American Water Works Association

ANSI/AWWA C304-99
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-92)

AWWA STANDARD
FOR
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE

Effective date: March 1, 2000.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1992.
This edition approved Jan. 24, 1999.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 30, 1999.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification.
AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually
contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard
does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or
approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will
provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The
action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA
publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope
and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur-
ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the
standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to
obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National
Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional
materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American
National Standards.

CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication.
Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036;
(212) 642-4900.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval
system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written
permission of the publisher.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association

Printed in USA

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Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 Committee Personnel
The AWWA standards subcommittee that reviewed this standard had the
following personnel at the time of approval:

Chris Sundberg, Chair

Samir A. Arnaout, Hanson Concrete Products Inc., Dallas Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe,
Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
Gerard Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
M.M. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson, Sumpertz & Hegar Inc., Arlington, Mass. (AWWA)

The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed

and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:

Lee B. Freese, Chair

Chris Sundberg, Vice-Chair

Consumer Members

R.R. Beavers, Des Moines Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA)
W.E. Bradbury, Lake Shastina Mutual Water Company, Weed, Calif. (AWWA)
J.A. Economides, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
D.A. Fisseler, Fort Worth Water Department, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
R.P. Fuerst, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (USBR)
W.M. Kremkau, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Md. (AWWA)
P.W. Reynolds, Los Angeles Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
D.A. Wiedyke, Consultant, Clinton Township, Mich. (AWWA)

General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

B.R. Bullert,* City of St. Paul Water Utility, St. Paul, Minn. (AWWA)
R.C. Edmunds, Jones Edmunds & Associates, Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA)
W.D. Ensor, Gannett Fleming Inc., Newport News, Va. (AWWA)
A.P. Ferrigno,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
L.B. Freese, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
J.K. Haney, HDR Engineering Inc., Austin, Texas (AWWA)
M.M. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)
Conrad Hohener Jr.,† Boyle Engineering Corporation,
Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)

* Liaison, nonvoting
† Alternate

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Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

R.Y. Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Boston, Mass. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
Chris Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Bellevue, Wash. (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Mass. (AWWA)

Producer Members

S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Concrete Products Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)

H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe,
Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
Gerard Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
Martin Doran, Lafarge Pressure Pipe, Stouffville, Ont. (AWWA)
J.E. Forero, ICHSA, Santa Clara, Mexico (AWWA)
K.L. Heasley, Cretex Pressure Pipe Inc., South Beloit, Ill. (AWWA)
S.R. Malcolm, Vianini Pipe Inc., Somerville, N.J. (AWWA)
Giorgio Napoletani,* Vianini Pipe Inc., Sommerville, N.J. (AWWA)
D.P. Prosser, American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, Reston, Va. (ACPPA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)

* Alternate

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Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 v

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 Contents

All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be
found in a particular standard.

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 3.5 Working Plus Transient Loads

I Introduction.......................................... ix and Internal Pressures ..................... 8
I.A Background........................................... ix 3.6 Working Loads and Internal
I.B History ................................................ xii Field-Test Pressures ......................... 8
I.C Acceptance .......................................... xii 3.7 Load and Pressure Factors .................. 8
II Special Issues .................................... xiii 4 Moments and Thrusts
III Use of This Standard........................ xiii
4.1 Notation............................................... 10
III.A Purchaser Options and
4.2 Distribution of Loads ......................... 10
Alternatives.................................... xiii
4.3 Moments and Thrusts ........................ 11
III.B Information to Be Provided by
the Pipe Manufacturer .................. xiii 5 Design Material Properties
III.C Modification to Standard................... xiv 5.1 Notation............................................... 12
IV Major Revisions.................................. xiv 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing
V Comments........................................... xiv Standard .......................................... 13
5.3 Properties of Core Concrete............... 13
5.4 Properties of Coating Mortar ............ 17
Standard 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder .............. 18
1 General 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire ........ 19
1.1 Scope ....................................................... 1
6 Stresses From Prestressing
1.2 References.............................................. 1
1.3 Applications ........................................... 2 6.1 Notation............................................... 21
1.4 Pipe Structure ....................................... 2 6.2 Prestress Losses ................................. 22
1.5 Tolerances.............................................. 4 6.3 State of Stress With a Single
1.6 Definitions ............................................. 4 Layer of Prestressing ...................... 22
1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents ........................ 4 6.4 State of Stress With Multiple
Layers of Prestressing .................... 23
2 Loads and Internal Pressures 6.5 Modular Ratios ................................... 24
2.1 Notation ................................................. 5 6.6 Design Creep Factor and
2.2 Design Loads and Internal Design Shrinkage Strain for
Pressures ............................................ 5 Buried Pipe ...................................... 24
2.3 Loads...................................................... 5 6.7 Wire-Relaxation Factor ...................... 26
2.4 Internal Pressures ................................ 6
7 Criteria for Limit-State
3 Load and Internal-Pressure Loads and Pressures
Combinations 7.1 Notation............................................... 28
3.1 Notation ................................................. 7 7.2 Limit-States Design ........................... 29
3.2 Load Factors for Limit-States 7.3 Serviceability Limit-States
Design ................................................. 7 Design Criteria ................................ 29
3.3 Minimum Combined Design 7.4 Elastic Limit-States Design
Loads and Pressures ......................... 7 Criteria ........................................... 30
3.4 Working Loads and Internal 7.5 Strength Limit-States Design
Pressures ............................................ 7 Criteria............................................. 30

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

8 Calculation of Limit-State A.14 Commentary for Sec. 6.4.1

Loads and Pressures of the Standard................................ 71
8.1 Notation ............................................... 32 A.15 Commentary for Sec. 6.6
8.2 Limit-States Design Procedures ........ 34 of the Standard................................ 71
8.3 Maximum Pressures ........................... 34 A.16 Commentary for Sec. 7
8.4 Maximum Thrust ................................ 36 of the Standard................................ 71
8.5 Burst Pressure .................................... 37 A.17 Commentary for Sec. 7.5.5
8.6 Radial Tension .................................... 37 of the Standard................................ 71
8.7 Combined Loads and Internal A.18 Commentary for Sec. 8
Pressures at Design of the Standard................................ 73
Limit States ..................................... 37 A.19 Commentary for Sec. 8.9
8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts.................. 37 of the Standard................................ 73
8.9 Conformance With Limit-States
Criteria ............................................. 38 B References ........................................ 78

9 Design Selection Tables C Pipe-Design Example

9.1 Design Example 1 ............................... 53 C.1 Introduction ........................................ 79
9.2 Design Example 2 ............................... 53 C.2 Design Parameters ............................. 80
9.3 Design Example 3 ............................... 54 C.2.1 Moment and Thrust Coefficients....... 82
9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard C.3 Maximum and Minimum Wire
Prestress Design Tables .................. 54 Areas ................................................ 82
C.3.1 Maximum Prestressing-Wire
Appendixes Area Based on Minimum
Wire Spacing ................................... 82
A Commentary C.3.2 Minimum Allowable Prestressing-
A.1 Introduction......................................... 67 Wire Area Based on Maximum
A.2 Commentary for Sec. 3.2 Wire Spacing ................................... 83
of the Standard ................................ 67 C.3.3 Minimum Prestressing-Wire
A.3 Commentary for Sec. 3.5.1 Area Based on Burst Pressure ....... 83
of the Standard ................................ 67 C.4 State of Stress Calculations .............. 83
A.4 Commentary for Sec. 3.5.2 C.4.1 Modular Ratios ................................... 83
of the Standard ................................ 68 C.4.2 Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire
A.5 Commentary for Sec. 3.6 Relaxation ........................................ 84
of the Standard ................................ 68 C.4.3 Initial Prestress .................................. 85
A.6 Commentary for Sec. 4.3.2 C.4.4 Final Prestress.................................... 85
of the Standard ................................ 68 C.4.5 Decompression Pressure .................... 86
A.7 Commentary for Sec. 4.3.3 C.5 Minimum Prestressing-Wire
of the Standard ................................ 69 Area Based on Maximum
A.8 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.3 Pressure ........................................... 86
and 5.4.2 of the Standard ............... 69 C.6 Stress From Prestressing for
A.9 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.4 Final Design Area ........................... 87
and 5.4.3 of the Standard ............... 69 C.7 Serviceability at Full Pipe
A.10 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.5 Circumference.................................. 89
of the Standard ................................ 69 C.8 Serviceability at Invert/Crown .......... 89
A.11 Commentary for Sec. 5.5.2 C.8.1 Constants ............................................ 90
of the Standard ................................ 70 C.8.2 Strains ................................................. 91
A.12 Commentary for Sec. 5.6.4 C.8.3 Stresses ............................................... 92
of the Standard ................................ 70 C.8.4 Internal Forces ................................... 93
A.13 Commentary for Sec. 6 C.8.5 Sum of Forces ..................................... 93
of the Standard ................................ 70 C.8.6 Internal Moments............................... 93

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SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

C.8.7 Sum of Moments ................................. 94 6 Schematic of Strain and Stress

C.9 Serviceability at Springline................ 95 Distributions in Pipe-Wall
C.9.1 Constants............................................. 96 Cross Section at Springline ............ 44
C.9.2 Strains ................................................. 96 7 Schematic of Strain and Stress
C.9.3 Stresses................................................ 97 Distributions for Computation
C.9.4 Internal Forces.................................... 97 of M2-Moment Limit for Ultimate
C.9.5 Sum of Forces...................................... 98 Compressive Strength of Core
C.9.6 Internal Moments ............................... 98 Concrete ........................................... 48
C.9.7 Sum of Moments About Wire............. 98 8 Schematic of Strain and Stress
C.10 Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown ........... 99 Distributions for Computation
C.11 Elastic and Wire-Yield Strength of M1-Moment Limit for
Limits at Springline ...................... 100 Ultimate Compressive Strength
C.11.1 Limit State of Wire Yielding of Coating......................................... 50
at Springline .................................. 100 9 Bedding Details for Prestressed
C.11.2 Critical Thrust at Invert at Concrete Cylinder Pipe
Cylinder Yield, Nyy ........................ 101 Embankment Condition.................. 56
C.11.3 Moment Capacity at Invert A.1 Mean Annual Number of
and Redistributed Moment Days Maximum Temperature
at Springline .................................. 102 of 90°F (32°C) and Above,
C.11.4 Critical Thrust at Wire Except 70°F (21°C) and
Yield, Nsy ........................................ 103 Above in Alaska............................... 72
C.11.5 Moment Capacity at Wire A.2 Mean Relative Humidity
Yield................................................ 104 (January–March) ............................. 74
C.12 Core Crushing at Springline ............ 105 A.3 Mean Relative Humidity
C.12.1 Constants........................................... 106 (April–June)..................................... 75
C.12.2 Strains ............................................... 106 A.4 Mean Relative Humidity
C.12.3 Stresses.............................................. 107 (July–September) ............................ 76
C.12.4 Forces................................................. 107 A.5 Mean Relative Humidity
C.12.5 Sum of Forces.................................... 107 (October–December) ........................ 77
C.12.6 Moments ............................................ 108
Tables
1 Load and Pressure Factors for
Figures
Embedded-Cylinder Pipe .................. 9
1 Schematic Pipe-Wall Cross 2 Load and Pressure Factors for
Sections for Lined- and Lined-Cylinder Pipe .......................... 9
Embedded-Cylinder Pipe................... 3 3 Design Load Combinations and
2 Stress–Strain Relationships for Calculation References for
Concrete and Mortar in Tension Embedded-Cylinder Pipe
and Compression ............................. 16 Criteria............................................. 35
3 Stress–Strain Relationship 4 Design Load Combinations
for Steel Cylinder in Tension and Calculation References
and Compression ............................. 19 for Lined-Cylinder Pipe
4 Stress–Strain Relationship for Criteria............................................. 36
6-Gauge Prestressing Wire in 5 Standard Prestress Design—
Tension After Wrapping at fsg ........ 20 16 in. (410 mm) Lined-
5 Schematic of Strain and Stress Cylinder Pipe ................................... 57
Distributions in Pipe-Wall Cross 6 Standard Prestress Design—
Section at Invert and Crown .......... 40 18 in. (460 mm) Lined-
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 58

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Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

7 Standard Prestress Design— 13 Standard Prestress Design—

20 in. (510 mm) Lined- 54 in. (1,370 mm) Lined-
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 59 Cylinder Pipe ................................... 65
8 Standard Prestress Design— 14 Standard Prestress Design—
24 in. (610 mm) Lined- 60 in. (1,520 mm) Lined-
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 60 Cylinder Pipe ................................... 66
9 Standard Prestress Design— C.1 Summary of Calculations for
30 in. (760 mm) Lined- Serviceability at Invert/Crown ....... 95
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 61 C.2 Summary of Calculations for
10 Standard Prestress Design— Serviceability at Springline............ 99
36 in. (910 mm) Lined- C.3 Summary of Calculations for
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 62 Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown...... 100
11 Standard Prestress Design— C.4 Summary of Calculations for
42 in. (1,070 mm) Lined- Elastic Limits and Wire-Yield
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 63 Limit at Springline ....................... 105
12 Standard Prestress Design—
48 in. (1,220 mm) Lined-
Cylinder Pipe ................................... 64

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Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 American Water Works Association

ANSI/AWWA C304-99
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-92)

AWWA STANDARD FOR

DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CYLINDER PIPE

SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard defines the methods to be used in the structural design of buried
prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) under internal pressure. These methods
are provided for the design of pipe subjected to the effects of working, transient, and
field-test load and internal pressure combinations.
The design procedures of this standard are applicable to lined-cylinder pipe
(LCP) having inside diameters of 16 in. through 60 in. (410 mm through 1,520 mm)
and to embedded-cylinder pipe (ECP) having inside diameters of 24 in. (610 mm) and
larger.
Sec. 1.2 References
Standard requirements for the manufacture of PCCP are contained in ANSI*/
AWWA C301, Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type,
for Water and Other Liquids. Procedures for installation of the pipe are described in
AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe (1995).
This standard references the following documents. In their current editions,
they form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case
of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
AASHTO† HB-15—Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
ACI‡ 209R-92—Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in
Concrete Structures.

*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

† American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St. N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
‡ American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Detroit, MI 48219.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

2 AWWA C304-99

ASTM* A648—Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for

Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe.
ASTM C33—Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates.
ASTM C39—Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens.
ASTM C192/C192M—Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory.
ASTM C469—Standard Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio
of Concrete in Compression.
ASTM C512—Standard Test Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression.
ANSI/AWWA C301—Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe,
Steel-Cylinder Type.
Concrete Pipe Design Manual. American Concrete Pipe Association.†
Concrete Pressure Pipe. AWWA Manual M9. AWWA, Denver, Colo. (1995).
FAA‡ AC150/5320-6C—Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation.
FAA AC150/5325-5C—Aircraft Data.
Manual for Railway Engineering. American Railway Engineering Association,
Washington, DC.
Sec. 1.3 Applications
PCCP is used principally in the transmission and distribution of water in
municipal, industrial, and irrigation systems. It is also used in plant piping systems,
seawater cooling systems, sewer force mains, and gravity sewers. Other applications
include inverted siphons, liners for pressure tunnels, and culverts with high earth
covers.
Sec. 1.4 Pipe Structure
Two types of PCCP are produced: LCP and ECP. The cross sections and
elements of both types of pipe are shown in Figure 1.
PCCP is made up of the following components:
1. A high-strength concrete core acts as the principal structural component of
the pipe and provides a smooth inner surface for high fluid flow. The core includes a
steel cylinder that functions as a watertight membrane, provides longitudinal tensile
strength, and increases circumferential and beam strength. In ECP, the steel cylinder
is contained within the core; in LCP, the steel cylinder forms the outer element of the
core. Attached to the steel cylinder are steel bell and spigot joint rings that, together
with an elastomeric O-ring, provide a watertight and self-centering joint between
sections of pipe. Concrete for ECP is vertically cast within steel molds. LCP concrete
is centrifugally cast or placed within the steel cylinder by radial compaction.
2. High-tensile steel wire, helically wrapped around the core under controlled
tension, produces uniform compressive prestress in the core that offsets tensile
stresses from internal pressure and external loads. PCCP can be designed to provide
the optimum amount of prestress needed for required operating conditions.

*American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
†American Concrete Pipe Association, 222 West Las Colinas Blvd., Suite 641, Irving, TX 75039.
‡ Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20591.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 3

Figure 1 Schematic pipe-wall cross sections for lined- and embedded-cylinder pipe

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

4 AWWA C304-99
3. A dense cement–mortar coating encases and protects the wire-wrapped
prestressed core from physical damage and external corrosion.
Sec. 1.5 Tolerances
The design procedures of this standard are consistent with the manufacturing
tolerances given in ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 1.6 Definitions
1.6.1 Limit state: A condition that bounds structural usefulness. The follow-
ing three types of limit states are considered in the design of PCCP:
1. Serviceability limit states, which ensure performance under service loads.
2. Elastic limit states, which define the onset of material nonlinearity.
3. Strength limit states, which provide safety under extreme loads.
1.6.2 Limit-states design: The limit-states design method required definition
of all limit states that are relevant to the performance of a particular structure,
followed by the design of the structure, so that the probability of not exceeding a limit
state is assured.
1.6.3 Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
Sec. 1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents
The conversion factors in this section are consistent with those provided in
ASTM E380-82, “Standard for Metric Practice.” Values of constants and variables
are given in both US and SI systems of units throughout the standard. In those
instances where direct conversion of units is not possible, equations applicable to
both US and SI systems of units are given in this standard.

To convert from to Multiply by

Area
square inches (in.2) square metres (m2) 0.000645
Bending Moment newton metre (N⋅m) 0.112985
pound-force inch (lbf-in.)
Force newton (N) 4.448222
pound-force (lbf)
Length metre (m) 0.304800
foot (ft) metre (m) 0.025400
inch (in.)
Weight per Unit Volume kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3) 16.018
pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
Pressure or Stress pascal (Pa) 6894.757
pounds per square inch (psi) (lbf/in.2)
Steel Area per Unit Length of Pipe square millimetre per metre 2116.667
square inch per foot (in.2/ft) (mm2/m)
Temperature degree Celsius (°C) TC = (TF – 32)/1.8
degree Fahrenheit (°F)
Volume cubic metre (m3) 0.764555
cubic yard (yd3)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 5

SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES

Sec. 2.1 Notation
Di = inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])
H = height of earth cover over pipe (ft [m])
If = impact factor
Pft = internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])
Pg = internal pressure established by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])
Ps = internal pressure established by the static head (psi [kPa])
Pt = internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
Pw = internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max (Pg, Ps)
We = external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wf = weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wp = weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
Ws = surcharge load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
γc = unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
γm = unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
γs = unit weight of steel (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])

Sec. 2.2 Design Loads and Internal Pressures

To purchase pipe manufactured according to ANSI/AWWA C301, the purchaser
must specify the magnitudes of design loads and internal pressures and the
distributions of external loads on the pipe. The types of loads and internal pressures
given below are those normally required for the design of buried pressure pipe. The
references given for determining various external loads and their distributions are
guidelines that define acceptable practice. The purchaser may need to specify
additional loads for special conditions not covered by this standard.
Sec. 2.3 Loads
2.3.1 Working loads. Pipe shall be designed to include the following working
loads of long duration.
2.3.1.1 Pipe weight Wp computed using nominal pipe dimensions and the
following material unit weights:

γc = 145 lb/ft3 (2,323 kg/m3)

γm = 140 lb/ft3 (2,243 kg/m3)
γs = 489 lb/ft3 (7,833 kg/m3)

2.3.1.2 Fluid weight, Wf , computed using 62.4 lb/ft3 (1,000 kg/m3) as the unit
weight of fresh water. If fluids other than fresh water are to be transported by the
pipe, then the actual unit weight of these fluids shall be used.
2.3.1.3 External dead load We computed as the sum of earth load and
surcharge load if any.
Earth load is computed in accordance with AWWA Manual M9; ACPA’s Concrete
Pipe Design Manual; or AASHTO HB-15, division I, section 17.4; or by recognized
and documented analytical procedures based on soil–pipe interaction.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

6 AWWA C304-99
Surcharge load, resulting from the dead load of structures or other surface loads
that are not transient loads as defined in Sec. 2.3.2, is computed in accordance with
ACPA’s Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
2.3.2 Transient loads. Transient load Wt for which the pipe shall be designed
includes the following vertical surface loads of short duration, whenever applicable.
2.3.2.1 Highway live load, computed in accordance with AASHTO HB-15,
AWWA Manual M9, and ACPA’s Concrete Pipe Design Manual. HS20 loading shall be
used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.2 Railroad live load shall be computed in accordance with AREA Manual
for Railway Engineering and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design Manual. Cooper E-72
loading shall be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.3 Aircraft live load shall be computed using appropriate aircraft wheel
loads (see FAA AC150/5325-5C, Aircraft Data), in accordance with FAA AC150/
5320-6C, Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design
Manual.
2.3.2.4 Construction live load, if specified by the purchaser, shall be computed
using the specified load and earth cover in accordance with ACPA Concrete Pipe
Design Manual procedure for highway live load.
2.3.3 Impact factor. Computation of Wt shall include application of appropri-
ate impact factors If in accordance with the applicable live load standard, or ACPA
Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
Sec. 2.4 Internal Pressures
2.4.1 Internal working pressure. The internal working pressure Pw for which
the pipe shall be designed is:

P w = max ( P g , P s ) (Eq 2-1)

2.4.2 Internal transient pressure. Internal transient pressure Pt for which the
pipe shall be designed is the internal pressure, in excess of the internal working
pressure Pw caused by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity. The hydraulic design
of the pipeline should include an analysis of transient effects. In the absence of a
design transient pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pt for which the
pipe shall be designed is:

P t = max ( 0.4P w , 40 psi [ 276 kPa ] ) (Eq 2-2)

2.4.3 Internal field-test pressure. Internal field-test pressure Pf t is the test

pressure to be applied to the pipe after its installation. In the absence of a field-test
pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pf t for which the pipe shall be
designed is:

P f t = 1.2P w (Eq 2-3)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 7

SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

COMBINATIONS
Sec. 3.1 Notation
fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [kPa])
FT1, F T2 = design-factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design-factored working-load combination
FWT1–FWT6 = design-factored working plus transient load and internal-pressure
combinations
Pft = internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])
Pg = internal pressure caused by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])
Ps = internal pressure caused by the static head (psi [kPa])
Pt = internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
Pw = internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max (Pg, Ps)
W1, W2 = design working load and internal-pressure combinations
We = external dead load (lbf/ft, [N/m])
Wf = weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wp = weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
WT1–WT3 = design working plus transient load and internal-pressure combinations
ß1 = factor equal to 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
ß2 = factor equal to 1.3 for ECP and 1.4 for LCP
Sec. 3.2 Load Factors for Limit-States Design*
The factored load combinations given in this section are based on minimum
recommended load factors for use with the limit-states design procedures described
in Sec. 8.
Sec. 3.3 Minimum Combined Design Loads and Pressures
1. The minimum combined design load and pressure shall be Pw of 40 psi
(276 kPa) in combination with We equivalent to 6 ft (1.83 m) of earth cover based on
trench loading at transition width, and unit earth weight of 120 lb/ft3 (1922 kg/m3)
with 45° Olander bedding for earth load and fluid weight and 15° Olander bedding
for pipe weight. Pt = 0, and Wt = 0.
2. The maximum calculated tensile stress in the pipe wall shall not exceed fcr
when the pipe weight alone is supported on a line bearing.
Sec. 3.4 Working Loads and Internal Pressures
Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working loads and
internal pressures:

W1: W e + W p + W f + P w (Eq 3-1)

W2: W e + W p + W f (Eq 3-2)

FW1: 1.25W e + W p + W f (Eq 3-3)

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.2.

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8 AWWA C304-99

Sec. 3.5 Working Plus Transient Loads and Internal Pressures

3.5.1* Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working
plus transient loads and internal pressures:

WT1: W e + W p + W f + P w + P t (Eq 3-4)

WT2: W e + W p + W f + W t + P w (Eq 3-5)

WT3: W e + W p + W f + W t (Eq 3-6)

FWT1: β 1 ( W e + W p + W f + P w + P t ) (Eq 3-7)

FWT2: β 1 ( W e + W p + W f + W t + P w ) (Eq 3-8)

Where:
ß1 = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP

3.5.2† Pipe shall be designed for the following factored combinations of

working plus transient loads and internal pressures:

FWT3: β 2 ( W e + W p + W f + P w + P t ) (Eq 3-9)

FWT4: β 2 ( W e + W p + W f + P w ) (Eq 3-10)

FWT5: 1.6 ( W e + W p + W f ) + 2.0W t (Eq 3-11)

FWT6: 1.6P w + 2.0P t (Eq 3-12)

Where:
ß2 = 1.3 for ECP and 1.4 for LCP
Sec. 3.6 Working Loads and Internal Field-Test Pressures‡
Pipe shall be designed for the following combinations of working loads and
internal field-test pressures:

FT1: 1.1 ( W e + W p + W f + P f t) (Eq 3-13)

FT2: 1.1β 1 ( W e + W p + W f + P f t) (Eq 3-14)

Where:
ß1 = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
Sec. 3.7 Load and Pressure Factors
The load and pressure factors for the various loading conditions are summarized
in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.3.

† For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.4.
‡ For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.5.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 9

Table 1 Load and pressure factors for embedded-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions We Wp Wf Wt Pw Pt Pft
Working load and pressure combinations
W1 1.05 1.05 1.05 — 1.0 — —
W2 1.05 1.05 1.05 — — — —
FW1 1.25 1.05 1.05 — — — —

Working plus transient load and pressure combinations

WT1 1.05 1.05 1.05 _ 1.0 1.0 —
WT2 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.0 1.0 — —
WT3 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.0 — — —
FWT1 1.15 1.15 1.15 — 1.1 1.1 —
FWT2 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.1 1.1 — —
FWT3 1.35 1.35 1.35 — 1.3 1.3 —
FWT4 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.3 1.3 — —
FWT5 1.65 1.65 1.65 2.0 — — —
FWT6 — — — — 1.6 2.0 —

Field-test condition
FT1 1.15 1.15 1.15 — — — 1.15
FT2 1.21 1.21 1.21 — — — 1.21

Table 2 Load and pressure factors for lined-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions We Wp Wf Wt Pw Pt Pft
Working load and pressure combinations
W1 1.05 1.05 1.05 — 1.0 — —
W2 1.05 1.05 1.05 — — — —
Working plus transient load and pressure combinations
WT1 1.05 1.05 1.05 — 1.0 1.0 —
WT2 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.0 1.0 — —
WT3 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.0 _ — —
FWT1 1.25 1.25 1.25 — 1.2 1.2 —
FWT2 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.2 1.2 _ —
FWT3 1.45 1.45 1.45 — 1.4 1.4 —
FWT4 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.4 1.4 — —
FWT5 1.65 1.65 1.65 2.0 — — —
FWT6 — — — — 1.6 2.0 —
Field-test condition
FT1 1.15 1.15 1.15 — — — 1.15
FT2 1.32 1.32 1.32 — — — 1.32

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

10 AWWA C304-99

SECTION 4: MOMENTS AND THRUSTS

Sec. 4.1 Notation
Cm1e, Cm1p, Cm1f = moment coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of
external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cm2e, Cm2p, Cm2f = moment coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of
external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cn1e, Cn1p, Cn1f = thrust coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of external
loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cn2e, Cn2p, Cn2f = thrust coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of
external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Di = inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
M1 = total moment at invert (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2 = total moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2r = redistributed moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M1cap = moment capacity at invert and crown (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
N1 = total thrust at invert (lbf/ft [N/m])
N2 = total thrust at springline (lbf/ft [N/m])
No = thrust resulting from final prestress (lbf/ft [N/m])
P = internal pressure (psi [kPa])
Po = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
R = radius to the centroid of the coated pipe wall (in. [mm])
We = external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wf = fluid weight (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wp = weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Sec. 4.2 Distribution of Loads
The total working and transient loads on the pipe shall be determined using the
provisions of Sec. 2. The earth-pressure distribution on the pipe and moments and
the thrusts in the wall resulting from the working and transient loads shall be
determined from recognized and accepted theories, taking into account the character-
istics of installation, such as those given by Olander (1950) and Paris (1921) (see
appendix B). The bedding angle for Olander and Paris distributions shall be selected
on the basis of design pipe–soil installation. Unless provisions are made to support
the pipe weight over a wider width, the bedding angle for pipe weight shall be 15° for
installation on soil beddings.
Sign conventions for moments and thrusts in the references cited above may
differ. The sign convention for moments and thrusts in this standard is
1. A thrust in the pipe wall is positive when creating tension in the pipe wall
and negative when creating compression in the pipe wall.
2. In the vicinity of the crown and invert, a moment is positive when creating
tension at the inside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at
the inside surface of the pipe.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 11

3. In the vicinity of the springline, a moment is positive when creating tension

at the outside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at the
outside surface of the pipe.
Sec. 4.3 Moments and Thrusts
4.3.1 Prestress thrust. The thrust at invert, crown, and springline resulting
from prestressing is

N o = 6D y P o (Eq 4-1)

Where:
Po = the decompression pressure that relieves the final prestress in the
core, as defined in Sec. 6.3.3. Dy is in in., and Po is in psi. The metric
equivalent of Eq 4-1, with Dy in mm and Po in kPa is

No = ½ D y Po

4.3.2 Moments and thrusts from combined loads.* The thrusts and moments
resulting from pressure, external loads (earth, surcharge, transient, and construction
loads), and the weights of pipe and fluid, for a pipe with uniform wall are

M 1 = R [ C m1e ( W e + W t ) + C m1p W p + C m1f W f ] (Eq 4-2)

M 2 = R [ C m2e ( W e + W t ) + C m2p W p + C m2f W f ] (Eq 4-3)

N 1 = 6D y P – [ Cn1e ( W e + W t ) + C n1p W p + C n1f W f ] (Eq 4-4)

N 2 = 6D y P – [ Cn2e ( W e + W t ) + C n2p W p + C n2f W f ] (Eq 4-5)

Where:

Di + hc + hm
R = --------------------------------
- (Eq 4-6)
2

When Dy is in mm and P is in kPa, substitute ½ Dy for 6Dy in Eq 4-4 and 4-5.

The moment and thrust coefficients are obtained from the assumed distribution
of earth pressure selected for the design installation.
4.3.3 Moment redistribution.† When the moment, M1, given by Eq 4-2 is
greater than the moment capacity at the invert, M1cap, the moments at the invert
and springline, M1 and M2, obtained using Eq 4-2 and 4-3, shall be redistributed as

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.6.

† For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.7.

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12 AWWA C304-99

described in this section. M1cap for ECP is the M1-moment limit at the invert
corresponding to the steel-cylinder stress reaching a limiting value and is computed
according to the procedure in Sec. 7.4.2 and 8.9.1. M1cap for LCP is the M1-moment
limit at the invert corresponding to the coating strain reaching the compressive
strain limit after cracking of the core and is computed according to the procedure in
Sec. 8.9.4. For loads exceeding the limiting load that produces M1cap at the invert, the
redistributed moment at the springline M2r is

M 2r = M 1 + M 2 – M 1cap (Eq 4-7)

Where:
M1 and M2 are given by Eq 4-2 and 4-3

SECTION 5: DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Sec. 5.1 Notation
CE = concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier
Cs = concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
Cφ = concrete creep-factor multiplier
Ec = design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi)
Ect = average modulus of elasticity of test concrete (psi [MPa])
Em = design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
Es = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
Ey = design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fc´ = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fc´i = core concrete compressive strength at wrapping (psi [MPa])
fc´t = design compressive strength of test concrete (psi [MPa])
fḿ = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
ft́ m = design 28-day tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
ft́ = design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fs = tensile stress in prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsg = gross wrapping tensile stress in wire (psi [MPa])
fsu = specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsy = tensile yield strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fyy = design tensile or compressive yield strength of steel cylinder
(psi [MPa])
f *yy = design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])
s(18,250) = extrapolated shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens at 50 years
(18,250 days)
st(n) = shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens on n-th day after loading
εs = strain in prestressing wire
γc = unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
γm = unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
φ(18,250) = creep factor at 50 years (18,250 days)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 13

Sec. 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing Standard

The concrete core, mortar coating, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire shall
conform to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 5.3 Properties of Core Concrete
The core concrete may be placed by the centrifugal-casting method, by the
vertical casting method, or by the radial-compaction method. The concrete placed by
the centrifugal method is referred to in this standard as spun concrete and that
placed by the vertical casting method as cast concrete. Concrete placed by radial
compaction, which has been shown to have strength, shrinkage, and creep properties
equivalent to spun concrete, is also considered as spun concrete in this standard.
5.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete. The minimum design compressive
strength of the core concrete, based on 28-day tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, shall be as follows:

Cast concrete fc´ = 4,500 psi (31.0 MPa)

Spun concrete fc´ = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa)

5.3.2 Minimum compressive strength of concrete at wrapping. The minimum

compressive strength of the core concrete, based on tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, at the time of wrapping shall be as follows:

Cast concrete fc´i = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)

Spun concrete fc´i = 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa)

but not less than 1.8 times the initial prestress in the core (that is, the initial
prestress in the core shall not exceed 0.55 fc´i ).
5.3.3 Tensile strength of concrete.* The design tensile strength of the core
concrete is

f t´ = 7 f c´ (Eq 5-1)

Where:
fc´ = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in psi

f t´ = 0.58 f c´

Where:
fc´ = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in MPa

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.8.

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14 AWWA C304-99

5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity of concrete.* The design modulus of elasticity of

the core concrete is

1.51 0.3
E c = 158γ c ( fc´ ) (Eq 5-2)

Where:
γc = 145 lb/ft3
fć = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in psi

1.51 0.3
E c = 0.074γ c ( fc´ )

Where:
γc = 2,323 kg/m3
fc´ = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
Each factory where PCCP is to be manufactured shall perform a quality-
assurance test to determine the modulus of elasticity of the concrete mix with the
aggregates and cement to be used in the pipe manufacture. If the measured modulus
of elasticity is less than the value computed from Eq 5-2, the design modulus of
elasticity shall be modified for all pipe manufactured using these aggregates and
cement.
The average modulus of elasticity of concrete produced at the factory shall be
determined from tests of at least five molded cylindrical test specimens of concrete
meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall be molded
and cured in accordance with ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C469
at an age of 28 days to determine their modulus of elasticity.
Five companion test specimens shall be molded and cured in accordance with
ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C39. The mean 28-day compressive
strength x and the standard deviation s of the sample of five test specimens shall be
computed. The design 28-day compressive strength of the test concrete shall be

f c´t = x – 0.84s (Eq 5-3)

For purposes of these tests, fc´t shall range between 4,500 and 6,500 psi (31.0 to
44.8 MPa).
The modulus of elasticity multiplier is

E ct
C E = -------------------------------------------
- (Eq 5-4)
1.51 0.3
158γ c ( fc´t )

Where:
Ect (psi) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
γc = 145 lb/ft3

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.9.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 15

E ct
C E = ------------------------------------------------
-
1.51 0.3
0.074γ c ( fc´ t )

Where:
Ect (MPa) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
γc = 2,323 kg/m3
If CE is less than 0.9 for all pipe manufactured using the aggregates and cement
used in the test, the design modulus of elasticity shall be reduced by multiplying the
result of Eq 5-2 by CE, and the modular ratios given in Sec. 6 and 8 shall be increased
by dividing them by CE.
The quality-assurance test to determine modulus of elasticity shall be made
annually or whenever the sources of aggregate or cement are changed.
5.3.5 Stress–strain relationship of concrete.* The design stress–strain rela-
tionship of the core concrete is shown in Figure 2A.
5.3.6 Creep and shrinkage properties of concrete. Each factory that manufac-
tures PCCP shall perform a quality-assurance test of concrete creep and shrinkage
on a mix with the aggregates and cement to be used in the manufacture of pipe
(without additives or admixtures). If either the measured concrete creep factor or
shrinkage strain is more than the value computed in accordance with ACI 209R-82,
the design creep factor and shrinkage strain shall be modified for all pipe
manufactured using these aggregates and cement.
The creep and shrinkage-strain properties of concrete produced at the factory
shall be determined from tests of at least one set of molded cylindrical test specimens
of concrete meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall
be molded in accordance with ASTM C192. Each set of test specimens shall include
5 specimens for creep tests, 5 specimens for shrinkage tests, 5 specimens for
modulus-of-elasticity tests, and 10 specimens for compressive-strength tests. Each of
the specimens shall be cured and stored in accordance with the requirements for
“Standard Curing” in Section 6.1 of ASTM C512. Creep specimens shall be tested in
accordance with ASTM C512. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity shall
be determined in accordance with ASTM C39 and C469, respectively.
Immediately before loading the creep specimens, the compressive strength of
concrete shall be determined by testing five of the strength specimens in accordance
with ASTM C39.
Creep-test specimens shall be loaded at 7 days to a compressive stress level
ranging from 30 to 40 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete at loading
age.
Strain readings of loaded specimens shall be taken immediately before and after
loading, 7 days after loading, and 28 days after loading. Shrinkage strains shall be
measured at the same times as strain readings of loaded specimens. Additional strain
readings may be taken at other times.
The 28-day compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing the
remaining five strength specimens in accordance with ASTM C39 and averaging
their results. The 28-day modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be determined by
testing five test specimens in accordance with ASTM C469 and averaging their
results.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.10.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

16 AWWA C304-99

Figure 2 Stress–strain relationships for concrete and mortar in tension and compression

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 17

In addition to the items required by ASTM C512 to be included in the report,

the following items shall be reported:
1. Shrinkage strains at designated ages (µ-in./in. [mm/mm]).
2. Compressive strength at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
3. Modulus of elasticity at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
4. Cement content of the concrete (lb/yd3 [kg/m3]).
5. Water/cement ratio.
The average of five specific creep strains plus the initial elastic strains
measured up to 28 days after loading shall be extrapolated using the BP–KX model
of drying creep (Bazant, Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of
drying creep to compute the specific creep plus instantaneous strain at 50 years. A
procedure for the extrapolation is discussed in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The
resulting creep factor at 50 years is computed by dividing the specific creep strain at
50 years, φ(18,250) by the specific initial strain.
The concrete creep factor multiplier Cφ is the ratio of the creep factor at 50 years
to the computed value of the creep factor using ACI 209R-92.

Cφ = φ ( 18,250 )-
-------------------------
2.0

If Cφ is greater than 1.1, for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates
and cement used in the test, the design creep factor shall be increased by multiplying
the creep factor φ given in Eq 6-16 by Cφ.
The average of five shrinkage strains measured at 28 days after loading of the
creep specimens shall be extrapolated using the BP–KX model of shrinkage (Bazant,
Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of shrinkage to compute the
shrinkage strain at 50 years, s(18,250). A procedure for the extrapolation is discussed
in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The concrete shrinkage strain multiplier Cs is the
ratio of the shrinkage strain at 50 years to the computed value of the shrinkage
strain using ACI 209R-92.
s ( 18,250 )
C s = -------------------------
-
700

If Cs is greater than 1.1 for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates
and cement used in the test, the design shrinkage strain shall be increased by
multiplying the shrinkage strain s given in Eq 6-17 by Cs.
Creep and shrinkage measurements shall be made whenever the sources of
aggregate or cement are changed.
Sec. 5.4 Properties of Coating Mortar
The mortar coating is a cement-rich mixture of sand and cement that is applied
as a dense and durable coating with a minimum thickness of 0.75 in. over the outer
layer of prestressing wire.
5.4.1 Compressive strength of mortar. The design compressive strength of the
coating mortar is fm´ = 5,500 psi [37.9 MPa].
5.4.2 Tensile strength of mortar.* The design tensile strength of the coating
mortar is
f t´m = 7 f m´ (Eq 5-5)

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.8.

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18 AWWA C304-99

Where:
f m´ = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in psi

f t´m = 0.58 f m´

Where:
f m´ = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in MPa
5.4.3 Modulus of elasticity of mortar.* The design modulus of elasticity of the
coating mortar is

1.51 0.3
E m = 158γ m ( fm´ ) (Eq 5-6)

Where:
γm = 140 lb/ft3
f m´ = 5,500 psi

1.51 0.3
E m = 0.074γ m ( fm´ )

Where:
γm = 2,242 kg/m3
f m´ = 37.9 MPa

5.4.4 Stress–strain relationship of mortar. The design stress–strain relation-

ship of coating mortar is shown in Figure 2B (page 16).
Sec. 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder
The cylinder shall be fabricated from either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheet,
conforming to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The minimum wall thickness
of the steel cylinder shall be USS 16 gauge (1.52 mm).
5.5.1 Yield strength of steel cylinder. The design yield strength of the steel
cylinder in tension shall be

fyy = 33,000 psi (227 MPa)

or the specified minimum yield strength, whichever is greater.

5.5.2 Strength of steel cylinder at burst.† The usable design strength of the
steel cylinder at burst for a pipe subjected to hydrostatic pressure shall be

f *yy = 45,000 psi (310 MPa)

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.9.

† For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.11.

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 19

Figure 3 Stress–strain relationship for steel cylinder in tension and compression

If the specified minimum yield strength of the cylinder steel is greater than
45,000 psi [310 MPa], the larger value may be used for f *yy.
5.5.3 Modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder. The design modulus of elasticity
of the steel cylinder shall be

Ey = 30,000,000 psi (206,850 MPa)

5.5.4 Stress–strain relationship of steel cylinder. The design stress–strain rela-

tionship for the steel cylinder is shown in Figure 3.
Sec. 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire
The prestressing wire shall be hard drawn steel wire conforming to ANSI/
AWWA C301. The minimum diameter of wire shall be USS 6 gauge (4.88 mm) for all
pipe sizes (see Figure 4).
5.6.1 Gross wrapping stress of wire. The design gross wrapping stress fsg, the
stress in the wire during wrapping, is 75 percent of the specified minimum tensile
strength of the wire.

fsg = 0.75fsu

5.6.2 Yield strength of wire. The design yield strength of wire fsy is 85 percent
of the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire.

fsy = 0.85fsu

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20 AWWA C304-99

Figure 4 Stress–strain relationship for 6-gauge prestressing wire in tension after

wrapping at fsg

This stress level corresponds to the 0.2 percent strain offset in a wire before
prestressing.
5.6.3 Modulus of elasticity of wire. The design modulus of elasticity of wire,
after wrapping at fsg, for stress levels below fsg, shall be

Es = 28,000,000 psi (193,050 MPa)

5.6.4 Stress–strain relationship of wire.* The design stress–strain relation-

ship for prestressing wire, after wrapping at fsg, is shown in Figure 4 and is given in
the following equation:

fs = εsEs for εs ≤ fsg /Es (Eq 5-7)

2.25
= f su { 1 – [ 1 – 0.6133 ( ε s E s ⁄ fsu ) ] }for ε s > f sg ⁄ E s

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.12.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 21

SECTION 6: STRESSES FROM PRESTRESSING*

Sec. 6.1 Notation
Ac = core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
As = total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Asj = area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Asf = area of the final layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Ay = steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
CE = concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier
CR = wire intrinsic-relaxation multiplier
Cs = concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
Cφ = concrete creep factor multiplier
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
Ec = design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPa])
Es = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
Ey = design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fć = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fic = initial prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
ficj = initial prestress in core concrete after applying the j-th layer of
prestressing (psi [MPa])
fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
fsg = gross wrapping stress in prestressing wire = 0.75 fsu (psi [MPa])
fis = initial stress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fisj = initial stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsr = final prestress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsrj = final prestress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsu = specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fiy = initial prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fyr = final prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
hci = thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
hco = thickness of outer core concrete (in. [mm])
hm = thickness of coating, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
I = intrinsic relaxation of wire at 1,000 h, percent of initial stress
ni , nr = modular ratios of prestressing wire to core concrete at wrapping and
at maturity, respectively
ni´, nr´ = modular ratios of steel cylinder to core concrete at wrapping and at
maturity, respectively
Po = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
R = wire-relaxation factor for a single layer of prestressing
Rf = wire-relaxation factor for the outer layer of prestressing
Rj = wire-relaxation factor for the j-th layer of prestressing
RH = relative humidity (percent)
s = design shrinkage strain for a buried pipe

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.13.

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22 AWWA C304-99

sci , scom , sm = shrinkage strain for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating
only, respectively
s1, s2 = shrinkage strain for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
t1 = time period of exposure of pipe to outdoor environment (day)
t2 = time period of exposure of pipe to burial environment before water
filling (day)
φ = design creep factor for a buried pipe
φci, φcom, φm = creep factor for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating only,
respectively
φ1, φ2 = creep factor for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
γ, γ´ = creep and shrinkage volume-to-surface ratio correction factor,
respectively
ρ, ρ´ = creep and shrinkage relative humidity correction factor, respectively
Sec. 6.2 Prestress Losses
The state of stress in PCCP is governed by the prestress losses resulting from
creep and shrinkage of concrete and mortar and relaxation of the wire.
Sec. 6.3 State of Stress With a Single Layer of Prestressing
6.3.1 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in the concrete core, the steel
cylinder, and the prestressing wire is

A s f sg
fic = ---------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-1)
A c + n i A s + n i ´A y

fiy = ni´fic (Eq 6-2)

fis = –fsg + ni fic (Eq 6-3)

where compression is taken as positive, and tension is taken as negative.

6.3.2 Final prestress. The final prestress in the concrete, the steel cylinder,
and the prestressing wire, after creep and shrinkage of the concrete core and the
mortar coating and relaxation of the prestressing wire, is

f ic ( A c + n r A s + n r ´A y ) – ( A s E s + A y E y )s – A s Rf sg
fcr = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---- (Eq 6-4)
A c + ( n r A s + n r ´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

A c ( f ic φn r ´ + E y s ) – RA s fsg n r ´ ( 1 + φ )
fyr = f iy + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-5)
A c + ( n r A s + n r ´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

A c ( f ic φn r + E s s ) – RA s f sg n r( 1 + φ )
fsr = f is + Rf sg + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-6)
A c + ( n r A s + n r ´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 23

6.3.3 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure Po, the pressure

that just overcomes the final prestress in the core, is

f cr ( A c + n r A s + n r ´A y )
Po = ----------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-7)
6D y

Sec. 6.4 State of Stress With Multiple Layers of Prestressing

6.4.1 Applicability.* This section applies to pipe with multiple layers of
prestressing where the clear radial distance between layers is nominally equal to one
wire diameter. For designs with greater radial distance between prestressing layers,
special designs are required.
6.4.2 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in concrete for a pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing is the sum of the initial prestress caused by each layer
of prestressing:

fic = fic 1 + fic 2 + fic 3 (Eq 6-8)

Where:

A s1 f sg
fic 1 = ------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-9)
A c + n i A s1 + n i ´A y

A s2 f sg
fic 2 = --------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-10)
A c + n i ( A s1 + A s2 ) + n i ´A y

A s3 f sg
fic 3 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-11)
A c + n i ( A s1 + A s2 + A s3 ) + n i ´A y

The initial prestress for each layer of prestressing wire is

fis1 = –fsg + ni( fic 1 + fic 2 + fic 3) (Eq 6-12)

fis2 = –fsg + ni( fic 2 + fic 3) (Eq 6-13)

fis3 = –fsg + ni fic 3 (Eq 6-14)

The initial prestress in the steel cylinder is given in Eq 6-2.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.14.

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24 AWWA C304-99

6.4.3 Final prestress. The final prestress is given in Eq 6-4 for concrete core
and Eq 6-5 for steel cylinder, with As = As1 + As2 + As3. The final prestress in the j-th
layer of prestressing is

 3 
A c ( f ic φn r + E s s ) – 
k = 1
∑ R k A sk f sg n r( 1 + φ )

fsrj = f isj + R j f sg + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-15)
A c + ( n r A s + n r ´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

6.4.4 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure for a pipe with

multiple layers of prestressing is given in Eq 6-7, with As = As1 + As2 + As3.
Sec. 6.5 Modular Ratios
The modular ratios for concrete where fc´ is in psi are as follows:

Cast Concrete Spun Concrete

At Wrapping:
ni 109 ( fc´)–0.3 100 ( fc´)–0.3
ni´ 117 ( fc´)–0.3 107 ( fc´)–0.3
After Maturity:
nr 93 ( fc´)–0.3 95 ( fc´)–0.3
nr´ 99 ( fc´)–0.3 102 ( fc´)–0.3

Where fc´ is in MPa, replace fc´ in the above equations with 145 fc´.
Based on the quality-assurance test of concrete modulus of elasticity discussed
in Sec. 5.3.4, if the design modulus of elasticity needs to be reduced, then the modular
ratios described in this section shall be increased by dividing them by CE.
Sec. 6.6 Design Creep Factor and Design Shrinkage Strain for Buried Pipe*
For a buried pipe, the creep factor φ and shrinkage strain s are

( h co + h m )φ com – h m φ m + h ci φ ci
φ = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-16)
h ci + h co

( h co + h m )s com – h m s m + h ci s ci
s = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-17)
h ci + h co

Where:
φci, φcom, φm, sci, scom, and sm are creep factors and shrinkage strains for the
inner core, the outer core plus the coating, and for the coating, respectively.
If, based on the quality-assurance tests of concrete creep and shrinkage
discussed in Sec. 5.3.6, the design creep factor and shrinkage strain need to be
increased, the values of φ and s computed in Eq 6-16 and 6-17 shall be multiplied by
Cφ and Cs, respectively.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.15.

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 25

The volume-to-surface ratio of a cylinder with only one exposed surface is equal
to its thickness. Creep factors and shrinkage strains are expressed in terms of
volume-to-surface ratios as follows:

φci = φ1γ (hci) (Eq 6-18)

φcom = φ2γ (hco + hm) (Eq 6-19)

φm = φ2γ (hm) (Eq 6-20)

and

sci = s1γ ´(hci) (Eq 6-21)

scom = s2γ ´(hco + hm) (Eq 6-22)

sm = s2γ ´(hm) (Eq 6-23)

Where:
γ and γ´ are volume-to-surface correction factors for creep and shrinkage.
φ1, s1, φ2, and s2 are the creep factors and shrinkage strains for inner core
concrete and outer core concrete for the special case of γ = γ´ = 1.0. The functions γ (h)
and γ´(h) of the volume-to-surface ratio h are:

– 0.54h
γ (h) = 2/3 [ 1 + 1.13e ] (Eq 6-24)

– 0.12h
γ´(h) = 1.2e (Eq 6-25)

Values of φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 are determined on the basis of the following design
scenario for exposure of buried pipe:
1. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to an outdoor
environment with a specific relative humidity RH for t1 days.
2. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to a burial
environment with 92.5 percent relative humidity for an additional t2 days.
3. The inner surface of the pipe is exposed for the remainder of the pipe’s
service life to a 100 percent relative humidity environment (water-filled condition),
while the outer surface continues to be exposed to the burial environment.
The minimum values of t1 and t2 for which the pipe shall be designed are

t1 = 270 days (9 months); t2 = 90 days (3 months).

Longer exposure periods may be specified by the purchaser.

Values for φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 are given in the following table for t1 = 270 days, t2
= 90 days, and two different relative humidities of the preburial environment. The
design relative humidity before burial may not exceed 70 percent. For a design
relative humidity between 70 and 40 percent, the constants φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 shall be
computed by linear interpolation between the values given in the table. For a design

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26 AWWA C304-99

relative humidity less than 40 percent, the constants φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 shall be those
given in the table for RH = 40 percent.

Cast Core Spun Core

Constant RH = 70% RH = 40% RH = 70% RH = 40%
φ1 1.76 2.12 1.06 1.27
φ2 1.79 2.14 — —
s1 184 × 10–6 262 × 10–6 111 × 10–6 157 × 10–6
s2 299 × 10–6 377 × 10–6 — —

Values of φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 for cast core concrete when t1 ≠ 270 days or t2 ≠ 90
days may be calculated from the following expressions:

ρ – 0.65 + -----------------------------------------------
φ1 = 2.35 ------------------------------- 0.05 + 0.6 (Eq 6-26)
0.6 0.6
1 + 10 ⁄ t 1 1 + 10 ⁄ ( t 1 + t 2 )

ρ – 0.65
φ2 = 2.35 ------------------------------- + 0.65 (Eq 6-27)
0.6
1 + 10 ⁄ t 1

–6 ( ρ′ – 0.225 )t 0.225 ( t 1 + t 2 )
s1 = 312 × 10 -------------------------------------1- + -----------------------------------
- (Eq 6-28)
t 1 + 55 t 1 + t 2 + 55

–6 ( 0.4ρ′ – 0.09 )t
s2 = 780 × 10 ------------------------------------------1- + 0.225 (Eq 6-29)
t 1 + 55

Where:
ρ = 0.8 and ρ´ = 0.7 for RH = 70 percent
ρ = ρ´ = 1.0 for RH = 40 percent
Values of φ1, φ2, s1, and s2 for spun core concrete are 60 percent of the values
calculated for cast concrete.
Sec. 6.7 Wire-Relaxation Factor
6.7.1 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to
fsg = 0.75 fsu, are as follows:

R = 0.111 – 3.5( As /Ac ) for cast concrete (Eq 6-30)

R = 0.132 – 3.1( As /Ac ) for spun concrete (Eq 6-31)

6.7.2 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using

ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu,
are as follows:

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 27

A s1 A A s1
- + 0.36  -----s- – --------
R1 = 0.113 – 5.8 0.64 -------- - for cast concrete (Eq 6-32)
Ac A Ac 
c

A A sf A sf
Rf = 0.127 – 5.0 0.17  -----s- – -------
- + 0.83 -------
- for cast concrete (Eq 6-33)
A A  A
c c c

A s1 A A s1
- + 0.35  -----s- – --------
R1 = 0.101 – 2.5 0.65 -------- - for spun concrete (Eq 6-34)
Ac  A c Ac 

A A sf A sf
Rf = 0.127 – 2.5 0.06  -----s- – -------
- + 0.94 -------
- for spun concrete (Eq 6-35)
A A  A
c c c

Where:
R1 = the relaxation factor for the first layer
Rf = the relaxation factor for the final layer of prestressing

The relaxation factors for the other layers of prestressing are obtained by linear
interpolation.
6.7.3 Each factory where ASTM A648 wire is made for PCCP shall perform a
quality-assurance test of wire relaxation. The normal intrinsic relaxation of wire for
an initial stress of 0.7 fsu at 1,000 h, determined in accordance with the requirements
of ASTM A648, is denoted by I. For normal intrinsic relaxation, I = 6.8 percent of the
initial stress. The wire intrinsic relaxation multiplier, CR = I/6.8, is the ratio of the
intrinsic relaxation of wire to normal intrinsic relaxation. If CR > 1.1, the
wire-relaxation factors shall be calculated based on the provisions of Sec. 6.7.4 and
6.7.5.
6.7.4 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and pre-
stretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu, are

R = –0.035 + 0.146 CR – (0.95 + 2.55 CR )(As /Ac ) for cast concrete (Eq 6-36)

R = 0.004 + 0.128 CR – (2.01 + 1.09CR )(As /Ac ) for spun concrete (Eq 6-37)

6.7.5 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using wire
with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu, are

A s1 A A s1
- + 0.36  -----s- – --------
R1 = 0.044 + 0.069 C R – 5.8 0.64 -------- - for cast concrete (Eq 6-38)
Ac A Ac 
c

A A sf A sf
R f = 0.050 + 0.077 C R – 5.0 0.17  -----s- – ------- - for cast concrete (Eq 6-39)
- + 0.83 -------
A Ac  Ac
c

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28 AWWA C304-99

A s1 A A s1
- + 0.35  -----s- – --------
R1 = 0.032 + 0.069 C R – 2.5 0.65 -------- - for spun concrete (Eq 6-40)
A A A 
c c c

A A sf A sf
R f = 0.050 + 0.077 C R – 2.5 0.06  -----s- – ------- - for spun concrete (Eq 6-41)
- + 0.94 -------
Ac Ac Ac

SECTION 7: CRITERIA FOR LIMIT-STATE LOADS AND

PRESSURES*
Sec. 7.1 Notation
Ac = core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
As = total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Ay = steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
d = center-to-center wire spacing (in. [mm])
ds = wire diameter (in. [mm])
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
Ec = design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPa])
Em = design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
fc´ = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fm´ = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
fsg = 0.75 fsu = gross wrapping stress (psi [MPa])
fsu = specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])
fsy = 0.85 fsu = wire tensile yield strength, corresponding to 0.2 percent
offset strain (psi [MPa])
fyy = design tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
ft´ = design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
ft´m = design tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
FT1, F T2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design factored working-load combination
FWT1–FWT6 = design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
Po = decompression pressure (psi [kPa])
Pk´ = maximum internal-pressure limit under working plus transient
condition (psi [kPa])
W1, W2 = design working-load and internal-pressure combinations
WT1–WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations

* For commentary see Appendix A, Sec. A.16.

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 29

εk´ = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking

εk´m = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
ε t´ = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of concrete
core, ft´
ε t´m = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of coating
mortar, ft´m
ε w´ = tensile strain limit in core concrete for working conditions alone
ε w´m = tensile strain limit in coating mortar for working conditions alone
Sec. 7.2 Limit-States Design
PCCP shall be designed for the following limit states:
1. Serviceability limit states
2. Elastic limit states
3. Strength limit states
Sec. 7.3 Serviceability Limit-States Design Criteria
The serviceability limit-states design criteria for working and working plus
transient conditions shall be as follows:
7.3.1 Core crack control. The tensile strain at the inside surface of the core
shall be limited to the following:

load and pressure combination W1: ε w´ = 1.5ε t´

load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: ε k´ = 11ε t´

7.3.2 Radial tension control. The calculated radial tensile stress at the
interface between the inner core and cylinder of ECP shall be a maximum of 12 psi
under working-load combination FW1 and under working-plus transient-load
combination WT3.
7.3.3 Coating crack control. The tensile strain at the outside of the coating
shall be limited to the following:

load and pressure combination W1: ε w´m = 0.8ε k´m

load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: ε k´m = 8ε t´m

The tensile strain at the outside surface of the concrete core shall be limited to
the following:

load and pressure combination W1: ε w´ = 1.5ε t´

load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: ε k´ = 11ε t´

7.3.4 Core compression control. The maximum compressive stress at the in-
side surface of the core shall be limited to the following:

load combination W2: 0.55fc´

load combination WT3: 0.65 fc´

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30 AWWA C304-99

7.3.5 Maximum pressures. The maximum internal pressure shall be limited

to the following:

ECP
load and pressure combination W1: Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.4 Po , Pk´ )

LCP
load and pressure combination W1: 0.8 Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.2 Po , Pk´)

Where:
Pk´ = the internal pressure that, acting alone, produces (1) strain in the
coating of 0.5 εk´m; or (2) axial tensile stress in the core of 5 f c´
where fc´ is in psi or 0.41 f c´ where fc´ is in MPa for ECP, and
3 f c´ where fc´ is in psi or 0.25 f c´ where fc´ is in MPa for LCP,
calculated using the uncracked properties of the net section, which-
ever is less.
Sec. 7.4 Elastic Limit-States Design Criteria
The elastic limit-states design criteria also represent serviceability require-
ments, because exceeding the elastic limits does not cause failure of the pipe. These
criteria apply to working-pressure and load plus transient-pressure and load
conditions or to working-pressure and load conditions if no transient condition is
required. The elastic limit-states design criteria are as follows:
7.4.1 Wire-stress control. The maximum tensile stress in the prestressing
wire from load and pressure combinations FWT1, FWT2, and F T2 shall remain
below the gross wrapping stress, fsg, and the maximum compression in the core from
the same load combinations shall not exceed 0.75 fc´.
7.4.2 Steel-cylinder stress control for ECP. The maximum tensile stress in the
steel cylinder of ECP from load and pressure combinations WT1, WT2, and F T1 shall
remain below the design yield strength of the steel cylinder fyy should the concrete
crack at the inside of the pipe wall at the crown and invert. Also, to preclude
separation of the cylinder from the outer core, should the inner core crack, the tensile
stress in the cylinder caused by external load alone (with zero pressure) from load
combination WT3 shall not exceed the compressive prestress in the cylinder.
Although the application of pressure increases the tensile stress in the cylinder, the
pressure also compresses the cylinder against the outer core concrete so that the
maximum condition for separation occurs with zero pressure in the pipe.
Sec. 7.5 Strength Limit-States Design Criteria
The strength limit-states design criteria, applied to the working plus transient
conditions, are as follows:
7.5.1 Wire yield-strength control. The maximum tensile stress in the pre-
stressing wire shall not exceed its yield strength, fsy , when the pipe is subjected to
the factored load and pressure combinations FWT3 and FWT4.

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 31

7.5.2 Core compressive-strength control. The maximum combined moment

and thrust at the springline shall not exceed the ultimate compressive strength of the
core concrete when the pipe is subjected to the factored load combination FWT5.
7.5.3 Burst pressure. The stress in the prestressing wire shall remain below
the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire when the pipe is subjected to a
factored pressure combination FWT6.
7.5.4 Coating bond-strength control. To ensure satisfactory mortar-coating
bond strength, the minimum design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer
shall be d/ds $2 for ECP and d/ds $
2.75 for LCP. The maximum center-to-center
design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer shall be 1.5 in. (38 mm), except
for LCP with wire ¼ in. (6.35 mm) in diameter and larger, the maximum design
spacing of prestressing wires shall be 1 in. (25 mm).
7.5.5 Pipe manufacture and storage in adverse environments. * Pipe manu-
factured and stored in hot and/or dry environmental conditions should be protected
against excessive heat and drying effects. Adverse environments for pipe manufac-
ture and storage exist when (1) the normal maximum daily temperature exceeds
90°F (32°C) during the two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as a hot
environment; or (2) the mean relative humidity is less than 40 percent during the
two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as an arid environment.
Protection of pipe in adverse environments shall be provided by the treatments
indicated in the following matrix and list.

Pipe Treatment(s)
Environmental Condition Not Arid Arid
Not Hot None 1,2
Hot 1,3 1,4

Pipe treatments:
1. Mortar coating shall have a minimum moisture content of 7.5 percent of
the total dry weight of the mix.
2. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating.
3. Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied to the exterior of the
pipe to reflect solar radiation.
4. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating. The curing membrane shall be light in color.
Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied over the curing membrane to
reflect solar radiation.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.17.

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32 AWWA C304-99

SECTION 8: CALCULATION OF LIMIT-STATE LOADS

AND PRESSURES*
Sec. 8.1 Notation
Ac = core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
As = total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Asj = area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Ay = steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
b = width of pipe cross section equal to 1 ft (0.30 m)
ds = wire diameter (in. [mm])
dy = distance between midsurface of steel cylinder and inner surface of
core (in. [mm])
dw = clear distance between two layers of prestressing wire in pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing (in. [mm])
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
e = radial distance of line of action of thrust N from inner surface of core
(in. [mm])
eo = radial distance of line of action of thrust No from inner surface of core
(in. [mm])
Ec , E m = design modulus of elasticity for core concrete and coating mortar,
respectively (psi [MPa])
Es , E y = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire and steel cylinder,
respectively (psi [MPa])
fć = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
ft´ = design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fci = concrete stress at inner surface of core (psi [MPa])
fco = concrete stress at outer surface of core (psi [MPa])
fcr , fyr , fsr = final prestress in core concrete, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire,
respectively, compression is positive (psi [MPa])
fcy = concrete stress at midsurface of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fmi , fmm , fmo = stresses at inner, middle, and outer fibers of coating, respectively
(psi [MPa])
fms = coating stress at center of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsu = specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])
∆fs = stress in the outer wire relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
fc (ε), fsj (ε), fy (ε) = stress in core, the j-th layer of prestressing wire, and steel cylinder,
respectively, corresponding to strain ε (psi [MPa])
fsrf = final prestress in outer layer of prestressing wire, compression is
positive (psi [MPa])
∆fy = stress in steel cylinder relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
fyy = tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
f *yy = design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.18.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 33

Fci , Fy , Fco , Fs , Fm = stress resultants in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core
section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
FT1, F T2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design factored working-load combination
FWT1–FWT6 = design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hci = (Dy –Di)/2 – ty = thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
k, k´, k1 = dimensionless factors related to locations of neutral axis, defined in
Sec. 8.9.1 through 8.9.4, separately
m = modular ratio of coating mortar to core concrete
M1, M2 = bending moment at invert and crown or springline, respectively
(lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
Mci , My , Mco , Ms , Mm = moment of stresses in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core
section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (lbf-in. [N-m/m])
n, n´ = modular ratio of prestressing wire and steel cylinder to concrete,
based on design moduli of elasticity
No = thrust, resulting from final prestressing (lbf/ft [N/m])
Nsg , Nsy = thrust that produces fsg and fsy stresses in prestressing wire (lbf/ft
[N/m])
Nyy = thrust that produces fyy stress in steel cylinder of ECP (lbf/ft [N/m])
N1, N2 = thrust from internal pressure and loads at invert or crown, and
springline, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
NK´ = maximum thrust limit under working plus transient conditions (lbf/ft
[N/m])
Pb = burst pressure (psi [kPa])
Pk´ = maximum pressure limit under working plus transient condition,
Eq 8-1 and 8-2 (psi [kPa])
ts = part of core under tensile softening in the descending section of
stress–strain diagram (in. [mm])
tt = part of core under tension in the ascending section of stress–strain
diagram (in. [mm])
ty = thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
W1, W2 = design working-load and internal-pressure combinations
WT1–WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
ß, ßm = ratio of the depth of Whitney block to the depth of the compression
region for core and coating, respectively
εci , εco , εmi , εmm , εmo = strain in the inner and outer surfaces of the core, and in the inner,
middle, and outer surfaces of the coating, respectively
∆εy, ∆εs = strain increments in the midsurface of steel cylinder and center of the
outer layer of wire, relative to the state of decompressed core,
respectively
εcr = concrete strain corresponding to fcr
εk´ = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking
εk´m = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
εsg, εsy, εsu = prestressing wire strains corresponding to fsg, fsy, and fsu, respectively
ε t = tensile strain in the extreme fiber of the core
ε t´ = elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of core concrete, ft´

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

34 AWWA C304-99

λ = dy/ts in Sec. 8.9.1 and (hc – dy)/ts in Sec. 8.9.2

λm = hm /2hc
λs = ds /2hc
λsj = [( j – ½)ds + ( j – 1)dw ]/hc
λy = dy /hc
ν = εk´/εt´ – 1 = 10
ν2 = εco /εt´ – 1 or εci /εt´ – 1
νm = εkm /εtm´– 1 = 7
σr = radial tension between inner core and cylinder of ECP (psi [MPa])
Sec. 8.2 Limit-States Design Procedures
The design internal pressures, stresses, strains, and moments in the pipe wall
shall not exceed the limiting design criteria given in Table 3 for ECP and in Table 4
for LCP.
Stresses and strains in the pipe wall shall be calculated from moments and
thrusts in the pipe wall resulting from internal pressures, external loads, and the
weights of pipe and fluid. Moments and thrusts in the pipe wall shall be calculated
by the procedures given in Sec. 4 using load and pressure factors presented in Sec. 3
and summarized in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP. The calculation of
stresses and strains from moments and thrusts and the calculation of limiting
pressures and moments shall follow the procedures defined in this section.
Sec. 8.3 Maximum Pressures
The maximum pressure Pk´ as defined in Sec. 7.3.5, is as follows:
For ECP

 0.5ε km ´ 5 f c ´
P k´ = P o min.  -------------------- , 1 + -------------
- (Eq 8-1)
 ε cr fcr 

Where fc´ and fcr are in psi.

 0.5ε km ´ 0.41 f c ´
P k´ = P o min.  -------------------- , 1 + ----------------------
 ε cr f cr 

Where fc´ and fcr are in MPa.

For LCP

 0.5ε k ´m 3 f c ´
-, 1 + -------------
P k´ = P o min.  ------------------- - (Eq 8-2)
 ε cr f cr 

Where fc´ and fcr are in psi.

 0.5ε k ´m 0.25 fc ´
-, 1 + ----------------------
P k´ = P o min.  ------------------- 
 ε cr f cr 

Where fc´ and fcr are in MPa.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 35

Table 3 Design load combinations and calculation references for embedded-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States Applicable Load Calculation
and Location Purpose Limiting Criteria* Combinations† Reference

Serviceability To preclude core P # Po W1 (Eq 6-7)

at Full Pipe decompression
Circumference
To preclude coating cracking Pressure limit: WT1 (Eq 8-1)
P #min (Pk´, 1.4 Po)

Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown microcracking εci # 1.5εt´

Inner core-to-cylinder radial tension FW1 (Eq 8-5)

limit: σr #12 psi (0.82 MPa)

To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
visible cracking εci # εk´ = 11εt´

Inner core-to-cylinder radial tension WT3 (Eq 8-5)

limit: σr #12 psi (0.82 MPa)

Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Outer core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline microcracking and to control εco #1.5εt´
microcracking of coating
Outer coating tensile strain limit:
εmo #
0.8εk´m = 6.4εt´m

To preclude coating visible Outer core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec 8.9.2
cracking εco #εk´ = 11εt´

Outer coating tensile strain limit:

εmo #
εk´m = 8εt´m

To control core compression Inner core compression limit: W2 Sec. 8.9.2

fci #0.55 fc´

Inner core compression limit: WT3 Sec. 8.9.2

fci #0.65 fc´

Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding limit Cylinder stress reaching yield: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown stress in steel cylinder –fyr + n' fcr + ∆ fy#fyy

Onset of tension in cylinder: WT3 Sec. 8.9.1

–fyr + n' fcr + ∆ fy #
0

Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire fsg wire stress limit plus core FWT1, FWT2, F T2 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline limit stress, fsg, and maintain compression limit:
core compression below 0.75 f ´c –fsr + nfcr + ∆ fs #fsg
fci #0.75 fc´

Strength at To preclude wire yielding fsy wire stress limit: FWT3, FWT4 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline –fsr + nfcr + ∆ fs# fsy

To preclude core crushing Ultimate moment: M # Mult FWT5 Sec. 8.9.3

Burst Pressure To prevent burst failure P # Pb FWT6 (Eq 8-4)

*See Sec. 8
†See Sec. 4

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

36 AWWA C304-99

Table 4 Design load combinations and calculation references for lined-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States Applicable Load Calculation
and Location Purpose Limiting Criteria* Combinations† Reference

Serviceability To preclude core decompression P # 0.8 Po W1 (Eq 6-7)

at Full Pipe
To preclude coating cracking Pressure limit: WT1 (Eq 8-2)
Circumference
P #
min (Pk´, 1.2 Po)

Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown microcracking #
εci 1.5εt´

To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
visible cracking #
εci εk´ = 11εt´

Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Outer core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline microcracking and to control #
εco 1.5εt´
microcracking of coating
Outer coating tensile strain limit:
#
εmo 0.8εk´m = 6.4εt´m

To preclude coating visible Outer core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.2
cracking #
εco 11εt´

Outer coating tensile strain limit:

#
εmo εk´m = 8εt´m

To control core compression Inner core compression limit: W2 Sec. 8.9.2

fci #0.55 fc´

Inner core compression limit: WT3 Sec. 8.9.2

fci #0.65 fc´

Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire fsg wire stress limit plus core FWT1, FWT2, F T2 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline limit stress, fsg, and core compression limit:
compression stress of 0.75 fc´ #
–fsr + nfcr + ∆ fs fsg
fci# 0.75 fc´

Strength at To preclude wire yielding fsy wire stress limit: FWT3, FWT4 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline #
–fsr + nfcr + ∆ fs fsy

To preclude core crushing Ultimate moment: M # Mult FWT5 Sec. 8.9.3

Burst Pressure To prevent burst failure P # Pb FWT6 (Eq 8-4)

*See Section 8
†See Section 4

Sec. 8.4 Maximum Thrust

The maximum thrust Nk´ is

N k´ = 6D y P k ´ (Eq 8-3)

Where Dy is in in. and Pk´ is in psi.

N k´ = ½D y P k ´

Where Dy is in mm and Pk´ is in kPa.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 37

Sec. 8.5 Burst Pressure

The burst pressure of the pipe is

A y f ∗yy + A s f su
P b = --------------------------------------- (Eq 8-4)
6D y

Where Ay and As are in in.2, f *

yy and fsu are in psi, and Dy is in in.

A y f ∗yy + A s f su
P b = 2 ---------------------------------------
Dy

Where Ay and As are in mm2, f *

yy and fsu are in MPa, and Dy is in mm.
Sec. 8.6 Radial Tension
The maximum radial tension, σr, developed between the inner core and steel
cylinder of ECP at the invert or crown of the pipe subjected to the bending moment
M1 is computed as the maximum of

h ci λ
σr = ------- f t´ ( 1 + v 2 )  2 – ----y- for v 2 ≤ 0
Dy  k

h ci ν
= - f t´ 2 – -----2 ( 2 – λ ) for λ ≤ 1 and ν 2 > 0
------
Dy ν

h ci ν 1
= ------- f t´ 2 ( 1 + ν 2 ) – -----2 --- ( 1 + ν ) – ν 2 λ for λ > 1 and ν 2 > 0 (Eq 8-5)
Dy ν λ

as ν2 = εci /ε t´ – 1 ranges from –1 to 10. The value of k is computed by the procedure

described in Sec. 8.9 for computation of stresses and strains in the pipe wall
subjected to moments and thrusts.
Sec. 8.7 Combined Loads and Internal Pressures at Design Limit States
The maximum loads that may be combined with any specified internal pressure
and the maximum internal pressures that may be combined with any specified
external load for each of the design limit states defined in Sec. 7 shall be determined
using the combined moment-thrust design limits described in Sec. 8.2, together with
the relationships between internal pressure, external loads, pipe and fluid weights,
and moments and thrusts given in Sec. 3 and 4.
Sec. 8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts
The radial distance from the inside surface of the pipe to the line of prestress
thrust No is

0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + λs ) + ( n´ – 1 ) A y λy
e o = h c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 8-6)
bh c + nA s + ( n´ – 1 ) A y

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

38 AWWA C304-99

and to the line of combined-load thrust N resulting from internal pressure and loads is

0.5bh c + ( n – m )A s ( 1 + λ s ) + ( n´ – 1 ) A y λ y + mbh m ( 1 + λ m )
e = h c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- (Eq 8-7)
bhc + ( n – m ) A s + ( n´ – 1 ) A y + mbh m

Where:
n = Es /Ec
n´ = Ey /Ec for both cast and spun concrete


 Em
 -------- for – ε mm ≤ ε t´m
 Ec


m =  (Eq 8-8a)
E m  ε tm ´
 - 8 ------------------- – 1
--------- for ε t´m < – ε mm < ε k´m
 7E c  ( – ε mm ) 



 0 for – ε mm ≥ ε k´ m

In Eq 8-8a, εmm refers to the strain in the mortar coating resulting solely from
the thrust Ni and is calculated from the following equation:

Ni
ε mm = – --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i = 1,2 (Eq 8-8b)
E c [ bh c + ( n – m ) A s + ( n´ – 1 ) A y + mbh m ]

For pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, set As = ΣAsj and As (1 + λs)
= ΣAsj (1 + λsj).
Sec. 8.9 Conformance With Limit-States Criteria*
The computations of the stresses and strains in the pipe wall and of the moment
limits used to ensure that pipe design conforms to all limit-states criteria for the type
of pipe selected shall follow the equations and the procedures stated in this section.
The computations of stresses and strains in the pipe wall subjected to moments
and thrusts shall follow Sec. 8.9.1 for the invert and crown and Sec. 8.9.2 for the
springline. In both cases, the computation procedure is as follows:
1. Assume a strain value for the extreme fiber of core concrete in tension. In
Sec. 8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for ν2.
2. Assume a gradient for the linear strain distribution resulting from the
bending moments and thrusts acting on the section of pipe. In Sec. 8.9.1, this is done
by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by assuming a value for k´.

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.19.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 39

3. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress–
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.
4. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 2
and repeat the calculations.
5. Set up the equation for the moment equilibrium of internal stress
resultants and the applied bending moment and thrusts. If the equilibrium of
moments is not achieved, change the assumed value of the strain at the surface of the
core in step 1, and repeat the calculations.
When moment limits corresponding to the strain and stress limit criteria are
computed, use the following procedure:
1. Use a strain equal to or less than the strain limit at the stress limit. In
Sec. 8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for ν2. Assume a gradient for
the linear strain distribution resulting from the applied bending moments and
thrusts. In Sec. 8.9.1 this is done by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by
assuming a value for k´.
2. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress–
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.
3. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 1
and repeat the calculations.
4. Compute the moment from the equilibrium equation for moments consider-
ing the internal stress resultants and the applied thrusts. Change the strain in step 1
and repeat the calculations until the maximum moment is found. Set the moment
limit equal to the maximum moment.
The computation of the moment limits for the ultimate compressive strength of
the pipe wall shall follow Sec. 8.9.3 at the springline and Sec. 8.9.4 at the invert and
crown. The computation procedure shall be based on an assumed compressive-strain
limit of 0.003 for the extreme fiber of the core or coating and a rectangular (Whitney)
compressive-stress block and shall follow the procedure for moment limits corre-
sponding to the strain limit criteria described in this section. The moment limit
calculated by the procedure in Sec. 8.9.4 is used in the moment distribution
procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
8.9.1 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at invert and crown. The strain
equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using
the assumed value of strain at the inside surface of the core as expressed by the
nondimensional factor ν2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the
nondimensional factor k (see Figure 5). The stress equations stated below are based
on the stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the
pipe wall.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

40 AWWA C304-99

Figure 5 Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at invert and
crown

Strain Equations Stress Equations

εci = ( 1 + ν 2 )ε t´ fci = ( 1 + ν 2 )f t´ for ν 2 ≤ 0

ν
=  1 – -----2 f t´ for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν
 ν
= 0 for ν 2 > ν

λ λ
∆εy = ε ci  1 – ----y- ∆fy = n´f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1 – ----y-
 k  k
λ
fcy = f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1 – -----y for ν 2 ≤ 0 and all λ
 k
for all ν 2 and λ ≥ 1

ν
= f t ´ 1 – -----2 ( 1 – λ ) for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν and λ < 1 or
ν
ν
for ν 2 > ν and 1 – ----- < λ < 1
ν2

= 0 ν
for ν 2 > ν and λ ≤ 1 – -----
ν2

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 41

εco = ε ci  1
--- – 1 fco = f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1
--- – 1
k  k 

∆εs = ε ci  1 + λs- –  ∆ fs = nf t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1 + λs- – 1

--------------- 1 ---------------
 k   k 

1+λ
fms = m f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  ---------------s – 1 – f cr
 k 

1 + λm 1 + λm
εmm = ε ci  ----------------
- – 1 – ε cr fmm = m f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  ----------------
- – 1 – fcr
 k   k 

1 + 2λ m 1 + 2λm
εmo = ε ci  --------------------
- – 1 – ε cr fmo = m f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  --------------------
- – 1 – f cr
 k   k 

The ratio of moduli of mortar and concrete m is computed from Eq 8-8a, in

which εmm is the strain in the mortar coating resulting from the combined effect of
thrust N1 and moment M1.
Σ F = 0 implies

N o – N 1 = F ci + F y + F co + F s + F m (Eq 8-9)

Where

Fci = – ½ bkhc ( 1 + ν 2 )f t ´ for ν 2 ≤ 0

= f ci ´ + F c ´i ´ = – ½ btt ( 1 + ν )f t ´ + ½ bt t ( ν – ν 2 )f ci for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν

= – ½btt ( 1 + ν )f t ´ for ν 2 ≥ ν

Fy = – A y ( ∆f y – f cy )

bh
Fco = --------c- ( 1 – k )f co
2

Fs = A s ( ∆f s – fms )

Fm = F m ´ + F m ´´

where F m´ = ½bh m m ( f co – f cr ) and F m ´´ = ½ bh m f mo

Σ M about wire center = 0 implies

M 1 – N 0 [ ( 1 + λ s )h c – e o ] + N 1 [ ( 1 + λ s )h c – e ] = M ci + M y + M co + M m (Eq 8-10)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

42 AWWA C304-99

Where
eo and e are given by Eq 8-8 and 8-9, respectively, and

Mci = – F ci h c  1 + λ s – k
---  for ν 2 ≤ 0
 3

= – F ci ´ ( 1 + λ s )h c – t t  v 2 + 1 – ν- – F ´ ´ ( 1 + λ )h + t ν – ν2

-----------
 ci s c t ---------------
3 3
for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν

= – F ci ´ ( 1 + λ 2 )h c – t t  ν 2 + 1 – ν-
----------- for ν 2 > ν
 3 

My = – F y h c ( 1 + λ s – λ y )

Mco = – F co h c  ------------ + λ s

1–k
3

2λ m 4λm
Mm = F´m h c  ----------
- – λ s + F m´´ h c  ----------
- – λ s
 3   3 

For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for ∆εs, ∆ fs, fsr, Fs, and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and

( 2j – 1 )d s + 2 ( j – 1 )d w
λsj = ------------------------------------------------------------ for j = 1, ..., f
2h c

Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.

For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire, εsj is

f srj – nf cr
ε sj = ∆ε sj – ------------------------
-
Es

Where:
λ sf – λ sj
∆εsj = ∆ε s 1 – -------------------
-
λ sf + k´

and ∆εs is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress layer in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the
prestressing wire stress–strain function Eq 5-7 substituting εsj for εs.
In Eq 8-9

f
Fs = ∑ Fsj
j=1

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 43

Where:

Fsj = A sj ( ∆f sj – fmsj )

and ∆fsj and fmsj are given by the expressions for ∆fs and fms with λs replaced by λsj.

ΣM is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by

adding

f–1
Ms = – ∑ Fsj hc ( λsf – λsj )
j=1

to the right-hand side of Eq 8-10.

Eq 8-10 is valid for N1 #

Nk´.
For N1 > Nk´, M1 shall not exceed the M1-moment limit corresponding to the
elastic limit stress fyy in the steel cylinder. This will ensure that the limit criterion
specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. This M1-moment limit at N1 is computed by linear
interpolation between the calculated M1-moment limit at Nk´ and the zero moment
corresponding to the axial thrust Nyy that causes yielding of the steel cylinder in the
absence of external load.

f
N yy = A c f c ( – ε cr + ∆ε yy ) + A y f yy + ∑ Asj fsj ( εsrj + ∆εyy)
j=1

Where:
fc(–εcr + ∆εyy) = the stress in softened concrete calculated for strain at the onset
of cylinder yielding where εcr = fcr / Ec.
∆εyy = the circumferential strain increment that produces cylinder
yielding.

f yr + f yy
∆ε yy = -------------------
-
Ey

and fsj (εsrj + ∆εyy) is the stress in the j-th prestressing wire layer, calculated
using Eq 5-7, for strain εsrj + ∆εyy where εsrj = –fsrj /Es.
8.9.2 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at springline. The strain equa-
tions stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the
assumed value of strain at the outer surface of the core as expressed by the
nondimensional factor ν2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimen-
sional factor k´ (see Figure 6). The stress equations stated below are based on the
stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the pipe
wall.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

44 AWWA C304-99

Figure 6 Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at springline

Strain Equations Stress Equations

εco = ( 1 + ν 2 )ε t´ fco = ( 1 + ν 2 )f t ´ for ν 2 ≤ 0

ν
=  1 – -----2 f t´ for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν
 ν
= 0 for ν 2 > ν

εci = ε co  ----- – 1 fci = ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t´  ----- – 1

1 1
 k´   k´ 

1–λ 1–λ
∆εy = ε co  --------------y- – 1 ∆fy = n´ ( 1 + ν 2 ) ft´  --------------y- – 1
 k´   k´ 

1–λ
fcy = ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t´  --------------y- – 1 for ν 2 ≤ 0 and all λ or
 k´ 
all ν 2 and λ ≥ 1

ν
= -----2 ( 1 – λ ) – 1 f t´ for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν and λ < 1
ν
ν
or ν 2 > ν and 1 – ----- ≤ λ < 1
ν2

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 45

ν
= 0 for ν 2 > ν and λ < 1 – -----
ν2

λ λ fsg + f sr – nf cr
∆εs = ε co  1 + ----s- ∆fs = n ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t´  1 + ----s- for ∆ε s ≤ -----------------------------------
-
 k´  k´ Es

fsg + f sr – nf cr
∆fs = f s ( ε s ) + f sr – nf cr for ∆ε s > -----------------------------------
-
Es
f sr – nf cr
εs = ∆ε s – ----------------------
-
Es

2λ m
εmo = ε co  1 + ----------
- + ε cr
 k′ 

Note that fs(εs) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire calculated for a wire
strain of εs from the wire stress–strain function (Eq 5-7).
Σ F = 0 implies

N o – N 2 = F ci + F y + F co + F s (Eq 8-11)

Where:

Fci = ½ ( 1 – k´ )bh c f ci

Fy = A y ( ∆f y – f cy )

Fco = – ½ bk´h c ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t´ for ν 2 ≤ 0

= ( F c´o + F c´o ´ )

where F c ´o = – ½ bt t ( 1 + v )f t ´and

F c´o ´ = ½bt t ( ν – ν 2 )f co for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν

= – ½ btt ( 1 + ν )f t ´ for ν 2 > ν

Fs = – A s ∆f s

ΣM about wire = 0 implies

M 2 + N o [ ( 1 + λ s )h c – e o ] – N 2 [ ( 1 + λ s )h c – e ] = M ci + M y + M co (Eq 8-12)

Where:
eo and e are given in Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and
( 1 – k´ ) h
Mci = F ci ( 1 + λ s )h c – --------------------------c
3
My = F y h c ( 1 + λ s – λ y )

Mco = F co h c  λs + -----
k´
 for ν 2 ≤ 0
3

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

46 AWWA C304-99

= F c´o h c λs + t t  ν 2 + 1 – ν- + F ´ ´ h λ – t ν – ν2
for 0 < ν 2 ≤ ν

-----------
 co c s t ---------------
3 3

= F co h c λs + t t  ν 2 + 1 – ν-
----------- for ν 2 > ν
 3 

For serviceability criteria, set e = eo. This requirement is consistent with the
requirement that tensile stress in the mortar coating at the springline be neglected.
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions for
∆εs, ∆ fs , fsr, Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and

( 2 j – 1 )d s + 2 ( j – 1 )d w
λsj = ----------------------------------------------------------- j = 1, ..., f
2h c

Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire εsj is

f srj – nf cr
ε sj = ∆ε sj – ------------------------
-
Es

Where:
λ sf – λ sj
∆εsj = ∆ε s  1 – -------------------
-
 λ sf + k′ 
∆εs = the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the stress–
strain function (Eq 5-7) substituting εsj for εs.
In Eq 8-11

f
Fs = ∑
j=1
F sj

Where:
Fsj = –Asj ∆fsj ,
and ∆fsj is expressed by ∆fs with λs, fs, and fsr replaced by λsj , fsj , and fsrj ,
respectively.
ΣM is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by
adding

f–1
Ms = ∑ Fsj hc ( λsf – λsj )
j=1

to the right-hand side of Eq 8-12.

Equation 8-12 is valid for N2 ≤ Nk´.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 47

For N2 > Nk´, M2 shall not exceed the M2-moment limit corresponding to the
elastic limit stress fsg in the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment
limit at Nk´ and the zero moment corresponding to the axial thrust Nsg that causes
elastic limit stress in the outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.

f
N sg = A c f c ( – ε cr + ∆ε sg ) + A y f y ( – ε yr + ∆ε sg ) + ∑ Asj fsj ( εsrj + ∆ε sg )
j=1

Where:
fc (–εcr + ∆εeg), fy (–εyr + ∆εsg ), and fsj (εsrj + ∆εsg ) are the stresses in the core
concrete, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, calculated from
the stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4, respectively; εyr =
fyr /Ey; εsrj = –fsrj /Es is the wire tensile strain corresponding to the final
prestress in the j-th layer; and ∆εsg = εsg – εsrf is the circumferential strain
increment.

For N2 > Nk´, M2 shall not exceed the M2-moment limit corresponding to the
yield strength fsy of the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment
limit at Nk´ and the zero moment at the axial thrust Nsy that causes yielding of the
outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.

f
N sy = A c f c ( – ε cr + ∆ε sy ) + A y f y ( – ε yr + ∆ε sy ) + ∑ Asj fsj ( εsrj + ∆εsy )
j=1

Where:
fc (–εcr + ∆εsy), fy (–εyr + ∆εsy), and fsj (εsrj + ∆εsy ) are the stresses in the concrete
core, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, calculated from the
stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4, respectively; εyr = fyr /Ey;
εsrj = –fsrj /Es is the wire tensile strain corresponding to the final prestress in the
j-th layer; and ∆εsy = εsy – εsrf is the circumferential strain increment.

8.9.3 M2-Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core concrete. The
strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe
wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the inner surface of the core and the
assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k´ (see Figure 7).
The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block
for core concrete in compression, the stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5, and the
strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

48 AWWA C304-99

Figure 7 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M2-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete

Strain Equations Stress Equations

εci = 0.003 fci = 0.85fc´
k´ – λ y ⁄ ( 1 + λ s )
∆εy = ε ci ----------------------------------------
- fcy = 0.85fc´ for dy ≤ βk´d
k´
= 0 for dy > βk´d
∆fy = Ey ∆εy and shall not exceed fyy – fyr + n´fcr
1 – k´
∆εs = ε ci --------------- ∆ fs = fs(εs) + fsr – nfcr
k´
In the above equations, fs (εs) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire
calculated for a wire strain of εs from the wire stress–strain function (Eq 5-7), and

f c´
β = 0.85 – 0.05  --------------
- – 4 for f c ´ ≥ 4,000 psi
 1,000 

If fc´ is in MPa, substitute 145 fc´ for fc´ in the equation for β.

Σ F = 0 implies

N 0 – N 2 = F ci + F y + F s (Eq 8-13)

Where:
Fci = bβk´d(0.85fc´).
Fy = A y (∆fy – fcy ).
Fs = –∆ fs A s .

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 49

Note that if ∆εs ≥ ∆εsu = (1.63fsu + fsr – nfcr)/Es, then set ∆fs = fsu + fsr – nfcr and
∆εs = ∆εsu. Furthermore, if

f sg 163f su ε s E s 2.25
- < ε s < -----------------
------ , then set ∆fs = f su 1 –  1 – 0.6133 ----------- + f sr – nfcr
Es Es  fsu 

k´
εci = --------------- ∆ε s
1 – k´
and
λy
k´ – -------------- -
1 + λs
∆εy = ∆ε s ---------------------------
1 – k´
Σ M about wire = 0 implies

M 2 + ( N o – N 2 ) [ ( 1 + λ s )h c – e o ] = M ci + M y (Eq 8-14)

Where:
eo is given by Eq 8-6, and
βk´
Mci = F ci d  1 – --------
-
 2 
My = Fy(d – dy).
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for ∆εs , ∆ fs , fsr, Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and

( 2j – 1 )d s + 2 ( j – 1 )d w
λsj = ------------------------------------------------------------ for j = 1, ..., f
2h c

Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire εsj is

f srj – nf cr
ε sj = ∆ε sj – ------------------------
-
Es

Where:
λ sr – λ sj
∆εsj = ∆ε s 1 – --------------------
-
λ sf + k´

and ∆εs is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the stress–
strain function (Eq 5-7) subsituting εsj for εs.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

50 AWWA C304-99

Figure 8 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M1-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of coating

In Eq 8-13

f
Fs = ∑ Fsj
j=1

Where:
Fsj = –Asj ∆fsj
and ∆ fsj is expressed by ∆ fs with λs , fs , and fs r replaced by λs j , fs j , and fs r j ,
respectively.
Σ M is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by
adding

f–1
Ms = ∑ Fsj hc ( λsf – λsj )
j=1

to the right-hand side of Eq 8-14.

8.9.4 M1-Moment limit for compressive strength of coating. The M 1-moment
limit for LCP computed in accordance with the procedures of this section is used in
the moment-redistribution procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
The strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of
the pipe wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the outer surface of the coating
and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k1 (see
Figure 8). The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney)
stress block for coating mortar in compression, the stress–strain relationships of Sec. 5,
and the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 51

Strain Equations Stress Equations

ε mo + ε cr
εci = --------------------------
- [ ( 1 – k 1 )d 1 + d y ] fci = 0
k1 d1 + h m

ε mo + ε cr ( 1 – k 1 )d 1
∆εy = --------------------------
- ( 1 – k 1 )d 1 ∆fy = - n´ ( f cr + E c ε mo )
--------------------------
k1 d1 + h m k1 d1 + h m
≤ f yy + f yr – n´f cr
fcy = fco

ε mo + ε cr E c ε mo + fcr
εco = --------------------------
- k d fco = ----------------------------
- k d for k1d1 > 0
k1 d1 + h m 1 1 k1 d 1 + hm 1 1

= 0, otherwise

ε mo + ε cr E c ε mo + f cr
∆εs = - ( k 1 d 1 + h c λs )
-------------------------- ∆ fs = n ----------------------------
- ( k1 d1 + hc λs )
k1 d1 + h m k1 d1 + hm
fms = 0.85fm´ for hm – hcλs < βmχhm
= 0 otherwise

εmo = 0.003 fmo = 0.85fm´ for k1d1 > –hM

= 0 otherwise

In the above equations,

ε mo ( k 1 d 1 + h m )
χh m = -----------------------------------------
-
ε mo + ε cr

The depth of the Whitney block βmχhm, in which

fm
β m = 0.85 – 0.05  --------------
-–  f =
 1,000 4 with m´ 5,500 psi

should not be taken greater than the mortar thickness hm.

If fc´ is in MPa, substitute 145 fc´ for fc´ in the equation for βm.
Σ F = 0 implies

N 0 – N 1 = F ci + F y + F co + F s + F m (Eq 8-15)

Where:
Fci = 0.
Fy = –Ay(∆fy – fcy).

Fco = ½bk1 d 1 f co .

Fs = As(∆fs – fms).
Fm = bβmχhm(fmo).

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

52 AWWA C304-99

ΣM about cylinder = 0 implies

M 1 + N o ( e o – d y ) – N 1 ( e – d y ) = M co + M s + M m (Eq 8-16)

Where:
eo and e are given by Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and
k
Mco = F co d 1  1 – -----1-
 3
Ms = Fs(d1 + hc λ s)

Mm = F m ( d 1 + h m – ½β m χh m )

For LCP, the cylinder and the first layer of prestressing wire are lumped into an
equivalent steel area. Analysis is performed using the following modifications:
1. Set Ay, dy = 0
2. Replace n by n* where
A ( n´ – 1 )
n* = n 1 + -----y- -------------------- for k 1 ≥ 0
As n

A n´
n* = n  1 + -----y- ------ for k 1 < 0
 As n 

3. Replace wire diameter ds by d*s where

nA s d s – ( n´ – 1 )A y t y
d*s = ------------------------------------------------------
- for k 1 ≥ 0
nA s + ( n´ – 1 )A y

nA s d s – n´A y t y
= ---------------------------------------- for k 1 < 0
nA s + n´A y

For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expression for
∆εs, ∆ fs, Fs, and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and

( 2j – 1 )d s + 2 ( j – 1 )d w
λsj = ------------------------------------------------------------ for j = 1, ..., f
2h c

Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.
In Eq 8-15

f
Fs = ∑ Fsj
j=1

Where:
Fsj = As(∆ fsj – fmsj )
and ∆ fsj and fmsj are given by the expressions for ∆ fs and fms with λs replaced
by λs j .

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 53

Σ M is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by

replacing Ms in Eq 8-16 by

f–1
Ms = ∑
j=1
Fsj ( d 1 + h c λ sj )

SECTION 9: DESIGN SELECTION TABLES

In order to make AWWA C304 easier to use, design selection tables are included
for 16-in. through 60-in. [410-mm through 1,520-mm] LCP. Sec. 9.4 summarizes the
criteria used in these tables. Designs for conditions other than those listed in Sec. 9.4
or the selection tables must be obtained by implementing the design procedures
specified in this standard. The following three design examples are presented to
demonstrate the use of the design selection tables.
Sec. 9.1 Design Example 1
Given conditions are as follows:
pipe size = 24 in. (610 mm)
working pressure (Pw) = 175 psi (1,206 kPa)
transient pressure (Pt ) = 0.4 Pw
field-test pressure (Pf t ) = 1.2 Pw
earth cover = 12 ft (3.65 m)
soil density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m)
bedding = type R-1
All of the design conditions fall within the criteria given in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 24-in. (610-mm) LCP with type R-1 bedding, an earth cover
of 12 ft (3.65 m), and a system working pressure of 175 psi (1,206 kPa), the required
As is 0.32 in.2/lin ft (677 mm2/m).
Sec. 9.2 Design Example 2
Given conditions are as follows:
pipe size = 36 in. (915 mm)
working pressure (Pw) = 150 psi (1,034 kPa)
transient pressure (Pt ) = 50 psi (345 kPa)
field-test pressure (Pf t ) = 165 psi (1,138 kPa)
earth cover = 8 ft (2.44 m)
soil density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
bedding = type R-2
The specified transient pressure of 50 psi (345 kPa) is less than the transient
pressure used in the selection tables (0.4 × 150 psi = 60 psi [0.4 × 1,034 kPa = 414 kPa])
and the specified field-test pressure of 165 psi (1,138 kPa) is less than the field-test
pressure used in the selection tables (1.2 × 150 psi = 180 psi [1.2 × 1,034 kPa = 1,241 kPa]),
therefore the selection tables can be used. From the table for 36-in. (915-mm) LCP with
type R-2 bedding, an earth cover of 8 ft (2.44 m), and a working pressure of 150 psi
(1,034 kPa), the required As is 0.37 in.2/lin ft (783 mm2/m).

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

54 AWWA C304-99

Sec. 9.3 Design Example 3

Given conditions are as follows:
pipe size = 48 in. (1,220 mm)
working pressure (Pw) = 150 psi (1,034 kPa)
transient pressure (Pt) = 0.4 Pw
field-test pressure (Pft) = 1.2 Pw
earth cover = 16 ft (4.88 m)
soil density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
Find the required As for each bedding class.
All of the design conditions fall within the criteria stated in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 48-in. (1,220-mm) LCP with a working pressure of 150 psi
(1,034 kPa) and an earth cover of 16 ft (4.88 m), the required As for each of the five
bedding details is as follows:

Bedding Detail Required As (in.2/ ft)

R-1 –
R-2 .66++
R-3 .63++
R-4 .58++
R-5 .53++

The hyphen (–) in the Required As column for R-1 bedding indicates that a
special design is required. This could include a second layer of prestressing wire, a
larger-diameter prestressing wire, a higher concrete strength, a thicker steel
cylinder, a thicker concrete core, or some combination of these items.
The two plus signs (++) next to the As value under R-2 bedding indicate that a
28-day compressive strength of 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa) is required. The single plus sign
(+) next to the As values under R-3 and R-4 beddings indicates that a 28-day
compressive strength of 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa) is required. Standard 28-day compressive
strength of 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) is sufficient for the design under R-5 bedding.
Sec. 9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design Tables
Tables 5–14 and Figure 9, which follow, list the amount of prestressing wire (As),
in square inches per linear foot, for working pressure and earth cover combinations
commonly used. These designs are based on the criteria specified in this standard
and the following:
1. Concrete-core thickness = pipe diameter ÷ 16.
2. Mortar-coating thickness = ¾ in. (19 mm) over the wire.
3. Transient pressure (Pt ) = 40 percent Pw or 40 psi (276 kPa), whichever is
greater.
4. Field-test pressure (Pf t ) = 1.2 Pw .
5. Transient external load = AASHTO HS20 truck loading (two trucks
passing) on unpaved road.
6. Prestressing wire = 6 gauge ASTM A648 class III.
7. Steel-cylinder thickness = 16 gauge (1.52 mm).

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 55

8. Minimum 28-day compressive strength of concrete core ( fc´) = 6,000 psi

(41.4 MPa), except where higher-strength concrete is required as denoted by the
following:
a) + = 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa)
b) ++ = 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa)
c) +++ = 7,500 psi (51.7 MPa)
9. Average relative humidity of storage environment = 70 percent.
10. Time in outdoor storage (t1) = 270 days.
Burial time after outdoor storage (t2) = 90 days.
11. Concrete modulus multiplier (CE ) = 1.
Wire-relaxation multiplier (CR ) = 1.
Concrete-shrinkage multiplier (CS ) = 1.
Concrete-creep multiplier (Cφ) = 1.
12. Earth loads = Marston/Spangler theory for rigid pipe using transition
width trench (same as positive projecting embankment condition).
13. Backfill density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3).
14. Rankine’s lateral pressure ratio × coefficient of internal friction = Kµ = 0.19.
15. Settlement ratio × projection ratio = rsdp = 0.5.
16. Pipe stresses are determined using Olander’s coefficients.
Designs to meet criteria different from those stated in this section can be
developed using AWWA C304.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

56 AWWA C304-99

Embankment condition indicates trench width at top of pipe exceeds transition width.

For bedding types R1 and R2, trench bottom shall be over excavated and bedding material shall extend to
depth “b” below bottom of pipe if subgrade is rock or other unyielding material.

The bedding types illustrated above are referenced in Tables 5–14.

Figure 9 Bedding details for prestressed concrete cylinder pipe embankment condition

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 57

Table 5 Standard prestress design—16 in. (410 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++ —
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
58 AWWA C304-99

Table 6 Standard prestress design—18 in. (460 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.2 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R4
9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
90°
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 59

Table 7 Standard prestress design—20 in. (510 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

60 AWWA C304-99

Table 8 Standard prestress design—24 in. (610 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.39
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.37+ 0.42+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34+ 0.38++ 0.43++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.39
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.32+ 0.37+ 0.41++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.38
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.35+ 0.40++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33+ 0.37++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30+ 0.35++

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 61

Table 9 Standard prestress design—30 in. (760 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.45
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.46
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.50+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.46+ 0.52++
18.0 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.44+ 0.48++ 0.54+++
20.0 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37+ 0.40+ 0.42++ 0.47++ 0.51+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.42
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.43
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.45
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.47
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.49+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.45+ 0.51+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.40+ 0.46++ 0.52++
20.0 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36+ 0.39+ 0.43++ 0.49++ 0.54+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.43
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.49+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.45+ 0.50++
20.0 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.35+ 0.41+ 0.46++ 0.52+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
R4 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
90°
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.46+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.46+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42+ 0.47++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.37+ 0.43+ 0.49+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.43+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.38+ 0.44+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33+ 0.39+ 0.45++
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
62 AWWA C304-99

Table 10 Standard prestress design—36 in. (910 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.50
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.39 0.46 0.53
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.49 0.56
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.37 0.45 0.52 0.58+
14.0 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.48 0.54+ 0.61++
16.0 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.51+ 0.57++ 0.64++
18.0 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.45+ 0.49+ 0.55++ 0.60+++ 0.66+++
20.0 0.37 0.40+ 0.43+ 0.46++ 0.50++ 0.53+++ 0.59+++ — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.50
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.52
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.57
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.60+
16.0 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.55+ 0.62++
18.0 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.45+ 0.50++ 0.57++ 0.64+++
20.0 0.32 0.36 0.38+ 0.42+ 0.46++ 0.49++ 0.54+++ 0.60+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.44 0.51
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.52
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.49 0.56
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.46 0.53+ 0.59++
18.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.48+ 0.55++ 0.61+++
20.0 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38+ 0.42+ 0.45++ 0.51++ 0.56+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.50
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.51
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.55+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.50+ 0.56++
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.38 0.44+ 0.51++ 0.57+++
20.0 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.39+ 0.46++ 0.52+++ 0.59+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.51
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.52+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.46+ 0.53++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.41+ 0.47++ 0.54+++
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 63

Table 11 Standard prestress design—42 in. (1,070 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.50 0.58
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.58 0.66
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.62 —
14.0 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.50 0.57 0.64+ —
16.0 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.55+ 0.61++ — —
18.0 0.39 0.44 0.47+ 0.51+ 0.55+ 0.60++ 0.66+++ — —
20.0 0.45+ 0.49+ 0.52++ 0.57++ 0.60+++ 0.65+++ — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.51 0.59
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.61
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59 0.66++
14.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.54 0.62+ —
16.0 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.51 0.57+ 0.64++ —
18.0 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50+ 0.54++ 0.61++ — —
20.0 0.40 0.43+ 0.47+ 0.51++ 0.55++ 0.59+++ 0.66+++ — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.58
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.61
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65+
14.0 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60+ 0.66+++
16.0 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.54+ 0.62++ —
18.0 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.51+ 0.57++ 0.64+++ —
20.0 0.35 0.39 0.42+ 0.47+ 0.50++ 0.55++ 0.61+++ — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.59
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.60
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.57 0.64+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59+ 0.66++
18.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.53+ 0.60++ —
20.0 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43+ 0.48+ 0.55++ 0.62+++ —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.50 0.58
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.59+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.46 0.53+ 0.60++
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.39 0.47+ 0.54++ 0.61+++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.40+ 0.48++ 0.55+++ 0.63+++
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
64 AWWA C304-99

Table 12 Standard prestress design—48 in. (1,220 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66+++
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62 —
30° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64 —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66+ —
Angle 12.0 0.26 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.53 0.62 — —
14.0 0.33 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.59 0.66+ — —
16.0 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.58+ 0.65+ — — —
18.0 0.47 0.51+ 0.56+ 0.60++ 0.65++ — — — —
20.0 0.52++ 0.57++ 0.62++ 0.66+++ — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.61
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.54 0.63
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.49 0.58 0.66+
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.60 —
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62 —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64 —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66+++ —
14.0 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.54 0.63 — —
16.0 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.56 0.63+ 0.66++ — —
18.0 0.41 0.46 0.50 0.54+ 0.60++ 0.66+++ — — —
20.0 0.47+ 0.51+ 0.55++ 0.59++ 0.64+++ — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.65
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66++
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.43 0.52 0.61 —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.63 —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66 —
14.0 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.51 0.61 — —
16.0 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.49 0.56 0.63 — —
18.0 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.49+ 0.54+ 0.60++ 0.66+++ — —
20.0 0.42 0.46+ 0.51+ 0.54++ 0.59++ 0.64+++ — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.54 0.63
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.49 0.58 0.66+
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.66+++
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62 —
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65+ —
16.0 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.50 0.58+ 0.66+++ —
18.0 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.47 0.52+ 0.61++ — —
20.0 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46+ 0.51+ 0.56++ 0.63+++ — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.59
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.54 0.63
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.66+++
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.53 0.61+ —
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.46 0.54+ 0.62++ —
20.0 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.47+ 0.55++ 0.64+++ —
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 65

Table 13 Standard prestress design—54 in. (1,370 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.60 —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.62 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.44 0.54 0.64 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66+ —
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.32 0.39 0.49 0.60 — —
30° 9.0 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.52 0.62 — —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.65 — —
Angle 12.0 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.53 0.61 0.66 — —
14.0 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.66 — — —
16.0 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.62+ — — — — —
18.0 0.54+ 0.60+ 0.64++ — — — — — —
20.0 0.61++ — — — — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59 0.66++
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.60 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.63 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 —
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.66++ —
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.60 — —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.43 0.53 0.63 — —
Angle 12.0 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.57 0.66+ — —
14.0 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.63 — — —
16.0 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.62+ — — — —
18.0 0.48 0.53+ 0.58+ 0.64+ — — — — —
20.0 0.55++ 0.59++ 0.65++ — — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.59 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.61 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.44 0.54 0.64 —
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.46 0.56 0.65 —
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.65+++ —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61 — —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.55 0.65 — —
14.0 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.59 0.66+++ — —
16.0 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.64 — — —
18.0 0.42 0.48 0.52+ 0.58+ 0.63+ — — — —
20.0 0.48+ 0.54+ 0.58++ 0.64++ — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61 —
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.63 —
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66+ —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.51 0.61 — —
14.0 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.54 0.64 — —
16.0 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.58 0.65++ — —
18.0 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.54+ 0.61+ — — —
20.0 0.38 0.44 0.48+ 0.54+ 0.58++ 0.65++ — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.64
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.64
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59 0.66+
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61 —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.62 —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 —
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66 —
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.59+ — —
18.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.51+ 0.60++ — —
20.0 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.45+ 0.53++ 0.63++ — —
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
66 AWWA C304-99

Table 14 Standard prestress design—60 in. (1,520 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Bedding Loading
Type† (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.56 0.65+ —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.58 0.66+++ —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.50 0.61 — —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.52 0.63 — —
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.55 0.66 — —
30° 9.0 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.58 — — —
Bedding 10.0 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.62 — — —
Angle 12.0 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.61 0.66+++ — — —
14.0 0.45 0.51 0.58 0.64 — — — — —
16.0 0.54 0.60 0.65+ — — — — — —
18.0 0.62+ 0.66+++ — — — — — — —
20.0 — — — — — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.65 —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.65++ —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.48 0.59 — —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.51 0.61 — —
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64 — —
45° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.56 0.66+ — —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.49 0.59 — — —
Angle 12.0 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.65 — — —
14.0 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.57 0.64 — — — —
16.0 0.47 0.53 0.60 0.65+ — — — — —
18.0 0.56 0.61+ 0.66++ — — — — — —
20.0 0.62++ — — — — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.54 0.64 —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.66 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.65++ —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.49 0.60 — —
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.51 0.62 — —
60° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.43 0.54 0.65 — —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.57 0.66++ — —
Angle 12.0 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.62 — — —
14.0 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.66+ — — —
16.0 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.60 0.65+ — — — —
18.0 0.49 0.55 0.60+ 0.66+ — — — — —
20.0 0.55+ 0.60++ 0.66+++ — — — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62 —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.64 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.66 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.66++ —
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.48 0.59 — —
90° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.61 — —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64 — —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.46 0.57 0.66++ — —
14.0 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.61 — — —
16.0 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.64 — — —
18.0 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.55+ 0.61 — — — —
20.0 0.45 0.49+ 0.56+ 0.61++ 0.66+++ — — — —
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62 —
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62 —
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62 —
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.64 —
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.65 —
150° 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.56 0.66+ —
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.66+++ —
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.50 0.61 — —
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64 — —
16.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.45 0.56 0.66+ — —
18.0 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48 0.58+ — — —
20.0 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.46+ 0.51+ 0.60++ — — —
— Indicates special design required

*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
†Refer to Figure 9.
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
 APPENDIX A
Commentary
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C304.

SECTION A.1: INTRODUCTION

AWWA C304, Standard for Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe,
referred to as the standard, provides a unified procedure for the design of PCCP and
supersedes all other conflicting or additional requirements on the design of the pipe
in the documents referenced in the standard.

SECTION A.2: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.2

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors in this standard were developed by a committee of technical
representatives from the structural engineering consultants and from each ACPPA*
producer. The committee reviewed the results of industry tests (Zarghamee, Heger,
and Dana 1988a; Zarghamee 1990) and compared designs obtained using this
standard with the prior experience with prestressed concrete pipe. The developed
load factors were also compared with other standards used in the structural
engineering practice and were found to be conservative.

SECTION A.3 COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.5.1

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors for the load combinations corresponding to the elastic limit
states are determined by manufacturing tolerances (that is, material and geometric
variabilities of the manufactured pipe) so that the probability of exceeding these
limits is less than 0.001. The higher value of β1 for LCP accounts for the effect of
manufacturing tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined
loads that produce the elastic stress limit of the wire.

* American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, 11800 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 309, Reston, Va.
20191

67

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

68 AWWA C304-99

SECTION A.4: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.5.2

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of β2 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that produce
yielding of the wire.
The value of β2 of 1.3 for ECP for the wire yield criterion is the same as the
ultimate strength-load factor used since the early 1980s for dead, water, and earth
loads on rigid pipe in the AASHTO* Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
The same ultimate strength-load factors are also found in the proposed ASCE†
Standard for Direct Design of Buried Concrete Pipe. Design studies for typical LCP
showed that the wire yield limit does not govern the design of typical LCP, and the
actual load factor for wire yield strength is much larger than 1.4. Combined load
tests conducted by the industry on ECP (Zarghamee 1990) demonstrated that coating
cracks, developed under combined loads at wire yield, disappear or become less than
0.002 in. (0.050 mm) after pressure is removed. These tests demonstrate that the
wire yield limit state is actually a damage criterion, rather than an ultimate strength
limit state.

SECTION A.5: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.6

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of β1 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that produce
the elastic stress limit of the wire.

SECTION A.6: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 4.3.2

OF THE STANDARD
The moment and thrust coefficients corresponding to the Olander load
distribution (Olander 1950) are stated by Smith (1978). Paris presents moment and
thrust coefficients in his paper (Paris 1921).

* American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St., N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
† American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 69

SECTION A.7: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 4.3.3

OF THE STANDARD
A method of analysis for obtaining the moments around the pipe accounting for
the tensile softening of coating mortar and concrete core is presented by Zarghamee
and Fok (1990). The validity of the simplified moment-redistribution procedure
stated in Sec. 4.3.3 is discussed by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis (1990).

SECTION A.8: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.3 AND

5.4.2 OF THE STANDARD
The tensile strength of concrete is based on the results presented by Raphael
(1984). Note that this strength is used only to define the peak of an idealized bilinear
fit through an otherwise concave and smooth curve of finite curvature.

SECTION A.9: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.4 AND

5.4.3 OF THE STANDARD
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is based on the results reported by Pauw
(1960). The modulus of elasticity calculated using Pauw’s formula concurs with the
results obtained using the formula stated by ACI* 318-83, Building Code Require-
ments for Reinforced Concrete, when fc´ is approximately 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa) or less,
but it gives lower values for high-strength concrete.

SECTION A10: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.5

OF THE STANDARD
The stress–strain relationship of concrete and mortar is idealized to account for
the tensile softening and the stiffness of concrete and mortar when strained beyond
the microcracking stage. A comprehensive discussion of the implications of this
stress–strain relationship is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).
When concrete and mortar are stressed in tension, their stress–strain behaviors
may be approximated by the trilinear diagrams presented in Figure 2, which depicts
the following three distinct states:
1. The virgin state, in which the concrete or mortar is uncracked.
2. The strain-softened state, in which microcracking of the concrete or mortar
occurs.
3. The cracked state.
Microcracks are minute, short, unconnected cracks, visible only with the aid of a
microscope, usually occurring at the aggregate/cement–mortar interface. Microcracks

*American Concrete Institute, 22400 W. 7 Mile Rd., Detroit, MI 48219.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

70 AWWA C304-99

occur in a random pattern and are unaligned with the tensile stress field. The phrase,
“Onset of microcracking,” in Figure 2 indicates the boundary between the virgin state
and the strain-softened state. The phrase, “Onset of visible cracking,” in Figure 2 refers
to the tensile strain at which point no additional stress is transferred across the
fracture process zone delineating the boundary between the strain-softened state and
the cracked state. Near this point, microcracks coalesce and become aligned with the
stress field to form surface fissures, or macrocracks, which become visible to the
unaided eye as strain increases.
In the literature on testing of prestressed concrete, Kennison (1960) discusses
an “incipient crack” as follows: “This microscopic crack is not readily visible to the
naked eye and is defined as a crack, 0.001 in. in width and 12 in. long.” Kennison
continues, “The first visible crack is defined as a crack 0.002 in. in width and 12 in.
long and can usually be observed with normal eyesight if a meticulous examination
of the surface is made.”

SECTION A.11: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.5.2

OF THE STANDARD
Although f *yy is empirically obtained, test results show that the average yield
strength of steel sheets used in the fabrication of the cylinder is significantly higher
than the specified minimum yield strength, and agrees with the value stated in
Sec. 5.5.2.

SECTION A.12: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.6.4

OF THE STANDARD
The stress–strain relationship for the prestressing wire was derived from test
results performed on the virgin wire and then corrected for the prestretching effect so
that the relationship is linear when fs ≤ fsg.

SECTION A.13: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6

OF THE STANDARD
An accurate procedure for computing the state of stress in buried prestressed
concrete in an environment with a varying relative humidity, similar to that of a
buried pipe, is presented by Zarghamee and Dana (1991). Based on the results of this
procedure, the simplified procedure presented in this standard was developed. The
justification of the simplified procedure and a discussion of the accuracy of this
procedure is presented by Zarghamee, Heger, and Dana (1990).

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 71

SECTION A.14: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6.4.1

OF THE STANDARD
In the proposed procedure for computing the final prestress in prestressed
concrete pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, the part of the coating that
becomes partially prestressed by the second and third layers of prestressing is
neglected. Small-diameter pipe manufactured with relatively large intermediate
coating thickness between wire layers requires special design.

SECTION A.15: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6.6

OF THE STANDARD
For a design relative humidity of less than 40 percent, creep and shrinkage may
be computed from the model by Bazant, Kim, and Panula (1991, 1992). Their results
show that when relative humidity is decreased to less than 40 percent, the increase
in creep and shrinkage is small. For practical purposes, the creep factor and
shrinkage strain computed for a design relative humidity of 40 percent may be used
for drier environments.

SECTION A.16: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 7

OF THE STANDARD
A comprehensive discussion of the limit-states design criteria, including the
experimental justification of each criterion and comparisons of the results of carefully
conducted combined-load tests with the calculated combined-load limits correspond-
ing to these criteria, is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).

SECTION A.17: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 7.5.5

OF THE STANDARD
A simplified rule for determining if pipe manufactured within the continental
United States must be protected against hot environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5,
is that protection is necessary only for pipe manufactured from May 15 to September
15 at locations where, for 60 days or more, the maximum temperature exceeds 90°F
(32°C). These locations are shown on the accompanying US Department of
Commerce, Environmental Services Administration, Environmental Data Services’
map of the mean annual number of days during which the maximum temperature is
90°F (32°C) and above (Figure A.1).
Application of white paint to the exterior surface of mortar-coated PCCP was
shown by one series of tests to reduce the surface temperature of pipe exposed to
solar radiation from about 135°F (57°C) to about 90°F (32°C).

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 72
AWWA C304-99
Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

Figure A.1 Mean annual number of days maximum temperature of 90°F (32°C) and above, except 70°F (21°C) and
above in Alaska
 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 73

To determine if pipe manufactured within the continental United States must

be protected against arid environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5, consult the
accompanying mean relative humidity maps, prepared by the aforementioned
services, for different months of the year (Figures A.2 through A.5).

SECTION A.18: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 8

OF THE STANDARD
For further details and a discussion of the procedure for calculating the
limit-state loads and pressures, see the paper by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis
(1990). An example of the design procedure is presented in appendix C of this
standard.

SECTION A.19: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 8.9

OF THE STANDARD
The methodology of AWWA C304 is based on extensive theoretical work reported
by Zarghamee and Fok (1990) and on extensive experimental work, including
combined load tests reported, and compared with the simplified procedures that are
the basis of this standard by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990). These references
state that the standard’s assumptions and simplifications are consistent with test
results. One of the assumptions of Sec. 8.9 is that applied thrusts act on a circular
reference axis. Zarghamee and Fok state, “Although the location of the reference
axis . . . is arbitrary, it is recommended that it be at the centroid of the coated pipe
cross section calculated for the pressured pipe in absence of any bending moments
from external loads and pipe and fluid weights.”
As shown in Figure 5 of Sec. 8.9.1 and Figure 6 of Sec. 8.9.2, the reference line
of action of the computed thrust is at the centroid of the transformed coated pipe
cross section calculated for the total thrust. The total thrust is comprised of the
thrusts applied by external loads, pipe self weight, contained fluid weight, and
internal pressure. An exception to this selection of the line of action of the computed
thrust is in the computation for serviceability criteria at the springline, in which a
simplifying approximation of neglecting the coating while setting e = eo was compared
with actual test results and was determined to be valid (Zarghamee, Fok, and
Sikiotis, 1990).
Computations of moments and thrusts from the combined loads are based on
elastic theory for a circular ring of constant thickness and radius R to the geometric
centroid of the cross section. Although R does not coincide with the radius to the
center of the cross section used in Figure 5 and Figure 6, the resulting difference is
negligibly small. The use of R for the computation of applied moments and the use of
the transformed centroid as the location for the application of thrust to the cross
section is consistent with accepted engineering practices for the design of statically
indeterminate structures.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

74 AWWA C304-99

Figure A.2 Mean relative humidity (January–March)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 75

Figure A.3 Mean relative humidity (April–June)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

76 AWWA C304-99

Figure A.4 Mean relative humidity (July–September)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 77

Figure A.5 Mean relative humidity (October–December)

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix B
References
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C304.

ACI. 1982. Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Smith, W.W. 1978. Stresses in Rigid Pipe.
Temperature Effects in Concrete Struc- Transportation Engineering Journal,
tures. Report No. ACI 209R-82, Pub. ASCE, 104:TE3:387–392.
SP76-10, ACI, pp. 193–300. Zarghamee, M.S. 1990. “Evaluation of Com-
Bazant, Z.P., J.K. Kim, and L. Panula. 1991, 1992. bined Load Tests of Prestressed Concrete
Improved Prediction Model for Time-Depen- Cylinder Pipe.” In Pipeline Design and
dent Deformations of Concrete. Materiaux et Installation, K.K. Kienow, ed., ASCE, pp.
Constructions, Part 1, V. 24, No. 143, pp. 327– 572–585.
345; Part 2, V. 24, No. 144, pp. 407–421; Part Zarghamee, M.S., and K.L. Fok. 1990. Analysis
3, V. 25, No. 145, pp. 21–28; Part 4, V. 25, No. of Prestressed Concrete Pipe Under Com-
146, pp. 95–101; Part 5, V. 25, No. 147, pp. bined Loads. Journal of Structural Engi-
163–169. neering, 116:7:2022–2039.
Heger, F.J., M.S. Zarghamee, and W.R. Dana. Zarghamee, M.S., and W.R. Dana. 1991. “A
1990. Limit States Design of Prestressed Step-by-Step Integration Procedure for
Concrete Cylinder Pipe. I: Criteria. Jour- Computing State of Stress in Prestressed
nal of Structural Engineering, 116:8:2083– Concrete Pipe.” In Computer Analysis of
2104. the Effects of Creep, Shrinkage, and Tem-
Kennison, H.F. 1960. Tests on Prestressed Con- perature Changes on Concrete Structures,
crete Embedded Cylinder Pipe. Journal of Pub. SP-129, A.C.I., pp. 155–170.
the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, November, Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
pp. 77–98. 1988a. Experimental Evaluation of Design
Methods for Prestressed Concrete Pipe.
Ojdrovic, R.P., and M.S. Zarghamee. 1996. Con-
Journal of Transportation Engineering,
crete Creep and Shrinkage Prediction
114:6:1–26.
From Short-Term Tests. ACI Materials
Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
Journal, ACI, 93:2:169–177.
1988b. Predicting Prestress Losses in Pre-
Olander, H.C. 1950. Stress Analysis of Concrete
stressed Concrete Pressure Pipe. Concrete
Pipe. Engineering Monograph, No. 6, Octo-
Int'l.: Design & Construction, ACI,
ber. US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,
10:10:59–64.
Colo.
Zarghamee, M.S., K.L. Fok, and E.S. Sikiotis.
Paris, J.M. 1921. Stress Coefficients for Large 1990. Limit States Design of Prestressed
Horizontal Pipes. Engineering News- Concrete Cylinder Pipe. Part II: Proce-
Record, 87:19:768–771. dure. Journal of Structural Engineering,
Pauw, A. 1960. Static Modulus of Elasticity of 116:8:2105–2126.
Concrete as Affected by Density, ACI Jour- Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
nal Proceedings, 57:6:679–688. 1990. Concrete Creep and Shrinkage and
Raphael, J.M. 1984. Tensile Strength of Con- Wire Relaxation in Buried Prestressed
crete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 81:2:158– Concrete Pipe. ACI Structural Journal,
165. 87:5:512–522.

78

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 APPENDIX C
Pipe-Design Example
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C304.

SECTION C.1: INTRODUCTION

The design example included in this appendix uses the US system of units. If
designs using the SI system of units are required, proper equations should be used
where direct conversions of units are not possible. These equations are provided in
AWWA C304-99.

The design procedure requires calculation of the following: References1

1. Residual stresses in the concrete and steel elements of
the pipe from prestressing after losses caused by the
creep and shrinkage of concrete and wire relaxation.
2. Moments and thrusts at invert and springline of the
pipe resulting from the factored load and pressure
combinations specified in Table 1 for ECP and Table 2
for LCP.
3. Internal-pressure capacities and moment capacities in
the pipe wall.
4. Strains and stresses in the pipe wall resulting from
moments and thrusts caused by the factored load and
pressure combinations.

The internal pressures, moments, strains, and stresses in the pipe wall are
compared with the internal-pressure capacities, moment capacities, and strain and
stress limits specified in Table 3 for ECP and Table 4 for LCP.
The design procedure is iterative. An initial wire area is assumed and, using
this area, all design criteria are checked. If any of the criteria are violated, a new
larger wire area must be assumed. If none of the criteria is violated, the initial wire
area must be decreased. If an estimate of the final wire area is not available, the
following systematic procedure may be used:

References
1. Compute the minimum and maximum allowable wire AWWA
areas for the pipe from the AWWA C301 wire-spacing C301-99,
requirements. Sec. 3.2.2
2. Compute the wire area required by the burst pressure Eq 8-4
criterion.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

79

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

80 AWWA C304-99

References
3. Compute the wire area required from the maximum Eq 8-1
pressure criterion. Eq 8-2
4. Check all other criteria using the minimum wire area Sec. 8.2
that satisfies the maximum wire spacing, the burst
pressure, and maximum pressure requirements.
5. If any criterion is violated, a design using the maximum
wire area that satisfies the minimum wire spacing
requirement may be checked to determine if a feasible
design exists.
6. If a feasible design exists, the smallest acceptable wire
area may be determined by trial and error. If no feasible
design exists, other design parameters such as wire
diameter, number of layers of prestressing wire, concrete
strength, and core thickness must be modified.
In this example, representative calculations are presented to illustrate the
design procedure. It is assumed that the final design wire area for the example pipe
has already been determined; the calculations presented are for checking the design. 1

SECTION C.2: DESIGN PARAMETERS

References1
Pipe: 72-150 ECP with cast core
Core: Di = 72 in., Dy = 75.5 in., hc = 5.5 in.
Pressures: Pw = 50 psi, Pt = 60 psi, Pf t = 180 psi

Earth load and fluid weight:

We = 6,000 lb/ft, Wt = 0
2
π Di γf π × 72 × 62.4
2
Wf = - = ------------------------------------- = 1,764 lb/ft
------------------
4 × 144 4 × 144

Wire: 6 gauge, ds = 0.192 in., Class III, fsg = 189,000 psi,

fsu = 252,000 psi, Es = 28 × 106 psi

fsy = 0.85 fsu = 0.85 × 252,000 = 214,200 psi Sec. 5.6.2

ds 0.192 = 0.0175
λs = --------
- = ----------------- Sec. 8.1
2h c 2 × 5.5

f sg 189, 000- = 6, 750 × 10 – 6

εsg = ------- = ---------------------- Sec. 8.1
Es 28 × 10 6

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 81

References1
f sy 214, 200- = 7, 650 × 10 – 6
εsy = ------ = ---------------------- Sec. 8.1
Es 28 × 10 6

Coating: hm = 0.75 + ds = 0.75 + 0.192 = 0.942 in. AWWA

C301-99
Sec. 3.1.5

hm 0.942 = 0.0856
λm = --------
- = ----------------- Sec. 8.1
2h c 2 × 5.5

Di + hc + hm
R = --------------------------------- = 72 + 5.5 + 0.942- =
----------------------------------------- 39.22 in. Sec. 4.1
2 2

Cylinder: 16 gauge, ty = 0.0598 in., fyy = 33,000 psi,

f y*y = 45,000 psi, Ey = 30 × 106 psi

Dy – Di 75.5 – 72
hci = - – t y = ------------------------ – 0.0598 = 1.69 in.
------------------ Sec. 8.1
2 2

D y – D i t y 75.5 – 72 0.0598
dy = ------------------- – ---- = ------------------------ – ------------------ = 1.72 in. Sec. 8.1
2 2 2 2

dy
λy = ------ = 1.72
----------- = 0.313 Sec. 8.1
hc 5.5

Steel cylinder and concrete cross-sectional areas:

Ay = 12 ty = 12 × 0.0598 = 0.7176 in.2/ft Sec. 8.1
Ac = 12 (hc – ty) = 12 (5.5 – 0.0598) = 65.28 in.2/ft Sec. 8.1

Concrete: fc´ = 5,500 psi (cast)

Ec = 158γc1.51 fc´ 0.3 = 158 × 1451.51 × 5,5000.3
= 3.84 × 106 psi Eq 5-2
6
n =
Es 28 × 10 - = 7.29
------ = -------------------------- Sec. 8.1
Ec 3.84 × 10
6

6
n´
Ey 30 × 10 - =
= ------ = -------------------------- 7.81 Sec. 8.1
Ec 6
3.84 × 10

ft´ = 7 f c´ = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi Eq 5-1

f´ 519 - = –6
εt´ = -----t- = -------------------------- 135 × 10 Figure 2
Ec 3.84 × 10 6

εk´ = 11εt´ = 11 × 135 × 10–6 = 1,487 × 10–6 Figure 2

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

82 AWWA C304-99

References1
Mortar: fm´ = 5,500 psi
Em = 158 × 1401.51 × 5,5000.3 = 3.64 × 106 psi Eq 5-6
6
Em 3.64 × 10
m = -------- = --------------------------- = 0.948 before softening Sec. 8.8
Ec 6
3.84 × 10

ft´m = 7 f m´ = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi Eq 5-5

f t´m 519 –6
εt´m = - = --------------------------- = 143 × 10 in. ⁄ in.
--------- Figure 2
Em 6
3.64 × 10

εk´m = 8εt´m = 8 × 143 × 10–6 = 1,144 × 10–6 Figure 2

Environment: RH = 70%, t1 = 270 days, t2 = 90 days Sec. 6.6

Sec. C.2.1 Moment and Thrust Coefficients

References1
Earth load (bedding: 90° Olander):
Cm1e = 0.1247, Cm2e = 0.0885, Cn1e = 0.3255, Cn2e = 0.5386

Pipe weight (bedding: 15° Olander):

Cm1p = 0.2157, Cm2p = 0.1016, Cn1p = 0.1029, Cn2p = 0.3026

Fluid weight (bedding: 90° Olander):

Cm1f = 0.1208, Cm2f = 0.0878, Cn1f = –0.2703, Cn2f = –0.0617

SECTION C.3: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

WIRE AREAS
Sec. C.3.1 Maximum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Minimum Wire Spacing
References1
The minimum allowable center-to-center wire spacing is twice the AWWA
wire diameter or 0.384 in. Therefore, the maximum prestressing-wire C301-99,
area based upon the minimum wire spacing is Sec. 3.2.2

2
πd s 12 3.14 × 0.192
2
12
Asmax = - × --------------
----------- - = ----------------------------------- × --------------- = 0.905 in.2/ft
4 0.384 4 0.384

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 83

Sec. C.3.2 Minimum Allowable Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Maximum

Wire Spacing
References1
The maximum allowable center-to-center spacing of wire is 1.5 in.; AWWA
therefore, C301-99,
Sec. 3.2.2
2
πd s 3.14 × 0.192 - -------
2
12- = ---------------------------------- 12
Asmin = - × -------
----------- × - = 0.232 in.2/ft
4 1.5 4 1.5
Sec. C.3.3 Minimum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Burst Pressure
References1
The pipe shall have the necessary strength against burst when Sec. 7.5.3
subjected to the load combinations FWT6.

Pb = 1.6 Pw + 2.0 Pt = 1.6 × 150 + 2.0 × 60 = 360 psi Eq 3-12

A y f y*y + A s f su 6D y P b – A y f y*y
Pb = -------------------------------------- → A s = ----------------------------------------- Eq 8-4
6D y f su

6 × 1,175.5 × 360 – 0.7176 × 45, 000 2

As = - = 0.519 in. ⁄ ft
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
252,000

Thus, the prestressing-wire area required for the burst pressure

criterion (0.519 in.2/ft) is the minimum allowable prestressing-wire
area.

SECTION C.4: STATE OF STRESS CALCULATIONS

Sec. C.4.1 Modular Ratios
References1
ni = 109 ( fc´)–0.3 = 109 (5,500)–0.3 = 8.23 Sec. 6.5

ni´ = 117 ( fc´)–0.3 = 117 (5,500)–0.3 = 8.83 Sec. 6.5

nr = 93 ( fc´) –0.3 = 93 (5,500)–0.3 = 7.02 Sec. 6.5

nr´ = 99 ( fc´)–0.3 = 99 (5,500)–0.3 = 7.47 Sec. 6.5

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

84 AWWA C304-99

Sec. C.4.2 Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire Relaxation

References1
For RH = 70%, φ1 = 1.76 and φ2 = 1.79. Sec. 6.6

Sec. C.4.2.1 Volume-to-surface ratios

References1
Dy – Di
hco - = 5.5 – 75.5
= h c – ------------------ – 72.0- = 3.75 in.
----------------------------
2 2
– 0.54h ci
γ (hci ) = 2
/3  1 + 1.13e  Eq 6-24
 

/3  1 + 1.13e
2 – 0.54 × 1.69
= = 0.969
 
– 0.54 ( h co + h m )
γ (hco + hm) = 2
/3 1 + 1.13e Eq 6-24

2 – 0.54 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )

= /3 1 + 1.13e = 0.726

– 0.54 h m
γ (hm) = 2
/3  1 + 1.13e  Eq 6-24
 

/3  1 + 1.13e
2 – 0.54 × 0.942
= = 1.120
 

Sec. C.4.2.2 Creep factor

References1
φci = φ1 γ (hci) = 1.76 × 0.969 = 1.705 Eq 6-18
φcom = φ2 γ (hco + hm) = 1.79 × 0.726 = 1.300 Eq 6-19
φm = φ2 γ (hm) = 1.79 × 1.12 = 2.005 Eq 6-20

( h co + h m )φ com – h m φ m + h ci φ ci
φ = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-16
h ci + h co

( 3.75 + 0.942 )1.3 – 0.942 × 2.005 + 1.69 × 1.705

= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1.304
1.69 + 3.75

Sec. C.4.2.3 Shrinkage factor

References1
– 0.12h ci – 0.12 × 1.69
γ ´(hci) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 0.980 Eq 6-25
– 0.12 ( h co + h m ) – 0.12 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )
γ ´(hco + hm) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 0.683 Eq 6-25
– 0.12 h m – 0.12 × 0.942
γ ´(hm) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 1.072 Eq 6-25

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 85

References1
For RH = 70%, s1 = 184 × 10–6 and s2 = 299 × 10–6 Sec. 6.6
sci = s1 γ ´(hci) = 184 × 10 –6 × 0.980 = 180.3 × 10 –6
Eq 6-21
scom = s2 γ ´(hco + hm) = 299 × 10–6 × 0.683 = 204.2 × 10–6 Eq 6-22
sm = s2 γ ´(hm) = 299 × 10–6 × 1.072 = 320.5 × 10–6 Eq 6-23
( h co + h m )s com – h m s m + h ci s ci
s = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-17
( h ci + h co )

( 3.75 + 0.942 )204.2 – 0.942 × 320.5 + 1.69 × 180.3 –6

= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 10
( 1.69 + 3.75 )

= 177 × 10–6

Sec. C.4.2.4 Wire relaxation

References1
A
= 0.111 – 3.5  -----s- = 0.111 – 3.5  --------------- = 0.0832
R 0.519
Eq 6-30
A   65.28
c

Sec. C.4.3 Initial Prestress

References1
A s f sg
fic = -----------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-1
A c + n i A s + n i´A y

0.519 × 189,000
= - = 1,293 psi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + 8.23 × 0.519 + 8.83 × 0.7176
fiy = ni´ fic = 8.83 × 1,293 = 11,417 psi Eq 6-2
fis = –fsg + ni´ fic = –189,000 + 8.23 ×1,293 = –178,359 psi Eq 6-3

Sec. C.4.4 Final Prestress

References1
f ic ( A c + n r A s + n r´ A y) – ( A s E s + A y E y )s – A s Rf sg
fcr = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------ Eq 6-4
A c + ( nr A s + n r´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

1,293 ( 65.28 + 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ----

= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
6 6 –6
( 0.519 × 28 × 10 + 0.7176 × 30 × 10 )177 × 10
– -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )

0.519 × 0.0832 × 189,000

– -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
= 947 psi

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

86 AWWA C304-99

References1
f cr 947 - = 247 × 10 – 6
εcr = ------ = --------------------------
Ec 3.84 × 10
6

A c ( f ic φn r´ + E y s ) – RA s f sg n r´ ( 1 + φ )
fyr = f iy + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-5
A c + ( n r A s + n r´A y ) ( 1 + φ )
6 –6
65.28 ( 1,293 × 1.304 × 7.47 + 30 × 10 × 177 × 10 )
= 11,417 + -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )

0.0832 × 0.519 × 189,000 × 7.47 ( 1 + 1.304 )

–m -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )

=m23,371 psi

Ac ( f icφn r + E ss ) – RA s f sg n r ( 1 + φ )
fsr = fis + Rfsg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-6
A c + ( n r A s + n r´A y ) ( 1 + φ )

= –178,359 + 0.0832 × 189,000

6 –6
65.28 ( 1,293 × 1.304 × 7.02 + 28 × 10 × 177 × 10 )
+m -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.0832 × 0.519 × 189,000 × 7.02 ( 1 + 1.304 )
–m ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = –151,426 psi
65.28 + ( 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
Sec. C.4.5 Decompression Pressure
References1
f cr ( A c + n r A s + n r´ A y )
Po = ----------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-7
6D y

947 ( 65.28 + 7.02 × 0.519 + 7.47 × 0.7176 )

= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 155.3 psi
6 × 75.5

SECTION C.5: MINIMUM PRESTRESSING-WIRE AREA

BASED ON MAXIMUM PRES-
SURE
The minimum prestressing-wire area shall meet the following requirements:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Pw # Po W1 Sec. 7.3.5
Pw + Pt #min (Pk´, 1.4 Po ) WT1 Sec. 7.3.5
Pw = 150 psi < Po = 155.3 psi; therefore, loading condition W1 is satisfied.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 87

To check the loading condition WT1, first calculate

References1
 0.5ε km´ 5 f ´
Pk´ = Po min  -------------------- , 1 + -------------c-
 ε cr f cr 

0.5ε km´  5 f ´
= min P o -------------------- , P o  1 + -------------c-
ε cr  f cr 

Because,
 5 f ´
P o  1 + -------------c- = 155.3  1 + 5
---------------------- = 216.1 psi
5,500
  
f cr  947

and
0.5ε k ´m   × 1,144 × 10 
–6
P o  -------------------
- = 155.3  0.5
----------------------------------------------- = 359.6 psi
 ε   –6

cr 247 × 10

Pk´ = min [216.1, 359.6] = 216.1 psi

and
min (Pk´, 1.4 Po ) = min (216.1, 1.4 × 155.3) = 216.1 psi

Therefore,

Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi < 216.1 psi

and loading condition WT1 is satisfied.

SECTION C.6: STRESS FROM PRESTRESSING FOR

FINAL DESIGN AREA
The prestressing-wire area for the final design that satisfies all design criteria,
determined using a computer program to perform iterations, is 0.565 in.2/ft. This area
is greater than the minimum wire area needed to satisfy the burst-pressure
requirements described in Sec. 3.3. The state-of-stress calculation for As = 0.565 in.2/ft
follows the calculation procedure stated in Sec. C.4 for As = 0.519 in.2/ft and produces
the following results:

References1
fcr = 1,028 psi

f cr 1,028 - = 268 × 10 – 6
εcr = ------ = --------------------------
Ec 6
3.84 × 10

fyr = 24,918 psi

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

88 AWWA C304-99

References1
f yr 24,918- = 831 × 10 – 6
εyr = ------ = ---------------------
Ey 30 × 10 6

fsr = –150,192 psi

f sr 150,192 –6
εsr = - = – ---------------------- = – 5,364 × 10
-----
Es 6
28 × 10

Po = 169.36 psi

No = 6Dy Po = 6 × 75.5 × 169.36 = 76,720 lb/ft Eq 4-1

Using the above prestress values, Pk' can be computed as shown earlier.

Pk´ = 230.44 psi

Nk´ = 6Dy Pk´ = 6 × 75.5 × 230.44 = 104,389 lb/ft Eq 8-3

Pipe weight can now be computed for As = 0.565 in.2/ft.

π
Wp = ---------- ( D i + h c )h c γ c + ( D i + 2h c + h m )h m γ m ---
144

A
+ ( D y – t y )t y ( γ s – γ c ) + ( D i + 2h c + d s ) -----s- ( γ s – γ m )
12

π
= ---------- ( 72 + 5.5 )5.5 × 145 + ( 72 + 2 × 5.5 + 0.942 )0.942 × 140 ---
144

+ (75.5 – 0.0598) 0.0598 (489 – 145)

( 72 + 2 × 5.5 + 0.192 )0.565 ( 489 – 140 )
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1,654 lb/ft
12
Furthermore, the location of the neutral axis for prestress thrust is

0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + λ s ) + ( n´ – 1 )A y λ y
eo = h c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 8-6
bh c + nA s + ( n´ – 1 ) A y

0.5 × 12 × 5.5 + 7.29 × 0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )

= 5.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 × 5.5 + 7.29 × 0.565 + ( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176

( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176 × 0.313

+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 2.839 in.
12 × 5.5 + 7.29 × 0.565 + ( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 89

SECTION C.7: SERVICEABILITY AT FULL PIPE

CIRCUMFERENCE
The serviceability at full pipe circumference includes the following criteria and
load combinations:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Core decompression limit W1 Table 3
Coating cracking WT1 Table 3

In other words, the prestressing-wire area must satisfy for loading combination W1:

Pw # Po

Pw = 150 psi < Po = 169.36 psi

and for loading combination WT1:

Pw + Pt # min (Pk´, 1.4 Po )

Because

min (Pk´, 1.4 Po ) = min (230.44, 1.4 × 169.36) = 230.44 psi,

Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi # 230.44 psi

Therefore, both requirements are satisfied.

SECTION C.8: SERVICEABILITY AT INVERT/CROWN

Limit states of serviceability at invert/crown include the following criteria and
load combinations:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Inside core cracking W1 Table 3
Inside core visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Inner core-to-cylinder radial tension FW1, WT3 Table 3

Calculation procedures for all of the criteria and load combinations are similar.
The detailed calculations for the inside core visible cracking criterion under the load
combination WT1 are shown below; the results for other criteria are summarized at
the end of the section.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

90 AWWA C304-99

Applied moment and thrust at invert for load combination WT1:

References1

M1 = R [ C m1e ( W e + W t ) + C m1p W p + Cm1f W f ] Eq 4-2

= 39.22[0.1247(6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 × 1,654 + 0.1208 × 1,764]

= 51,694 lb-in./ft

N1 = 6Dy P – [Cn1e (We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1 f Wf] Eq 4-4

= 6 × 75.5(150 + 60) – [0.3255(6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 × 1,654

– 0.2703 × 1,764] = 93,484 lb/ft

The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the cross
section caused by applied loads is iterative and requires satisfying the force and
moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is demonstrated below for trial
values of

ν2 = 1.696

k = 0.704
Sec. C.8.1 Constants
References1
khc 0.704 × 5.5
tt = - = ----------------------------- = 1.4362 in.
-------------- Sec. 8.9.1
1 + ν2 1 + 1.696

ts = ν2 tt = 1.696 × 1.4362 = 2.4358 in. Sec. 8.9.1

dy 1.72 - = 0.706
λ = ------ = ----------------- Sec. 8.9.1
ts 2.4358

The location of the neutral axis under the thrust N1 is given by

0.5bhc + ( n – m ) A s ( 1 + λ s ) + ( n´ – 1 )A y λy + mbhm ( 1 + λ m )
e = h c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- Eq 8-7
bh c + ( n – m ) A s + ( n´ – 1 ) A y + mbhm

0.5 × 12 × 5.5 + ( 7.29 – 0.365 )0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )

= 5.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 × 5.5 + ( 7.29 – 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 × 12 × 0.942

( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176 × 0.313 + 0.365 × 12 × 0.942 ( 1 + 0.0856 )

+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 × 5.5 + ( 7.29 – 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 × 12 × 0.942

= 2.996 in.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 91

Where:
m = 0.365 is calculated by trial and error for tensile softened coating when
the pipe is subjected to a tensile thrust of N1 alone.

References1
The tensile strain in the coating is

N1
εmm = – --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 8-8b
E c [ bh c + ( n – m )A s + ( n´ – 1 )A y + mbh m ]

Em ε t ´m
m = - 8 -------------
--------- -–1 Eq 8-8a
7E c – ε mm

For trial value of m = 0.365,

93,484
εmm = – ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
3.84 × 10 [ 12 × 5.5 + ( 7.29 – 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 – 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 × 12 × 0.942 ]

= – 309 × 10–6

3.64 × 10 -  --------------------------- 
6 –6
×
m = ------------------------------------  8 143 10 - – 1 = 0.365
7 × 3.84 × 10  309 × 10 
6 –6

Sec. C.8.2 Strains

References1

εci = (1 + ν2)εt´ = (1 + 1.696)135 × 10–6 = 364 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.1

λ
∆εy = ε ci  1 – -----y = 364 × 10  1 – 0.313
--------------- = 202 × 10
–6 –6
 Sec. 8.9.1
k  0.704

εco = ε ci  1
--- –  = 364 × 10  --------------
1 -–  =
–6 –6
153 × 10
 k 1  0.704 1 Sec. 8.9.1

1+λ
∆εs = ε ci  --------------s- – 1 = 364 × 10  1 - – 1 = 162 × 10
–6 + 0.0175 –6
--------------------------- Sec. 8.9.1
 k   0.704 

1 + λm
- – 1 – ε cr = 364 × 10  ---------------------------- – 1 – 268 × 10
εmm = ε ci  ----------------
– 6 1 + 0.0856 –6
Sec. 8.9.1
 k   0.704 

= –71 × 10–6

1 + 2λ m – 6 1 + 2 × 0.0856
- – 1 – ε cr = 364 × 10  ------------------------------------- – 1 – 268 × 10
εmo = ε ci  --------------------
–6
Sec. 8.9.1
 k   0.704 

= – 26 × 10–6

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

92 AWWA C304-99

Sec. C.8.3 Stresses

References1
Because 0 < ν2 = 1.696 < ν = 10 and λ = 0.706 < 1,
ν
fci =  1 – -----2 ft´ =  1 – 1.696
--------------- 519 = 431 psi Sec. 8.9.1
 ν  10 

λ
∆ fy = n´f t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1 – ----y- = 7.81 × 519 × ( 1 + 1.696 )  1 – 0.313
--------------- Sec. 8.9.1
 k  0.704

= 6,069 psi

ν
fcy = f t ´ 1 – -----2 ( 1 – λ ) = 519 1 – 1.696
--------------- ( 1 – 0.706 ) = 493 psi Sec. 8.9.1
ν 10

f t´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  --- – 1 = 519 ( 1 + 1.696 )  --------------- – 1 = 588 psi

1 1
fco = Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
1+λ
∆ fs = nf t ´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  ---------------s – 1 = 7.29 × 519 ( 1 + 1.696 )  ---------------------------- – 1
1 + 0.0175
Sec. 8.9.1
 k   0.704 

= 4,542 psi

1+λ
fms = m f t´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  ---------------s – 1 – f cr Sec. 8.9.1
k

= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 )  ---------------------------- – 1 – ( 1,028 ) = – 384 psi

1 + 0.0175
 0.704 

1 + λm
fmm = m f t´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  ----------------
- – 1 – f cr
 k 

= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 )  ---------------------------- – 1 – 1,028 = – 256 psi

1 + 0.0856
 0.704 

1 + 2λm
fmo = m f t´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  --------------------
- – 1 – f cr Sec. 8.9.1
 k 

1 + 2 × 0.0856
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 )  ------------------------------------- – 1 – 1,028 = – 94 psi
 0.704 

Where:
m = 0.948 corresponds to the condition of no tensile softening of
mortar, because the tensile strain in the coating is
–εmm = 71 × 10–6 < εt´m = 143 × 10–6.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 93

Sec. C.8.4 Internal Forces

References1

Fci´ = – ½btt (1 + ν) ft' = – ½ × 12 × 1.4362 (1 + 10) 519

= – 49,196 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fc´i´ = ½btt (ν + ν2) fci = ½ × 12 × 1.4362 (10 – 1.696) 431

= 30,841 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fci = Fc´i + Fc´i´ = –49,196 + 30,841 = –18,355 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fy = –Ay(∆ fy – fcy) = –0.7176(6069 – 493) = –4,001 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

bh c × 5.5
Fco = --------- ( 1 – k )f co = 12 - ( 1 – 0.704 )588 = 5,744 lb/ft
-------------------- Sec 8.9.1
2 2

Fs = As(∆ fs – fms) = 0.565(4,542 + 384) = 2,783 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fm´ = ½ bh m m ( f co – f cr ) = ½ × 12 × 0.942 × 0.948(588 – 1,028)

= – 2,358 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fm´´ = ½ bh m fmo = ½ × 12 × 0.942 × (–94) = – 531 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Fm = Fm´ + Fm´´ = –2,358 – 531 = –2,889 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Sec. C.8.5 Sum of Forces

References1

Σ F = No – N1 – (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs + Fm) Eq 8-9

= 76,720 – 93,484 – (–18,355 – 4,001 + 5,744 + 2,783 – 2,889)

= – 46 ≈ 0

Sec. C.8.6 Internal Moments

References1
–ν ν–ν
Mci = – F c´i ( 1 + λ s )h c – t t  ν 2 + 1
------------ – F c´i ´ ( 1 + λ s )h c + t t --------------2- Sec. 8.9.1
 3  3

= 49,196 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 – 1.4362  1.696 + ----------------

1 – 10
3

10 – 1.696
– ( 30,841 ) ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 + 1.4362 --------------------------- = 72,248 lb-in./ft
3

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

94 AWWA C304-99

References1
My = –Fy hc(1 + λs – λy ) = 4,001 × 5.5 (1 + 0.0175 – 0.313) Sec. 8.9.1

= 15,503 lb-in./ft

Mco = – F co h c  ------------ + λ s = –5,744 × 5.5  ------------------------ + 0.0175

1–k 1 – 0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
 3   3 

= –3,670 lb-in./ft

2λ m 4λm
Mm = F m´ h c  ----------
- – λ s + F m´´h c  ----------
- – λ s Sec. 8.9.1
 3   3 

= – 2,358 × 5.5  2 × 0.0856- – 0.0175 –

---------------------------
 3 

4 × 0.0856
531 × 5.5  ---------------------------- – 0.0175 = – 795 lb-in./ft
3

Sec. C.8.7 Sum of Moments

References1

Σ M = M1 – No – [(1 + λs)hc – eo] + N1[(1 + λs)hc – e] – Mci

– My – Mco – Mm Eq 8-10

= 51,694 – 76,720[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 – 2.839] + 93,484[(1 + 0.0175)

5.5 – 2.996] – 72,248 – 15,503 + 3,670 + 795 = – 46 ≈ 0

Therefore, equations for equilibrium of forces and moments at the invert are
satisfied.
Note that εci = 364 × 10–6 < εk´ = 1,487 × 10–6 and, therefore, the strain limit
corresponding to the visible crack control inside the core is satisfied.

References1
To check the radial tension when there is no fluid pressure, repeat Sec. 8.6
the same calculations iteratively until ν2 and k values that satisfy
both equations of equilibrium are determined. Because the strain in
the inner fiber of the core for both loading conditions FW1 and WT3
is not tensile, radial tension does not develop.

The results for the final iteration cycle for all serviceability limit states at
invert/crown obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.1. Note
that small differences with hand calculations are caused by roundoff.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 95

Table C.1 Summary of calculations for serviceability at invert/crown

Limit-State Load N1 M1 Strain or Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) ν2 k Stress Value Satisfied
Inside core W1 66,304 51,685 –0.199 –0.368 108 × 10–6 1,203 × 10–6 Yes
tensile strain
(εci# 1.5 ε t´)
Inside core WT1 93,484 51,685 –1.684 –0.704 363 × 10–6 1,487 × 10–6 Yes
tensile strain –6 –6
(εci# ε k´)
WT2 66,304 51,685 –0.199 –0.368 108 × 10 1,487 × 10 Yes
FT1 87,883 56,853 –1.210 –0.641 299 × 10–6 1,487 × 10–6 Yes
Core-to-cylinder FW1 –2,135 59,018 –1.773 –0.363 –26 psi 12 psi Yes
radial tension
(σr # 12 psi)
WT3 –1,646 51,685 –1.917 –0.491 –28 psi 12 psi Yes

SECTION C.9: SERVICEABILITY AT SPRINGLINE

Limit states of serviceability at springline include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Outer core microcracking W1 Table 3
Coating microcracking W1 Table 3
Outer core visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Coating visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Inner core compression W2, WT3 Table 3

Calculation procedures for all of the criteria and load combinations are similar.
The detailed calculations for outer core visible cracking and coating visible cracking
under load combination WT1 are shown below. The results for other criteria are
summarized at the end of the section.
Applied moment and thrust at springline for load combination WT1:

References1

M2 = R [ C m2e ( W e + W t ) + C m2p W p + C m2f W f ] Eq 4-3

= 39.22[0.0885(6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 × 1,654 + 0.0878 × 1,764]

= 33,491 lb-in./ft

N2 = 6Dy P – [ C n2e ( W e + W t ) + C n2p W p + Cn2f W f ] Eq 4-5

= 6 × 75.5(150 + 60) – [0.5386(6,000 + 0) + 0.3026

× 1,654 – 0.0617 × 1,764] = 91,507 lb/ft

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

96 AWWA C304-99

The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the pipe
cross section at springline caused by the applied loads is iterative and requires
satisfying the force and moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is
demonstrated below for the trial values of

ν2 = 0.296

k´ = 0.702
Sec. C.9.1 Constants
References1
1 1
tt = --------------- k´h c = ------------------------0.702 × 5.5 = 2.979 in. Sec. 8.9.2
1 + ν2 1 + 0.296

ts = ν2 tt = 0.296 × 2.979 = 0.882 in. Sec. 8.9.2

hc – dy 5.5 – 1.72
λ = - = -------------------------- = 4.286
----------------- Sec. 8.9.2
ts 0.882

Sec. C.9.2 Strains

References1

εco = (1 + ν2) εt´ = (1 + 0.296) × 135 × 10–6 = 175 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.2

εci = ε co  ----- – 1 = 175 × 10  --------------- – 1 = 74 × 10

1 –6 1 –6
Sec. 8.9.2
 k´   0.702 

1–λ
∆εy = ε co  --------------y- – 1 = 175 × 10  ------------------------ – 1 = – 4 × 10
– 6 1 – 0.313 –6
Sec. 8.9.2
 k´   0.702 

λ
∆εs = ε co  1 + ----s- = 175 × 10  1 + ------------------ = 179 × 10
–6 0.0175 –6
Sec. 8.9.2
 k´   0.702 

f sr – nf cr – 6 – 150,192 – 7.29 × 1,028

εs = ∆ε s – ----------------------
- = 179 × 10 – -----------------------------------------------------------------
Es 6
28 × 10

= 5,811 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.2

2λ m 2 × 0.0856
- + ε cr = 175 × 10  1 + ---------------------------- + 268 × 10–6
εmo = ε co  1 + ----------
–6
Sec. 8.9.2
 k´   0.702 

= 486 × 10–6

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 97

Sec. C.9.3 Stresses

References1

For ν2 = 0.296 satisfying the inequality 0 < ν2 < ν = 10,

ν
fco =  1 – -----2 ft´ =  1 – 0.296
--------------- 519 = 504 psi Sec. 8.9.2
 ν  10 

fci ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t ´  ----
1- – 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 ) × 519  --------------
1 - – 1 = 286 psi Sec. 8.9.2
=  k´   0.702 

1–λ
∆ fy = n´ ( 1 + ν 2 )f t ´  --------------y- – 1 = 7.81 ( 1 + 0.296 )519  1 – 0.313- – 
----------------------- 1
 k´   0.702

= – 112 psi Sec. 8.9.2

λ = 4.286 > 1; therefore,

1–λ
fcy = ( 1 + ν 2 ) f t ´  --------------y- – 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 )519  1 - – 1
– 0.313
-----------------------
k´ 0.702

= –14 psi Sec. 8.9.2

λ
∆ fs = n( 1 + ν 2 ) f t ´  1 + ----s- = 7.29 ( 1 + 0.296 )519  1 + 0.0175
------------------
 k´  0.702 

= 5,026 psi Sec. 8.9.2

Sec. C.9.4 Internal Forces

References1

Fci = ½ (1 – k´ )bhc fci = ½(1 – 0.702)12 × 5.5 × 286 = 2,813 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Fy = Ay (∆ fy – fcy) = 0.7176(–112 + 14) = – 70 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Fc´o = –½ btt (1 + ν) ft´ = – ½ × 12 × 2.979(1 + 10)519 = – 102,043 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Because 0 < ν2 = 0.296 # ν = 10,

Fc´o´ = ½ btt (ν – ν2) fco = ½ × 12 × 2.979(10 – 0.296)504 = 87,418 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Fco = Fc´o + Fc´o´ = –102,043 + 87,418 = –14,625 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Fs = –As ∆ fs = –0.565 × 5,026 = –2.840 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

98 AWWA C304-99

Sec. C.9.5 Sum of Forces

References1
Σ F = No – N2 – (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs) Eq 8-11
= 76,720 – 91,507 – (2,813 – 69 – 14,625 – 2,840) = –66 ≈ 0

Sec. C.9.6 Internal Moments

References1
( 1 – k´ )h
Mci = F ci ( 1 + λ s )h c – --------------------------c Sec. 8.9.2
3

= 2,813 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 – (-------------------------------------

1 – 0.702 )5.5 = 14,205 lb-in./ft
3

My = Fy hc(1 + λs – λy) = –70 × 5.5(1 + 0.0175 – 0.313) = –271 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.2

Because 0 < ν2 = 0.296 # ν = 10,

Mco = F co´ h c λ s + t t  ν 2 + 1 – ν- + F ´ ´ h λ – t ν – νs
Sec. 8.9.2

----------- t --------------
3  co c s
3

= – 102,043 5.5 × 0.0175 + 2.979  0.296 + 1 – 10-

---------------
 3 

+ 87,418  5.5 × 0.0175 – 2.979 ---------------------------

10 – 0.296
 3 

= – 21,795 lb-in./ft

Sec. C.9.7 Sum of Moments About Wire

References1

Σ M = M2 + No [(1 + λs) hc – eo] – N2 [(1 + λs) hc – e] – (Mci + My + Mco) Eq 8-12

= 33,491 + 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 2.839] – 91,507 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5

– 2.839] – (14,205 – 271 – 21,795) = 581 lb-in./ft

For serviceability limit states at springline, the contribution of mortar stress to

force and moment equilibrium has been neglected, the coating in computing the line
of action of thrust N2, that is, e = eo, has been neglected at the same time.
Because the equations of equlibrium of forces and moments are satisfied,
convergence has been achieved and the calculated stresses and strains are correct for
the loading condition WT1.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 99

Table C.2 Summary of calculations for serviceability at springline

Limit-State Load N2 M2 Strain or Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) ν2 k´ Stress Value Satisfied
Outer core tensile strain W1 64,327 33,482 –0.478 –0.300 170 × 10–6 1,203 × 10–6 Yes
(εco # 1.5 εt´)
Outer coating tensile W1 64,327 33,482 –0.478 –0.300 378 × 10–6 1,912 × 10–6 Yes
strain
(εmo # 0.8 εk´m)
Outer core tensile strain WT1 91,507 33,482 –0.296 –0.702 175 × 10–6 1,487 × 10–6 Yes
(εco # εk´ )
WT2 64,327 33,482 –0.478 –0.300 170 × 10–6 1,487 × 10–6 Yes
–6 –6
FT1 85,708 36,830 –0.183 –0.606 160 × 10 1,487 × 10 Yes
Outer coating tensile WT1 91,507 33,482 –0.296 –0.702 486 × 10–6 1,144 × 10–6 Yes
strain 10–6 10–6
(εmo # εk´m)
WT2 64,327 33,482 –0.478 –0.300 378 × 1,144 × Yes
FT1 85,708 36,830 –0.183 –0.606 473 × 10–6 1,144 × 10–6 Yes
Inner core compression
(fci #0.55 fc´ ) W2 –3,623 33,482 –2.223 –0.705 1,536 psi 3,025 psi Yes
(fci # 0.65 fc´ ) WT3 –3,623 33,482 –2.223 –0.705 1,536 psi 3,575 psi Yes

The outer core tensile strain limit is satisfied, because εco = 175 × 10–6 < εk´ =
1,487 × 10–6.
The outer coating tensile strain limit is satisfied, because εmo = 486 × 10–6 < εk´m
= 1,144 × 10–6.
It could be demonstrated, following the same calculational procedure, that all
other criteria are satisfied for all relevant load combinations. The results for the final
iteration cycle obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.2.

SECTION C.10: ELASTIC LIMIT AT INVERT/CROWN

The elastic limit states at invert/crown include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Yielding of cylinder WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Onset of tension in cylinder WT3 Table 3

Calculation procedures for all of the criteria and load combinations are similar.
For the load combination WT1, stresses and strains in the pipe invert satisfying the
equations of equilibrium of forces and moments have already been calculated. Using
∆ fy already calculated for WT1, yielding of the cylinder does not occur, because

fy = – fyr + n´ fcr + ∆ fy

= –24,918 + 7.81 × 1,028 + 6,069 = –10,820 psi # fyy = 33,000 psi

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

100 AWWA C304-99

Table C.3 Summary of calculations for elastic limit at invert/crown

Cylinder Limiting
Limit-States Load N1 M1 Stress Stress Criteria
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) ν2 k (psi) (psi) Satisfied

Yielding of cylinder WT1 93,485 51,685 –1.684 –0.704 –10,840 +33,000 Yes
–fyr + n´ fcr + ∆ fy # fyy WT2 66,304 51,685 –0.199 –0.368 –16,400 +33,000 Yes
FT1 87,883 56,853 –1.210 –0.641 –12,296 +33,000 Yes
Onset of tension in cylinder WT3 –1,646 51,685 –1.917 –0.491 –22,973 +33,000 Yes
–fyr + n´ fcr + ∆ fy 0#

The steel cylinder is in compression and, therefore, cannot yield in tension. The
results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic limit states at invert/crown obtained
using a computer program are summarized in Table C.3.

SECTION C.11: ELASTIC AND WIRE-YIELD STRENGTH

LIMITS AT SPRINGLINE
Elastic limit and the wire-yield criteria at springline and the corresponding load
combinations are as follows:
References1
Criterion: Load combination:
Wire elastic limit FWT1, FWT2, FT2 Table 3
Inside core compression limit FWT1, FWT2, FT2 Table 3
Wire-yield limit FWT3, FWT4 Table 3

The calculational procedure for the wire elastic and yield limits and core
compression limit of 0.75 fc´ is similar to the previously shown procedure for
serviceability limits. The calculation for the wire-yield criterion is demonstrated
below, because that criterion controls the design. The calculation procedure is shown
for N2 > Nk´. Under this condition, the criterion check is performed by comparing the
moment at springline with the moment capacity at springline. The moment at
springline is computed accounting for the moment redistribution, because the
moment capacity at invert is exceeded, and moment is redistributed from invert to
springline. The computation of critical thrust at invert at cylinder yield is presented
in Sec. C.11.2. This is required for calculating the moment capacity at invert and
moment at springline after redistribution, stated in Sec. C.11.3.
Sec. C.11.1 Limit State of Wire Yielding at Springline
Moments and thrusts corresponding to load combination FWT3 are calculated
using the load and pressure factors stated in Sec. 3 of the standard and the equations
stated in Sec. 4 of the standard.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 101

References1

N1 = 1.3 × 6 × 75.5 (150 + 60) – 1.3 [0.3255 (6,000 + 0)

+ 0.1029 × 1,654 – 0.2703 × 1,764] = 121,529 lb/ft Eq 4-4

M1 = 1.3 × 39.22 [0.1247 (6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 × 1,654

+ 0.1208 × 1,764] = 67,202 lb-in./ft Eq 4-2

N2 = 1.3 × 6 × 75.5 (150 + 60) – 1.3 [0.5386 (6,000 + 0) Eq 4-5

+ 0.3026 × 1,654 – 0.0617 × 1,764] = 118,959 lb/ft

M2 = 1.3 × 39.22 [0.0885 (6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 × 1,654 Eq 4-3

+ 0.0878 × 1,764] = 43,538 lb-in./ft

Sec. C.11.2 Critical Thrust at Invert at Cylinder Yield, Nyy

References1

When the invert is subjected to thrust alone, the tensile strain in the core at
cylinder yield is given by
f yy + f yr – 6 33,000 + 24,918
εc = – ε cr + ∆ε yy = – ε cr + -------------------
- = – 268 × 10 + ------------------------------------------- Sec. 8.9.1
Ey 30 × 10 6
= 1,633 × 10–6

Because εc > εk´ = 1,487 × 10–6, fc (–εcr + ∆εyy ) = 0.

The strain in the prestressing wire at cylinder yield is

+ 33,000 + 24,918- = 7,295 × 10

–6 –6
εs = – ε sr + ∆ε yy = 5,364 × 10 ------------------------------------------ Sec. 8.9.1
30 × 10 6

Because wire strain εs is greater than the strain at the elastic limit of the wire fsg /Es
= 189,000/28 × 106 = 6,750 × 10–6, the stress in the wire must be computed from the
nonlinear stress–strain relationship of the wire. Therefore, the critical thrust at
cylinder yield is
E 2.25
fs = f su 1 –  1 – 0.6133ε s ------s- Eq 5-7
 f su
6 2.25
× 10 -
= 252,000 1 –  1 – 0.6133 × 7, 295 × 10
–6 28
fs --------------------- = 198,333 psi
252,000 

Nyy = Ac fc + Ay fyy + As fs = 65.28 × 0 + 0.7176 × 33,000

+ 0.565 × 198,333 = 135,739 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

102 AWWA C304-99

Sec. C.11.3 Moment Capacity at Invert and Redistributed Moment at Springline

References1
Because Nk´ < N1 < Nyy, moment capacity at the invert M1cap Sec. 8.9.1
is calculated by linear interpolation between the moment capacity
at Nk´ and zero moment capacity at Nyy.
Moment capacity at Nk´ at invert, Mcap(Nk´) is equal to the Sec. 7.4.2
moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at Nk´, but not greater
than the moment capacity based on the onset of tension in the
cylinder for the thrust calculated with zero pressure and unfactored
earth load, and pipe and fluid weights.

The calculation procedure for computing the moment capacity for a given thrust
is iterative and similar to the procedure described before for elastic limit at the
invert. For each selected trial value of k and ν2, the stresses and strains are
computed and the equilibria of forces and moments are checked. The only difference
is that the new values of ν2 are determined from the condition in which the stress in
the cylinder reaches yield rather than from the equilibrium of moments equation. In
this example, in the final iteration cycle ν2 = 17.771 and k = 0.908. Stress in the
cylinder is

References1
λ
∆ fy = n´ f t´ ( 1 + ν 2 )  1 – ----y- Sec. 8.9.1
 k

= 7.81 × 519 ( 1 + 17.771 )  1 – --------------- = 49,858 psi

0.313
 0.908

fy = –fyr + n´ fcr + ∆ fy = –24,918 + 7.81 × 1,028 + 49,858

= 32,969 ≈ 33,000 psi

Moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at N1 = N´k, denoted here as

M1yy(N´k ), is calculated from the sum of moments about the wire at invert:

M1yy(N'k)= No[(1 + λs) hc – eo] – Nk´ [(1 + λs) hc – e] + Mci + My Eq 8-10

+ Mco + Mm = 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) × 5.5 – 2.839] – 104,389
[(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 –2.973] + 15,196 + 138,745 – 800 + 5,093
= 95,932 lb-in./ft
where the location of the line of action of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on
the right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 103

The moment capacity at the onset of tension in the cylinder is calculated

similarly at pressure equal to zero with
References1
N1 = –[Cn1e (We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1f Wf ] Eq 4-4
= –[0.3255 (6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 × 1,654 – 0.2703 × 1,764]
= –1,646 lb/ft

In the last iteration, when the cylinder stress reaches the onset of tension, ν2 = 8.247
and k = 0.569. Stress in the cylinder is

∆ fy = 7.81 × 519 ( 1 + 8.247 )  1 – 0.313

--------------- = 16,864 psi Sec. 8.9.1
 0.569
fy = –fyr + n´ fcr + ∆ fy = –24,918 + 7.81 × 1,028 + 16,864
= –25 psi ≈ 0 Sec. 8.9.1

Moment capacity, based on onset of tension in the cylinder at Nk´, denoted here
as Myo(Nk´), is calculated following the above procedure for moment capacity at
cylinder yield. The result is shown below.

M1yo(Nk´) = 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 2.839] + Eq 8-10

1,646 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 3.216] + 42,424 +
45,982 – 45,814 + 14,602 = 272,648 lb-in./ft

Because M1yy(Nk´) < M1yo(Nk´), the moment capacity at Nk´ at invert is

M1cap(Nk´) = 95,932 lb-in./ft.
The moment capacity at N1 is calculated by linear interpolation:

N yy – N 1
( N ´ ) = 135,739
M1cap = - M – (121,529)-
------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 95,932
N yy – N k ´ 1cap k 135,739 – (104,389)

= 43,483 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.1

Because M1 > M1cap, the applied moment redistributes from invert to springline,
as follows:

M2r = M1 + M2 – M1cap = 67,202 + 43,538 – 43,483

= 67,257 lb-in./ft Eq 4-6

Sec. C.11.4 Critical Thrust at Wire Yield, Nsy

References1
When the stress in the prestressing wire reaches yield, fs = 0.85 fsu and εsy =
0.92883 fsu /Es, because for this value of εsy

fs
- = 1 – (1 – 0.6133 × 0.92883)2.25 = 0.85
------ Eq 5-7
f su

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

104 AWWA C304-99

References1
fsy = 0.85 fsu = 0.85 × 252,000 = 214,200 psi Sec 5.6.2

0.92883 f su 0.92883 × 252, 000

εsy = ------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------------- = 8,359 × 10–6
Es 28 × 106

εc = –εcr + ∆εsy = –εcr + εsy – εsr

= –268 × 10–6 + 8,359 × 10–6 + 5,364 × 10–6
= 13,455 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.2

Because εc > εk´ = 1,487 × 10–6, fc (–εcr + ∆εsy) = 0 Figure 2

εy = –εyr + ∆εsy = –εyr + εsy –εsr Sec. 8.9.2

= –831 × 10 –6
+ 8,359 × 10 –6
– 5,364 × 10 –6

= 12,892 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.2

f yy 33,000 –6
Since εy > εyy = ------
- = ---------------------- = 1, 100 × 10 , f y = f yy
Ey 6
30 × 10
Since εy > εyy = 33,000 psi Figure 3

Nsy = Ac fc + Ay fy + As fsy = 65.28 × 0 + 0.7176 × 33,000

+ 0.565 × 214,200 = 144,704 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

Sec. C.11.5 Moment Capacity at Wire Yield

Because Nk´ < N2 < Nsy , the wire yielding criterion is not checked by comparing
the stress in the wire with its yield strength, but the criterion is checked by
comparing the applied moment with the moment capacity at springline at wire yield.
The moment capacity at wire yield is calculated by linear interpolation between the
moment capacity at Nk´ and the zero moment capacity at Nsy .
Moment capacity at wire yield at the springline for N2 = Nk´, denoted here as
M2sy(Nk´), is calculated iteratively following the procedure similar to the procedure
described for the calculation of the moment capacity of cylinder yield at invert at Nk´.
Calculations of stresses and strains are performed following the procedure of Sec.
C.9. In the last iteration, when the wire stress reaches wire-yield stress, ν2 = 18.745
and k´ = 0.790. The strain in the wire can be checked as follows:
References1
εco = (1 + ν2) εt´ = (1 + 18.745) 135 × 10–6 = 2,666 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.2
λ
∆εs = ε co  1 + ----s- = 2,666 × 10  1 + ------------------ = 2,725 × 10
–6 0.0175 –6
Sec. 8.9.2
 k´   0.790 

f sr – nf cr – 6 – 150,192 – 7.29 × 1,028

εs = ∆ε s – ----------------------
- = 2,725 × 10 – ----------------------------------------------------------------- Sec. 8.9.2
Es 28 × 106
= 8,357 × 10–6 = εsy

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 105

Table C.4 Summary of calculations for elastic limits and wire yield limit at springline
Limit-State Load N2 M2 or M2r Applied Stress Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) ν2 k´ or Moment Value Satisfied
Wire elastic limit, FWT1 100,657 36,830 3.103 0.754 173,574 189,000 Yes
fs # fsg FWT2 170,759 36,830 0.197 0.431 162,403 189,000 Yes
FT2 194,279 40,513 2.296 0.690 170,476 189,000 Yes
Core compression FWT1 100,657 36,830 3.103 0.754 170,694 184,125 Yes
limit,
fc# 0.75 fc´
FWT2 170,759 36,830 0.197 0.431 170,820 184,125 Yes
FT2 194,279 40,513 2.296 0.690 170,769 184,125 Yes
Wire-yield limit for FWT3 118,959 43,526 — — 167,238 167,997 Controls
N2 > Nk ´, M2 # M2sy FWT4 183,625 43,526 1.223 0.579 166,357 214,520 Yes

Finally, the moment capacity at springline at N2 = Nk´, denoted here as M2sy (Nk´),
is calculated from the sum of moments at springline as follows:
References1
M2sy (Nk´) = –No [(1 + λs) hc – eo] + Nk´ [(1 + λs) hc – e] + Mci + My + Mco Eq 8-12
= –76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 2.839] + 104,389 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 2.973]
+ 98,690 – 27,675 – 26,829 = 106,488 lb-in./ft

where the location of the line of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on the
right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.
The moment capacity at N2, denoted here as M2sy (N2), is calculated by linear
interpolation:
N sy – N 2 144,704 – (118,959)
M2sy(N2)= -------------------------M ( N ´ ) = ------------------------------------------------------ 106,488
N sy – N k ´ 2sy k 144,704 – (104,380)

= 68,003 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.2

Because the applied moment at springline after redistribution is M2r = 67,257

lb-in./ft ≈ M2sy(N2), this criterion is satisfied and controls the design.
The results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic-limit and wire-yield criteria
at springline obtained using a computer program are listed in Table C.4.

SECTION C.12: CORE CRUSHING AT SPRINGLINE

The limit state of core crushing at springline requires that the applied moment
at springline for the load combination FWT5 does not exceed the moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

106 AWWA C304-99

Moment and thrust at springline for the load combination FWT5 are calculated
as
References1

M2 = R (1.6 Cm2e We + 2 Cm2e Wt + 1.6 Cm2p Wp + 1.6 Cm2f Wf ) Eq 4-3

= 39.22 (1.6 × 0.0885 × 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 × 0.1016 × 1,654
+ 1.6 × 0.0878 × 1,764) = 53,586 lb-in./ft

N2 = – (1.6 Cn2e We + 2 Cn2e Wt + 1.6 Cn2p Wp + 1.6 Cn2f Wf) Eq 4-5

= – (1.6 × 0.5386 × 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 × 0.3026 × 1,654
– 1.6 × 0.0617 × 1,764) = –5,797 lb/ft

Following the procedure given in Sec. C-11, it is shown that M1 < M1cap, and
there is no moment redistribution from invert to springline.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated by trial and error until force
equilibrium is satisfied. In the last iteration, k' = 0.4597.
Sec. C.12.1 Constants
References1

β = 0.85 – 0.05 (fc´/1,000 – 4) = 0.85 – 0.05 (5,500/1,000 – 4) = 0.775 Sec. 8.9.3

d = hc (1 + λs) = 5.5 (1 + 0.0175) = 5.596 in. Figure 7

Sec. C.12.2 Strains

References1

εci = 0.003 Sec. 8.9.3

λy
k´ – ------------------- - 0.313
0.4597 – --------------------------------
( 1 + λs ) ( 1 + 0.0175 )
∆εy = ε ci -------------------------------- , = 0.003 ---------------------------------------------------------
k´ 0.4597

= 992 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.3

1 – k´ 1 – 0.4597 –6
∆εs = ε ci --------------- = 0.003 --------------------------- = 3,526 × 10 Sec. 8.9.3
k´ 0.4597

εs = εcr – εsr + ∆εs = 268 × 10–6 + 5,364 × 10–6

+ 3,526 × 10–6 Sec. 8.9.3

f sg 189,000 –6
= 9,158 × 10–6 > εsg = ------
- = ---------------------- = 6,750 × 10
Es 6
28 × 10

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 107

Therefore, the nonlinear stress–strain relation of the prestressing wire should

be used for computation of wire stress.
Sec. C.12.3 Stresses
References1

fci = 0.85 fc´ = 0.85 × 5,500 = 4,675 psi Sec. 8.9.3

Because ßk´d = 0.775 × 0.4597 × 5.596 = 1.994 > dy = 1.72 in.,

fcy = 0.85 fc´= 4,675 psi Sec. 8.9.3

∆ fy = Ey ∆εy = 30 × 10 × 992 × 10
6 –6
= 29,760 psi Sec. 8.9.3

but ∆ fy may not exceed fyy – fyr + n´ fcr.

fyy – fyr + n´ fcr = 33,000 – 24,918 + 7.81 × 1,028 = 16,111 psi < ∆ fy
= 29,760 psi Sec. 8.9.3

Therefore, ∆ fy = 16,111 psi.

6 2.25
– 6 28 × 10
fs = 252,000 1 –  1 – 0.6133 × 9,158 × 10 × ----------------------
252,000
= 224,113 psi Eq 5-7

∆ fs = fs + fsr – nfcr = 224,113 – 150,192 – 7.29 × 1,028

= 66,427 psi Sec. 8.9.3

Sec. C.12.4 Forces

References1

Fci = bβ k´ d 0.85 fc´ = 12 × 0.775 × 0.4597 × 5.596 × 0.85

× 5,500 = 111,845 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3

Fy = Ay (∆ fy – fcy) = 0.7176 (16,111 – 4,675) = 8,206 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3

Fs = –∆ fs As = –66,427 × 0.565 = –37,531 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3

Sec. C.12.5 Sum of Forces

References1

Σ F = No – N2 – (Fci + Fy + Fs) Eq 8-13

= 76,720 + 5,797 – (111,845 + 8,206 – 37,531) = –3 lb ≈ 0

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

108 AWWA C304-99

Sec. C.12.6 Moments

References1
βk´ 0.775 × 0.4597
Mci = F ci d  1 – --------- = 111,845 × 5.596  1 – --------------------------------------- Sec. 8.9.3
 2   2 

= 514,393 lb-in./ft

My = Fy (d – dy ) = 8,206 (5.596 – 1.72) = 31,806 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.3

Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core M2ult is:

M2ult = – (No – N2) [(1 + λs) hc – eo ] + Mci + My Eq 8-14

= – (76,720 + 5,797) [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 – 2.839]
+ 514,393 + 31,806 = 318,679 lb-in./ft

Because M2 = 53,586 lb-in./ft < M2ult = 318,679 lb-in./ft, the core crushing
criterion for the load combination FWT5 is satisfied.

1
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.

Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

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