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Lecture 3,4 PDF

This document summarizes a lecture on circuit analysis principles including nodal analysis, mesh analysis, linearity, and superposition. Key points covered include: 1) Nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's Current Law to write equations relating node voltages, while mesh analysis uses Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to relate loop currents. 2) Linear circuits have a linear relationship between inputs and outputs, allowing superposition to be used to solve for outputs from individual sources. 3) Superposition states the response at an element is the sum of the responses due to each independent source acting alone. Practice problems demonstrate applying these circuit analysis techniques.

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Aayush Kaushal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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33 views

Lecture 3,4 PDF

This document summarizes a lecture on circuit analysis principles including nodal analysis, mesh analysis, linearity, and superposition. Key points covered include: 1) Nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's Current Law to write equations relating node voltages, while mesh analysis uses Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to relate loop currents. 2) Linear circuits have a linear relationship between inputs and outputs, allowing superposition to be used to solve for outputs from individual sources. 3) Superposition states the response at an element is the sum of the responses due to each independent source acting alone. Practice problems demonstrate applying these circuit analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

Aayush Kaushal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Sciences

EEE F111

Dr. A. Amalin Prince


BITS - Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lecture – 3, 4
Circuit Analysis Principles: Nodal and Mesh Analysis, Linearity and
Superposition

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Some History

Ohm’s Law, KCL, KVL were not able to


analyse the complex circuits

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Nodes, Branches, And Loops

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage


source or a resistor

A node is the point of connection between two or


more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.


Common symbols for
indicating a reference node.

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Circuit Analysis Principle

 The process by which we determine a variable (either a voltage


or a current) of a circuit is called analysis

 Two approaches
 Nodal Analysis
o Set of simultaneous equations in which the variables are voltages
– Any circuit
– KCL
 Mesh Analysis (Loop Analysis)
o Set of simultaneous equations in which the variables are currents
– Planer circuit only
– KVL

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Nodal Analysis :: Node Voltage Method
Current direction
matters?
 Case1: Nodal Analysis with no voltage sources in the
network

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Practice Problem
Current direction
matters?
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown

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Practice Problem
Current direction
matters?
Determine the voltages at the nodes

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Nodal Analysis :: Node Voltage Method

 Case2: Nodal Analysis with voltage sources in the network


 Type1: voltage source is connected between the reference node
and a nonreference node
 Type2: If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is
connected between two nonreference nodes

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Practice Problem

For the circuit shown in Figure, find the node voltages.

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Take Home Problem

Find the node voltages in the circuit

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Mesh Analysis

 A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops


within it
(a) A planar
circuit with
crossing
branches,

(b) the same


circuit redrawn
with no
A nonplanar circuit. crossing
branches.

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Mesh Analysis

 Case1: Mesh Analysis with no current sources in the


network

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Practice Problem
For the circuit, find the branch currents I1, I2,
and I3 using mesh analysis

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Take-home Problem
Use mesh analysis to find the current io in the
circuit

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Mesh Analysis

 Case2: Mesh Analysis with current sources in the network


 Type1: current source exists only in one mesh

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Mesh Analysis

 Case2: Mesh Analysis with current sources in the network


 Type2: current source exists between two meshes

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Take-home Problem
For the circuit, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis

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Your Choice

 Nodal analysis is more suitable


 Parallel connected elements, current courses, super nodes
 Fewer nodes than meshes
 If node voltage is required
 3D, computer software, OPAMP circuits

 Mesh analysis is more suitable


 Series connected elements, voltage source or supper meshes
 Fewer meshes than nodes
 If branch or mesh current is required
 Transistor circuits
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Circuit Theorems

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Linearity and Superposition

 Linear circuits
 Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear
relationship between cause and effect
o The homogeneity property requires that if the input (also
called the excitation) is multiplied by a constant, then the
output (also called the response) is multiplied by the same
constant

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The Principle of Superposition

 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.

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Practice Problem

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Take-home Problem
Find io in the circuit using superposition

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Practice Problem
Find io in the circuit using superposition

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Source Transformation/Modeling

 Ideal Sources
 Nonideal Sources

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Practice Problem
Use source transformation to find vo

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Questions ?

Thank you for your attention


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