L. The resistance R = p(L/A), where p is the resistivity. The current can be expressed as / =JA, and the potential drop across the resistor is related to the average electric field by V = EL. Then V=IR becomes EL = JA[p(L/A)], ot = pl. Otten cone specifies the conductivity, 9, instead of the resistivity, where = 1/p. Then J = oE. This result can be generalized to an arbitrary conductor in the vector form: J = 0B, which holds at each point in the conductor. How many electrons per second pass through a section of wire carrying a current of 0.7 A? 1 1=0.7 A means 0.7 C/s. Dividing by ¢ = 1.6 10-*C, the magnitude of charge on a single electron, we get number of electrons per scond = 0.7/1.6 10°”) = 4x 10! ‘A current of 7.5 A is maintained in a wire for 455, In this time (a) how much charge and (6) how many electrons flow through the wire? 4H (@) q= t= (7.5 AAS) = 39L5C (6) The number of electrons Nis given by where ¢ = 1.6 x 10-"C is the charge of an ele 1f0.6 mol of electrons flow through a wire in 45 min, what are (a) the total charge that passes through the wire, and (b) the magnitude of the current? 4H (a) The number N of electrons in 0.6 mol is N= (0.6 mol(6.02 x 10% electrons/mol g= Ne ~ (3.6 108)(1.6 x 10" C) (45 min)(60 s/min) = 2.7 x 10° s 6 x 10" electrons ) An electron gun in a TV set shoots out a beam of electrons. The beam current is 10 4A. How many electrons strike the TV screen each second? How much charge strikes the screen in a minute? I Let n,= number of electrons per second. n,= Ie = (1.0 107° C]s)/(1.6 x 10" C) = 6.3.x 10" electrons per second. The charge Q striking the screen obeys |Q| = IT = (10 uC/s)(60 8) = 600 uC. Since the charges are electrons, the actual charge is Q = ~600 uC. In the Bohr model, the electron of a hydrogen atom moves in a circular orbit of radius 5.3 x 10° m with a speed of 2.2 x 10° m/s, Determine its frequency f and the current Jin the orbit434 0 CHAPTER 27 v __2.2x10'm/s : . Sav TSI my STO evs Each time the electron goes around the orbit, it caries a charge e aorund the loop. The charge passing a point on the loop each second is, i current = [= ef = (1.6% 10° C)(6.6 x 105") = 06 mA Note that the current flows in the opposite direction to the electron, which is negatively charged. 27.10 A typical cooper wire might have 2% 10" free electrons in 11cm of its ength. Suppose that the drift speed of the electrons along the wire is 0.05 cm/s. How many electrons would pass through @ given cross section of the wire each second? How large a current would be flowing in the wire? I Number per second = (number/length) (velocity) = (2 x 10")(0.05) = 1 x 10" electrons per second. 1=Qit=(1x10°)(1.6« 10") = 16. 27.11 What isthe current through an 8-2 toaster when its operating on 120V? I This isan application of Ohm's law: V =1R, 120V = (80), and 1=15.4 27.42 What potential difference is required to pass 3.A through 2892 1 V=IR=GA)O89) =a 2143 Determine the potential difference between the ends of a wire of resistance 5 @ if 720 passes through it per minute. First we determine the current, = Q/t, or 1=720C/60s= 12 A. Then use Ohm's law, V = IR, or V=(2A)50)=<0V. 27.14 A copper bus bar carrying 1200 A has a potential drop of 1.2 mV along 24m of its length. What is the resistance per m of the bar? 1 From Ohm's law, applied to 24cm of the bar, Viq= TR, oF (1.2 10"? V) = (1200 AR, and Rey = 1.0 02. 27.45 A current of 3.0.A flows down a straight metal rod that has 2 0.20-em diameter. The rod is 1.5m long, and the potential difference between its ends is 40 V. Find (a) current density and (b) field in the rod, and (0) resistivity of the material of the rod. H (a) J= 1A =3/(a x10") =9,55 10" Alms (b) E= Vd = 40/1.5 = 27 Vim: and (€) since = E/p, t p=2.8x 10 Q-m=28 4m. 27.16 A 0.20-mm-diameter copper wire i sealed end to end to a $.00-mm-diameter iron rod, and a current is sent Tengthwise through them. If the cuzzent in the copper is 8.0.A, what are (a) the current and current density in the iron, and (6) the current density in the copper? F(a) Since charge mast be conserved, le, Ire =8.0 A and Jue I/A = 8.0/[x(5.0% 10-4] = 407 kA (6) By inverse proportion, Jc. = (5.00/0.20)'p, = 255 MAI’. : 27.47 A copper wite of 3.0-mm* cross-sectional area carries a current of 5.0 A. Find the magnitude of the drift velocity for the electrons in the wire. We have 1.67 10° Am? Ox ‘The drift velocity is given by 67 x 10" Alm? (0.00 x10") (1.04 10% ‘where 1 isthe number of charge earrirs per unit volume. To find r we must find the mumber of copper atomsga 27.48 peed of on of the igh it per the 04a. og, and nd Fle, itis sent density in TiAl rift a9 27.20 rpper atoms SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 0 435 920 kg/m", we have 3.5 kg/kmol, and per unit volume, Assuming one free electron per atom, M (6.02 x 10% atoms/kmol)(§920 ka/m) ~ 635kg/kmol 5x10 atoms/m? Substituting in the expression for the drift velocity gives v = 0.12.mmJs. ‘As shown in Fig. 27-2, a metal rod of radius r, is concentric with a metal cylindrical shell of radius r; and length L. The space between rod and cylinder is tightly packed with a high-resistance material of resistivity p. ‘A battery having a terminal voltage v, is connected as shown. Neglecting resistances of rod and cylinder, derive expressions for (a) the total current I, (B) the current density J and the electric field E at any point P between rod and cylinder, and (¢) the resistance R between rod and cylinder. (a) Assuming radial flow of charge between rod and cylinder, we have at P with both J and E in the direction of r. Then, by definition of the potential, =-Edr= — OL ae E-ds=-Edr= ~ 27" dy and so, noting the polarity of v, v= fave LL He Ag waar Le ats oo _2xbw, solving for J Finslry el » aor » (@) From a, Fark prin(rin) 4 BOY . In (oir) (© From Ohm's law, QaL Compute the resistance of 180 m of silver wire having a cross section of 0.3 mm*. (Assume that = 20°C.) Resistance is given by R= p(L/A). From Table 27-1 we have p for silver at 20°C = 1.6 10° +m. Then. R= (16% 10"* O-m)( 180 m)/(0.3 x 10° m!) =9.50 How long a piece of aluminum wire 1 mm in diameter is needed to give a resistance of 427 (Assume 1=20°C),436 0 CHAPTER 27 mat 22 224 21.28 226 2.21 8 10-°Q +m. The cross-sectional area A is 7? = 3.14 (0.5 x (2.8% 10° - m)L]/(7.85 x 107m"); and solving we get L= 112m. A R= p(L/A). From Table 27-1 107m)? =7.85 10°” m*. Then 4 |A 26-cra-long copper tube has an inner diameter of 0.85 em and an outer diameter of 1.10cm, Find its electric resistance when used lengthwise. FR =p(L1A). The cross-sectional area is x{(1.10° ~ 0.85)]/(4% 10°)] =3.83 x 10°* m*; then with L=0.20m and p= 1.7% 10" from Table 27-1, R= 89 4. 'A bar of copper having mass 1.5kg is to be drawn into a wire having resistance 250 2 at 20°C, Determine the length L and diameter d ofthe wire. The density of copper is 8.9% 10" kg/m’. FE From mass = density x vol. we get (8.9 * 10°\LA = 1.5. On the other hand, Table 27-1 gives for Rave (1.72 10")(L/A) =250 Solving these two equations simultaneously, Z = 1.56S km and = 0.1077 mm*, But Az xd, from which d=0.37 mm. A copper wire is 20m long and 0.254mm in diameter. Compute its resistance, I From Table 27-1 p for copper is 1.7 x 10°F @-m 1 2 aoanoiary) 672 naptaarxar( Compute the resistivity of copper wire in Q + circular mils/t (traditional U.S. units). I ‘The area of a circle in circular mils is defined as the square of the diameter of the cirele expressed in mil, where J mil = 0.001 in =2.54 x 10m, Thus, (2.54 x10) 4 ‘Then, from Table 27-1, 256x104 mt (12 im(2.54x 107 min) 1 circular mil = and so 1 circular mil/ft =, 1.65 107m cae ‘ny Ecitular mit Pou= (17X10) Ea 10.3 Q - circular mil/ft ‘A coil of wire has a resistance of 25.00 @ at 20°C and a resistance of 25.17 & at 35°C. What is its temperature coefficient of resistance? HB RaR{1+ fT ~T)], oF @= ARM(RyAT), with OR = (0.17)/(25.00 x 15) =4.5 x10" * = R,=0.17@ and AT=T— T= 15°C. Then ‘A metal wire of diameter 2mm and of length 300m has a resistance of 1.6424 @ at 20°C, and 2.4159 at 150°C. Find the values of a Ro, pp, where the zero subscript refers to 0°C, and prc. Identify the metal 1 Rupe =2AIS= RAL + 4150) Raye = 1.6424 = Ry( + 020) Solving these relations simultaneously, a= 3.9% 10-?°C"! and Re™ 1.52362. Feom Ry= pulL/A). P6300), Rx 10¥74 (1 + 220) = (1,596 x 10-1 + (3.9 x 107°)(20)] = 1.720 x 10" m ‘Table 27-1 indicates that the metal is copper. 1.5236= or pp= 1.59610" m Thea, Pane * Its desired to make & 20.0-2 coil of wire which has a zero thermal cocticient of resistance. To do this, a cearbon resistor of resistance Ry is placed in series with an iron resistor of resistance Rs. The proportions of, jon and carbon are so chosen that R, + Rs= 20.00. for all temperatures near 20°C. How large are Ry and R2 HW We need Ry(1 +, At) + Ral + a At)=20. Because R, + R)=20 when Ar=0, we must have Ryo, = Ras with a= 0.5 % 10” and a; = 5x 10", Solving the two equations R, + Rs =20 and Ry = 10Rs simultaneously leads to R, = 18.18 and R,~ 1.82.SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 2 437 71.28 A resistance thermometer measures temperature by the increase in resistance of a wire at high temperature. If the wire is platinum and has a resistance of 10 at 20°C and a resistance of 35 2 in & hot furnace, what is the temperature of the furnace? (« for platinum is 0,0036°C™.) ectrie We assume that ais constant over the needed temperature range. Then AR = {(G5~ 10) = 0.0036(10) At. Solving we get Ai =25/0,036 = 694°C. Finally 694 + 20 VRAt leads to TIA°C (furnace s temperature) 27.29 A.75-W tungsten light bulb has a resistance of 190 when lighted and 15 9 when turned off. Estimate the we the temperature ofthe filament when the bulb i lighted 4H We can make only a very rough estimate since we must use a from Table 27-1 over far too wide a range We have But R-Ry ReRa(itear) oc ar=A Re 20% (190-15) @ pica! POC Te PCM) from which T ~2600°C. 27.30 A 6b-W bulb caries a current of 0.5 A when operating on 120 V. The temperature ofits tungsten filament is then 1800°C. Find the resistance at is operating temperature. Find its approximate resistance at 20°C nis, HAs in Prob, 27.29, the temperature range is too high for much accuracy. Nonetheless we proceed. Use V = IR t0 find R= 240.2. Then R= Ras + « Ar) yields 240= Rag + (4.5 % 10-°)(1780), from which = 26.69. 27.2. RESISTORS IN COMBINATION 27.31 Resistors Rs, Ro. and R, are (a) in series and (B) in parallel, as shown in Fig. 27-3(a) and (6). Derive the formula for the equivalent resistance R., of each network, 4H (@) For the series network, Vos = Vas + Vao + Vag = IR, + IR, + IRs since the current Ji the same in each resistor, Dividing by J, FRR AR+R or Ry=RtR+R, since Vea/T is by definition the equivalent resistance R., of the network. (6) The pd. across each resistor isthe same, whence ad (2) Resistors in series (6) Resistors in paralel, Fig. 27.3438 9 CHAPTER 27 | Dividing by \ aytyt aot 4 Vio Ry Ra Ra * Ra Ri since Vis/I is by definition the equivalent resistance Ry of the network. 20, and R,= 60. 27.32 Find the resistance equivalent to three resistances in parallel: R, = 120, 5 HE The equivalent resistance R is given by I/R=1/R.+UR UR et hth ht b+ Sos. Thus i Rai2 27.33 What is the resistance between A and B in Fig. 27-4? 1 I For the two resistors in parallel, This is in series with 8 2, so t 209 so 209 200 | . Fig. 274 : soa Fig. 275 27.34 Three resistances of 12, 16, and 20 are connected in parallel, What resistance must be connected in series With this combination to give a total resistance of 25 07 The resistance R of the parallel combination is given by titi mis a7 or R#5118 Rov iB 16 20340 "310 * 240200 a R Then RAR=25 or R,=25—-5.11=19.899 2735 In Fig, 275, find the resistance from point a t point b FF There are two parallel branches, each of resistance 3(20)= 60. Thus, 1/R= +=, and R=302. 27.36 An icon wire, of length 2km, and a copper wie, of length 3km, are connected in parallel across a source having a terminal voltage of 200 V. The diameter of the copper wire fs I mim; the temperature of the wires i 100°C. If each wire carries the same current, find the current, the diameter of the iron wire, and the electric ‘ field strength in each, I We get the resistivities at 20°C and the temperature coeiicents from the Table 27-1. Henee, at 100 3000), yi aax eT Row [1+ G.9x 10H) =85.249 thusSIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 7 439 Since the current is assumed to be the same in each wire, ox 1 «(50x 10-)60) 20V 1, 200m" 10!" 31 A S0-ctt-long metal rod consists of a copper sheath (inner diameter 2mm, outer diameter= 3mm) with an iron core (see Fig. 27-6). What is the resistance of the rod? (Hint: Find the current that would fow through it when the potential difference is V.) Sheath Fig. 27.6 Potential V across the rod causes / to flow; by definition UR TR but = fey eg = V [Rey + V/Resi Rey + 1/Rry Using Table 27-1, Rey = pea L/Acy)= [(1.7 x 10°9(0.5)}fx(1.5 ~ 1.0) x 10° 0.00216 2. In like manner for Fe, R= p(L-/A) = 0.0159 Q; then 1/ = 1/0,00216 + 1/0.0139 yields R= 1.91m9. 2738 Find all the resistances that can be realized with a 6, a 9-, and a 15-@ resistor in various combinations, Not every combination need use all three resistors. Figure 27-7 shows all possible combinations and their equivalent resistances. (03)440 0 CHAPTER 27 27.39 Arrange an 8, a 12+, and a 16-2 resistor in a combination that has a total resistance of 8.89 ©. I It is clear that we cannot have any resistance in series with the remaining pair. This obsservation leads to the solution indicated in Fig. 27-8. so 20 16a. Fig. 27-8, | Fig. 27-9 27.40 Find the equivalent resistance between points a and 2 for the combination shown in Fig. 7-9a). 4) The 3 and 2.0 resistor are in series and are equivalent to a 5-2 resistor. The equivalent 5 @ is in parallel | with the 6, and their equivalent, Ry, i 1 Bret gT OM +0167 0.369 or ‘The circuit thus far reduced is shown in Fig. 27-9(6), | ‘The 7- and 2.73-Q are equivalent to 9.73 Q. Now the 5, 12 and 9.73 9 are in parallel and their equivalent, ahyx 0.386 k=260 | O73 or se oroen ite. 27.41 Suppose that the battery in Fig. 27-10 is 12 V and the resistors are R, = 500 and R= 1509. (a) What are the currents Z, 1, and 4? (6) What isthe total resistance of the circuit? 1@ kallel at, a2 m3 24 zs ® RRR, 3Q* Asa check, 1= E/R 12 V/37.S2=0.32.A, Suppose that the emf of the battery in Fig. 27-10 is 45 V and the resistor Ry = 300.Q. (a) What must the resistor Rp be in order that the current J be 0.45 A? (b) What are the currents J, and 1? F(a) The total resistance must be Avia es 8 RRR, i008 B_asv_ ® R, 30g 215A ‘The three resistors in Fig. 27-11 are R,=25, Ry=S0O, and R,= 1000. (a) What is the total resistance of the circuit? (B) What are the currents I, k, and fy for a 12-V battery? 4H (@) The sum of R, and Ry in parale is pee RRR Since R'is in series with Ry the total resistance of the ctcut is R=R'+R =23.30+ E_2v or R'=3339 3a * ina “io ” Rae ‘The potential V" across R. and R, is V' = E—R\=12V~ (25 (0.206 A) = 6.85 V. Therefore, VY 65V gig pea B85Y poses 4 R509 av I ' R —i R Rk —) aa _ Fig. 27.12 The three resistors in Fig. 27-12 are R, = 80.0, R,= 25, and Ry = 159. (a) What isthe total resistance of, the circuit? (b) What are the currents / and f, and the voltage across the battery, if h=0.3A? F(a) The sum of R; and Ry in series is R’ = Rs+ Ry the total resistance of the circuit is 25Q+15Q=40Q, Since R" is in parallel with Ry, 30° wO" HO E_wuv oy E ar (Check: 1= B/R Find J, and for the cireuit of Fig. 27-13.Ay yy Ht444 0 CHAPTER 27 4 Led Ly op ge Ly ev + eee —!, @ o @ Fig. 27.18, 27.3. EMF AND ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 4 21.49 27.50 281 2182 Define: electromotive force, internal resistance, galvanometer. I. The electromotive force (emi) ofa source isthe eneray per unit charge converted from chemical or some ‘ther form of energy 0 electric energy. The emt # is one volt when each coulomb of charge receives one joule of eneray ‘The term intemal resistance refer to the resistance within an emt source. A galvanometer i an instrument for measuring very smal electric currents; it underlies both voltmeters and ammeters How are electrie potential difference and emf related in a circuit? 4 The potential difference across a battery with negligible internal resistance is equal in magnitude to the emf, As a charge q passes from the low-voltage (negative) to the high-voltage (positive) terminal through the battery with emf %, the nonelectrie forces do work qi on it. If q is positive, this is positive work and the battery gives up energy. The electric forces, on the other hand, do an equal amount of negative work and the electrostatic system gains electric potential energy. As the charge q passes around the external circuit back to the negative terminal, this electrostatic energy is depleted and gets replenished by q going through the battery ‘once more Ia battery or other source of emf has internal resistance, then the terminal voltage does not equal the emf ‘when current is flowing, What are the relations between emf and terminal voltage in such situations? 4H The terminal voltage ofa battery or generator when it delivers a current I is equal to the total electromotive force (emf or ) minus the potential drop (or voltage drop) in its internal resistance, r. (D When delivering current (on discharge), terminal voltage = emit ~ (voltage drop in internal resistance) = er. {@) When receiving current (on charge), terminal voltage = emf-+ (voltage drop in internal resistance) = 4h. (6) When no curtent exss, terminal voltage mf of battery or generator. Find the potential difference between points A and B in Fig. 27-19 if Ris 0.7. Which point is atthe higher potential? sv 20 oy z 4 Ww : 3 ve Fig. 27-19 T_ Cleary this is only part ofa larger circuit that imposes the 5-A current on the system. We add the voltage difference across the four elements starting at A: Vp ~ V, = (~6 V) = (3 A)(2 2) + (9 V) — (3. A)(0.7 9) SS.LV. V, isa the higher potential {Equivalenty we could add the “voltage drops" trom A to B: Vy — (@A}(0.72)-=5.1V, which is the same result] fy = BV + (3AY2Q) + (-9V) + ————E—————