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Maritza Rojas Olivera
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Elements - Wall

elements

Uploaded by

Maritza Rojas Olivera
Copyright
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‘a series of 15 books ‘accor the exhibitic Siomolie of arecture “ at the 4 venice architecture biennale floor > Marsilio WALL: THE VANISHING DIVIDE ‘The meaning of the waliust as vere asthe uss of voricalsrtace canbe, but there are atleast wo essen ‘Ste eater ae changeable out ome of soc ‘ot Gottied Somper fans hought hat he archetype ofthe wall was he hanging fabric ofthe eto tamporxy pasion The aoa wale of mud, stone, od, bic thal came to spplament these te infmtey expansive pater that bath delings the strata na excoede may suo lhe te shoj ah Japanete intarior preserve the dynamism afte norsucra pertons. Buti Evapa the [peseurs cf warfare and growing wenn anche rcumentasy and penranence she wal doting wat, ison ofthe worl architectural lan would be the Hetoy af chaning Forms of canton, 9 3 sven dive of then tes, press back, breaking down fhe “parlor emerges Victorian society as naw frmal space fr frteronng, bythe 192s, absorsed ino the lee formal mee “hing room” a mutation ofthe Vitoan| Sena “Al tats sot mats ino ac” Mave and Engels wiotein 1848, observing the mutations tought on by capitalism. Inademieng present with ts nacre free eoreing space. ‘etecual wal was mating away under he pease af moder “Smagogues to keep pace wih the ante reconfiguration a 8 se [Allasio the ofce where the eso he soli wall ax machlar acceszry sriaces and then rns aground uring ‘a iii 1960 the United Statow's High sch ceitatsm ats up the ultimate device flght-weight enclosure the fee cubicle Like many apech making design hovalone he one e consured up by a pogressnewision, Openness Se not sin forthe offen wok f the eal 25h te facto, For tess cats tr secetaren, openness leaf of progressive corporate culture, though studies show that employees once agen miss thelr privacy and maybe tren went ow sold wat back ha the pcr, ‘he timelapes fctation of ur sacs tor pan hes secsarate, ‘Now you can smost waich the wels go up ard down neal time oH S ws Bes a Roe: Nes ws ee wy ee . poses ee Bees a Sars Senn SA eS Be ee ae SNS 'BREBEeRee eee Pua SCR IUn ICR [eer ia Creel PoE Taicna) Se al arcane bin Peta es eerad rime Som to Conic vain ea arn) ee ure Renu eect er en eee ye cco curren harem ic interuption of the wall plane ‘exit-rules rather than architectural a “Soa tareter ae a way a esting poet ‘ Paces PROLOGUE: DEFENSIVE WALLS tat te sting manfesiatons of he ‘ral ~ beating wa parton wal 2 “ral Featre wal te. =the colonsie ral beat epties the lament prin ‘er batwan sland oer. rive wal piscaly manifest ral my-malng nd eesti ee a ng beled up bard iy removes ay vay tthe thet bord cecy ena user ‘mean tise not ony auton tia wallversultcet Well bathe most tried border sne he ai Brin Wl soa yh he Senator John Mean, 203, touting on amenshent oer UStborde scat hel that. it the vinTUAL WALLS Uithinereasng us of drones and dit urvelanc, the U.S" Meico border al eames supplomoriod with “rua fencing," an sloconic sequel to physed partion Where sections of encng re sbaent inert, or nw, Fini of soncorscooe to fonder tha bare npasenble Dooling nthe quads Daept the toceioa ove plague sich schemes, 2014, Atona awe Impationt th te leral governamts forts ose] the border pet aide $30 milion oral ening *Amosta queer of century ster the hon Des om Cuan carte down, the wale are going up Sl brbes we, mankind sulin sparen borre a arate perhaps unequaled nto {000 ios inhaler decase son, mottos wie according toa Guardian sna Amamivas “Jn Here. "Why Are We Bling New Was {Dio Uz?” Guten, Novena 19,2018, Pace pace cin honey #2 {inaemera act of or coy today “rape te het fe so ative ote fondant fot of ‘ae0 fran thee ore ac mneninive gi ol he sua toe | Adam Gop "The Cogin of ‘emaea” the Nw Yorker, lanuary 3, Standard Twin Celt nie a {ss unverstes cr leygrounds, but these instutonslck funding becouse of pending on priean. we woud rather design school and community comer, ‘we must stop bulang psone prison Design Soycot in sipprt of Aletrativeso Incarceration” {ition by Aritect/DesignersPlsnner or Soca Reeponsbaty asking icasteseuncames ‘he American Insitute of Aretect o fred members to daaign execution Peter ‘hombre super mexnum soc pisens, and star confinement facies {oriuwonies andthe mental _ — — a — 1 (WOVEN wats Tre urls rat, according to 19h canary arohitectiral heart Gone ‘SEinpes mudor stone ne of enormous nd comforting het bt onal woven parte Hangngloowpotars rd ti, belize Svson nd ocpanzation of acts within the ‘dvehog, The woven “wall fe an enabler tnerely a defender oft. {igathanlte mee to oe tromsins conan that the use of he cre weaving that stared with he pen ~ae'8 means to maka the as, elas ie soparsted kom the outer Me, anda ho {Bimal eeation al the ides of pace - unsaustedh prezaded he wal oven the mot nite ne consti Sted to sooner o secur, to cay i satel enclosure stovaroqutement tht Rad nothing east todo wth {pace and he cviion of apace. twas trign to primate rostectul thing and wa inthe begining nae ‘imdetemiing element ‘he sama is ue for walle constructed out of unburt Lik stone, or any othr bung materia lol which intra notre and vse have sbsolutay no ration the lial concept Thy wore used fr protection sn defense to secure pamanence the onlosis, REE RE TE orto serve as foundations and supports forthe spat trcosure sbove, fox carving toes and other oc, that wharov those sooondary motes se "ot present ‘woven fares sos everywher and especialy I the ‘gna funtion as sanepicuovs spate divider: ven ‘where sols was come neces they rem onthe Inver nd unseen structure for he Ws and ngiia representatives of he spatial dew rama, he more of tess ariealy woven and seams ogee ela val “Gotti Semper, Te Fou Elements of entocts ‘ast, MUD WALLS inte age fata and glass constuction, ldfastioned orth nits varus tons main he pinay balding Tatil lor aoe of people. At tha Ne™Mip Dasert CCulure Conor Bish Colin, mud contruction makes 3 Contemporary comaback a on edvorced prime technique {improve cmate contol ‘hss nd owes Eh RE Suman thes i ere ot poem ro hal oe wrt oputen = srotnuptnat ehonpurleoncsurons heasbokis ieeaaad ate eile tesa hint haere exer Sto oulige er iuip dbcede roses er ateg ose alas te Sarl em of eer wearer nana es ‘tom suchen sata kg ay wes sd ene ie =antatad otc mony es ain eco neieslecth oe Cs 55 Saar tyrone ap sunonee ssoraca ete oan Pare par steed isnt sete oe es Sites aay Cote sat a eaawabes ats te esse graroe ren auvasrex oer tae oad scteegh a Re cos nase mun cone ton fap os | Soo corre anes denclten ore boty Seis = Serpe teed ok ot oneriaae as inert ce sre igi eterna tne ot beaches eons a SIEz Yyreson-an Yanan ince ee comartes wh nora bbuldings constricted of eerth can also be found just about everywhere ~ in Sia teeaeyeai te ieee as bulcg end of er cn ao STONE WALLS ‘he march we Pliny scoed against Rn ostenstion now reeds sx prophetic erius of contemporry bung racers, Under lobolaaton stone architecture, once {he symbol of rootednas ad permanence, has become 1 simulacrum: los! toe ie epaced by ts produce of ‘rat landa tenn» bociarh in he fom of the ‘movement forloea sane “Th fet monuments were simple masses of rock, which theron had ot touch, oe Moses aaj, Architecture ‘ozo ie wring Irae fet on sphabel Man lone fafone upright, twa lle and ech tor was hiero> ‘hp. and upon each Niroglph rested a group of ess, Re he eaptt onthe column Th what th crest tacos ahd eveyanera, ete same momen, othe seco ‘he entire word We find the standing stonas ofthe alten Asan Siberia nthe pampas of Amerie Latoron they mace words thay placed stone upon stone, they coupled those sll of granite, and atorpted como combnations, The Cato dimen and eromec, the Euscen tenn, the Hebrew gal are words. Some, tsepecally te mul are proper names, Sometimes eve, stv man ed a oroat del of tone, onda vast lan hoy Grote» phrce, The mmence pl of Kamae ea complete Alles thy made books. actions hed brought forth fmol, beneath when they disappeared tke th unk ‘fa bee baat ts olage al hese symbolsin which oman pied ath continued to grow, to mush, toinereact to become mare and mare complatat the ‘et manumant no longer aufcnd to eanain ther hay ‘tor overowing in every part these monuments hardy ‘Spresed now he pave tection, simple ls tht Stive, nakad end prone upon the ear The symbo fet the ned of expansionin the ees. Tan arhiecture was ‘deveopad proportion wth humen thought became 3 Sjonterh a tousand hoods and 2 thoueen are, and Fed al hie floating symm an eternal be, prpabl form While Dadals, who sore, measured: (this Orpus, ho snteigence, sang; ~tho pila which Fleer: he ecado, which sas; the pyramid, tahehis]@ word, al sein movement st nee by a ow of ‘eomety and by law of post, grouped themestes, Combined amalgamate, descansed, ascended, placed thomeehee sda by nde onthe sl anged themaeves 0 ‘Stone inthe sy url they had witen under the ditaton ‘ofthe general idea of an apach those marvallous books ‘hich wer slo marvlous eds: the Pagoda of Exngs ‘hofmamceon of Epyt the Temple of Solomon.” Nrctor Hug, The Hunchback of Note Dame, 1831 ‘moby weinwaan snduagic bongs Sree eee, ‘Tlie oes san saeco pued Ses hy sts =Hb 2 ieee seen 2 eae ee ah lp ernie an. ‘Serason er tore vor ame “Nouns. wre nade by Nate or herselo sve as kind of framework foroing fly together the ner par of he earth, and athe sere tne 0 break he fren ofthe Res sea and sot curs har nos reslse olan ‘With the hardest materi of whch she emad, Wo quay these mounts Src houl thom away fos more wiry and yet here was time when tssemed Femarttle evento have succeeded n crossing therm Out orth consi natal Now these seleame Ais are quae ino merle of thousand ‘aries. Ando over the waves of hese, Neues widest element ‘mountan tangs are vanaported oanco. when we aes the masses of ‘marble that are being convoy or ald, wa shoud each of ws elec, ond {tine same time ink how mach more happily people ve without them | Pliny tho Er, Netwale Mitra, 38, i 5 | woo0's sécono ure canta clam ote wodes rood seiteck Sopected caper tat con be teen back ao fret 7000 ars rez bea on he wooden wall onthe one hand ecologic! obec ure (rcodinteoaymb al ere 3 more organic connection wth ture Grins oer tne meaning of odie tarahgusa va wehnwiogy, New forms Stpaval replace crvetonl wood, whe arcbtects cream on new 2 {Spies he limi of wood constscion Chesca hoor of buling See olen: earn nie {te Arar urtr ae we on hm nn aw cel regen a with bn Segoe te "EUnftnens Sods Stra Berton woe eg etn hse pare Beets a ae iene ong BRICK WALLS The ey net of bck - hatte bulding uni shoud bs Tied tbo ened by the nda worker proves 2 Sirable on. Evn alr indutitza farcaon ond STandardaston eaves vation, th ate sao brick tetany waters “hehe mete sot Matte drcscte i Landscape Whi Frrtomonce 2014 53) ‘ther the Wit Mazon vichis the Hower of Stone, ‘the Rag Mason hi the Hower of Bk, be the rest Anta hnow no but intl ee weead of Imaking of Bicte bfere we ophawe Cranes ‘ead of Digging o Hewing " ft Stones, heetore we may Baektayer to be the Siceseh Moen, Mechaick Evorszen Or The Doctine of anal ork, 103,257, ceeeica Se Saga, Se piisiiehioas POSITION BOND seta sen tn Tact etearigen eisai aed Sisal eyo ore poses wre soe ‘ion Harton ot cr Maen Coven iocencs aa cae road seer tone gra an Bah Nat, Bore Dwelling ° INTHE MOSQUE Inanaging to meetin vious aes pctesenablehing oundatics who | center ee” ‘uote appear tobe the orenton of nan econ (lua, the dosoution a al ose eaments that in aer tural weirs ereghas the suture he [ares and counterbalance of ace sn eeseos the teal mscharics ofa bing, Inamicaentactre ais Stes os conceived n Europe, thats of src; {Cone ta isu negaton ofthe realy of weight andthe recestyof support The vaio rans hy which the ect of weightecences crosed the fist of urarited See, of nor-eubatortaty of wal, plore, and vot ealle! know. They rang from te uss of mesic aed IMited decoration tla especialy Weve and pated feiycleome and trom moulded an deeply et ste o: fiero atl open ab parsed wal vote and Seen supporting piss, The mutade of dacratve foobar of auacosin samc schitetre, the se of tivet evry concsvabletecnigue and he development Mone Sle Hwee Shapes to futsal oral pattems, ram minutely executed inaeiptonsin atl rey of eallrapic sy tothe monumental tingle wore that saves both love crages aid decoration = swith paral hear leet of the non Gnd ts uncon qute uri Fapetton of cid ute ony, artes ool Passages, couryards, doorways, cupolas) andthe shou tap the pograne a anyone moving th the bung wl be decorated wth pater sent ‘achat o he namie Worle Hor ad Soi Mosning 1855), 11-12 pace CHINA'S PARTITIONS SGASHAN (Pariton Door Al the partons whien canbe pened or Smounted con be ald parton ‘Seo ox Parton Inthe Sona Dynasty wos cold Lattice door ‘nba Ging nae, partion doors Coen inter decoration were sso ted gauss partons Ase: Parton Window Sit Wiegow, gone Ita in lates uve toed dows snd windows roughout ‘he Ming and Gia” ihe Weds, Cussis! Chinese ‘Windows and Doors (China ch tectre and Bing Pres), 2006, 48 p1RiT WALLS ro takes onthe Crinesetacon ofthe apt wal or teen sron-stuctrl walt! sreons the household protective steeno sit wal [yingbor shoo te ‘amon courtyard dwaings af many types and are ao retimes Sut fr expler dling, Usual the scale, Frnerals, ond omementationTolow those al the mae ‘ructure en plazed nse the man gat, 3 seen wal ‘eater a bare thet masks the nora rom re gare 0) frcang angers hing he contots ofthe dwaling le ‘orang ata focal point fox emementaion ttn sea ond {Dor tndioral reves the ran ofthe one Sonal. Koazp, Chin’ Ling Houses Fok Ba ‘Symbol and Housshotd Cmamentaton (Uvesiyo} ava 1899), 8, “In tadtondl Chinese srehtectur,nmesite inside the snvance gatos wa locks the pacsege, orig peopl to ove et oa ato he ight inorder to get mou {he wal. This'soreen wet (yng bY aiang iin fact designed {Btoep bad opts out The Chinese have always bleved {fates anenrtorscontnue to have uence en este hearth Men someone des andthe necessary ruse sccompany the soul othe hereafter are ot abserved {ho oul wil become a bad eit or gu Gury avoywrare, butter mobi ilinited hey cannot aroun a corner Tahu «wel nade the open enrance gat hus protects aicng om gu fyng nada, kag the bod rot” | yest Bodom, The Wit Boing Chins Opn Door Soom enterica Gustin Sree vier ea Toward Etcient inecuturl Managumantn Chine (Bondome & Selec Pubishers 2008) 17, Sean ate ‘Stent Bodng Merona alate ban Ghat Reset” it emphasis on mutt, \ocaum a potent booouso a Miatize Otaku, The Book of Tea 08 ROME AND THE DOUBLE WALL The Gret Fre of Rome eno ofthe fafee recorded uoan conflagration: aged tora aysin Jl of 64 AD inthe fret cecade of to o1gn oF Error Neo ying wast oo ‘hide of the ey ne changing te "Ssh ta a wey hes Cen an ton ton INSULAE Batre tho fr, torsional bic tf fomels complex: ofthe svete Seah the ty toughly 1700 epee houses ty number com Rome's byreine ware o ‘ment houses, ofa” whch ‘umber arn 47000, Although Roman property owaerchipsebeoit, ‘Stine by thane that 2 ulin Shustod on the wal round thom ak into rey zone. No costae enitt forthe spareton af wats batwoon provera and there it adherence {o propery ownership les, an ‘utcome of te haphezar layout ot She maune tht may nave sozolrtod | the spread of re e140} ouBLE WALL “Tho state sezod the ee sean ‘opportunity to reason contal ove ‘cote ey. 8y enacting regulosons on few consfucton the emperors ale Teo minimze the ays rk o fore ‘easter, bua to any ssues of cane inRoman propery ow. Por {othe code, ambquousy ered wate ‘Separated adjacent Suldinge Neve ew poste code -the fst itary (tha code o Homma to fst that mentons tho ae of bung. oly signed lai) - established clear ‘anne between contiguous bulkngs, ‘aed. nos commision partur sed propria quaoque mure amie ‘meet common wae ae mandated = "wo lye prce by the property nw. The comparment, dofensod by 2 double ped wall bom CHICAGO: BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN PARTITION by Nicholas Potts ron wel Fenian Sen tei a oe Seem eateries aera eon Sr Se a ote Sauna stn heat ata acme is a eho ic siemens ecnteoat Sn nom wre anich wae erated folowg Rome's rain 64AD. Tone tacoenesorsguaninee LEG [emdan code of bling ogustons hd a profound effect onthe adoption of Iranonr 8 lrepootng even between contiguous sucure in Europe, proving a widespread tanison away rom timber consrcton eis yey one ute 7 cna ‘peed Sone nade fe aa Butit as inthe Aescan Midwest in the wake of athe, whe the tors DEVASTATED CHICAGO sled 0 Groat the condone for he uly nasem ge ofthe tn lnered cnt Dir Min eiy e Det_batit. The Fnancal eentves tonar’ apd constuction on the Arereah a aa" fone mean! tat thre was ite patience lor hewy conection mich cat rogulaton The rontar ty wae a produit of echnlogy, erent ona a [ron pn ans powered by sear engine. St the combinston of ap be ‘row rom roughly 30,00 reson 1850 Yo 30,000 in 1270) and Fgh fensty woul be a catastophe =i! meceasary = cntaie forrhinking how buldngsfunctoned nthe moder cy. The Groat ite o! Cheago ook piace from Grtobor 81010, 1671, with he Hamer irate ging btn coho wos tous relocement: the pation, "MELTED AWAY UKE WAX” “ho devastating fre ave 3 tho peak of prospaty er tha burgeoning city a” ‘te of forvort a speculation tet had eaptalve on t locaon on the est {oheeto became the hobo he new tenscotinetalakood nerve. The Settion of 3 huge pation of Chicago ~ nearly 2.000 sores cud the nite cent business dnt -rased most ofthe ecety materia ey, Contemporary port a the devastation obzess over he mate etal of he estoyed ci the tames leapedihe pai ee over he alacant sxuars of heap ame bulaigs- te work commenced in somata eossng Lasse Steet where mprovemante ofthe best las en ea ‘The Great Fire wat'tivet confined ta bataon framed wooden bulngs (he ballon rane, ightweight weoden wal framing eyetam, was ee mented in 1830s Cheago). Thee lao ndsrinnataly across the "eproot” Hk, "ole, and granite-waled belengs ofthe central businaes stil. Spread < Vis the Cntnous wal eavoe of Saloon ames enemane and me Uncloppatle by te fu af flammable wares Iangushng mn arava merce baudngs, the fr'sntrstyovepomered ever stone of bk pry walsh ‘ad Boor designed to protact indo! dwelings. Tha eid’ ony tate ‘ fcs__as o bow wp ontre bulcngsin desperate atom to halt ee iets sped ve owe mes vance. A ranstoun on Oetaber 10 feted the job more acer eT paces ‘efee Rega eect rm SS ‘Athough Chicago wasted no tie n puting the pices together heise tor at ad charcteaad constcton bere hee wos cst nde “Te demands of rebucing would rate anew dusty, isk Ménagerent= whe, niveducng layer of elberaton and ator into the blaming snd Corcnckon of Butigs Yo material ven at would rosso vericl The Nixon Bung,» fe-try tower under constuction atthe epicenter of the fr, hd sunived ts posi du its roneering srt, which heath ta ron n plaster nd coneate, The constuction technology used ‘he Noon maang a sono element ofthe neo gothic language oon and ‘mason iil ebreced by technologists such Vile e-Duc toon, mle Taye oral syeter hed ateady been erated is Landon, whore on 1855 buldng oudnanceproveted ti se of exposed ron consiaton, stonibly fore resstanea, Inthe Noxon Buena plaster appeted obo the Arie station lowing the deseo el 20 many "freon and tone ‘alsin in he conta bustoss dict Ae a Miabenk Poon exter nthe Century he charactor ofthe walla a old, immutable constuction was ‘Salonged byte apparent epost at Milbank, inmates sr tuned the Sch wal a2 und slator im Crago, lad plaster bested sofa etl 3s he most etecivetrerooting ‘i, os treba, Chicago was slow to laarn ay lesson or ene ay tors that woul aacourage he rapi fusion a epitalint a cy. To ave a ence bl the momentum of sanstucton one enerpring merenat paced a OG {ora quer ot rllon ks n he TOI of October ast day of he re — ‘thie snow tng fr Meshal Fils department store was ready bagi thelolowing week? Thus reconsieton began, att nto samo abyse of ‘egulaton thet ha precede thee, ‘irestsecic cntaranen ve yrs erat bt touch ron Sprsnsoa aves "Chengs head Operant = |DUOAT GLYON, 2 sae tee tacey enh Shiner “INDURING THE CREDIT OF OUR CITY" Irtoakhe utbeat ofa second reo Jly 14,1874, to Inalyeatch te tention a! the Connon Counc and hen oniyateaterisance undermters= acing thet on Irerst after sing nearly $200 000,000 da fr he ‘wo free vesionee to cance ak eating fea ewrance Polis inthe ty there weren't reforms to constvcton Practees In aition tthe proton af wooden Eructree andthe deralton of “ilese”stuctras that preceded the act the soning Nikon ulin became tho fonplste upon which hen alors ware ban60 ac ‘ea rmandete or plaster heating over meal since ‘mans. Plas or an outnght mortorum on fon auctrl {olus uth hafna! the teat Eee) le oy ‘ot patents for eeproo! costing o stctura manber to ‘erm te contruction of r-elurina tulnge and hus Protect he interest ofthe lea ron market, Incentzed by both the tn industry and nur ompanis,saverlocl nestor ted repent the [NxonSuldgs system Among thes entepranaure, Peter Wight was the bins bhi! a ireproo! coum oveing that was utiatly approved on the eve of the iy Counce prososed ban in 1874 Wight would 99 99 to moikin the arsitectra offen of Danel Burra, ‘whose fn dominated the reconaicton of post re ‘Cricaga ae well the spactcl ofthe Works Cokin ‘exposton 19 years ater Inept at tho lst miu by he presence of wn inlsting terracotta covaring ove th {eondry ovens n whic he wae plnnng to test he new Invantan Wight swapped tract or he wooa sting heed orghaly desgred Once ested his froprootng ‘stseminy was accopled by rsuance reguatoe an ‘opted by the City Counc pnt nto fo aver the pola catacvophe of he cancelation of te neurone pocies ne Sil ot fit he peoteton a strctires though the

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