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Iomanip

The document discusses input/output manipulators in C++. It explains that manipulators control output formatting and are included in the <iomanip> header. It provides examples of common manipulators like setw, setprecision, fixed, and scientific that set field width, floating point precision, and number formatting. The document also gives examples demonstrating how to use various manipulators to control output formatting of numbers.

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Chiradip Basu
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59 views

Iomanip

The document discusses input/output manipulators in C++. It explains that manipulators control output formatting and are included in the <iomanip> header. It provides examples of common manipulators like setw, setprecision, fixed, and scientific that set field width, floating point precision, and number formatting. The document also gives examples demonstrating how to use various manipulators to control output formatting of numbers.

Uploaded by

Chiradip Basu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ Notes: I/O Manipulators http://www.fredosaurus.com/notes-cpp/io/omanipulators.

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C++ Notes: I/O Manipulators


Manipulators are the most common way to control output formating.
#include <iomanip>
I/O manipulators that take parameters are in the <iomanip> include file.
Default Floating-point Format
Unless you use I/O manipulators (or their equivalent), the default format for each floating-point number
depends on its value.
No decimal point: 1.0000 prints as 1
No trailing zeros: 1.5000 prints as 1.5
Scientific notation for large/small numbers: 1234567890.0 prints as 1.23457e+09
I/O Manipulators
The following output manipulators control the format of the output stream. Include <iomanip> if you use any
manipulators that have parameters. The Range column tells how long the manipulator will take effect: now
inserts something at that point, next affects only the next data element, and all affects all subsequent data
elements for the output stream.
Manip. Rng Description
General output

endl now Write a newline ('\n') and flush buffer.

Sets minimum field width on output. This sets the minimum size of the field - a larger number
will use more columns. Applies only to the next element inserted in the output. Use left and
setw(n) next right to justify the data appropriately in the field. Output is right justified by default. Equivalent
to cout.width(n); To print a column of right justified numbers in a seven column field:
cout << setw(7) << n << endl;

width(n) next Same as setw(n).

left next Left justifies output in field width. Only useful after setw(n).

Right justifies output in field width. Since this is the default, it is only used to override the effects
right next
of left. Only useful after setw(n).

Only useful after setw. If a value does not entirely fill a field, the character ch will be used to fill in
setfill(ch) all the other characters. Default value is blank. Same effects as cout.fill(ch) For example, to print a
number in a 4 character field with leading zeros (eg, 0007):
cout << setw(4) << setfill('0') << n << endl;

Floating point output

Sets the number of digits printed to the right of the decimal point. This applies to all subsequent
floating point numbers written to that output stream. However, this won't make floating-point
setprecision(n) all
"integers" print with a decimal point. It's necessary to use fixed for that effect. Equivalent to
cout.precision(n);

Used fixed point notation for floating-point numbers. Opposite of scientific. If no precision has
fixed all
already been specified, it will set the precision to 6.

scientific all Formats floating-point numbers in scientific notation. Opposite of fixed.

bool output

boolalpha
all Uses alphabetic representation (true and false) for bool values. Turned off with noboolalpha .
noboolalpha

Input

For most input values (eg, integers and floating-point numbers), skipping initial whitespace (eg,
blanks) is very useful. However, when reading characters, it is often desired to read the
skipws whitespace characters as well as the non-spacing characters. The these I/O manipulators can be
all
noskipws used to turn whitespace skipping off and on. Eg,
cin >> noskipws;
turns whitespace skipping off for all subseqent cin input.

ws now Reads and ignores whitespace at the current position.

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C++ Notes: I/O Manipulators http://www.fredosaurus.com/notes-cpp/io/omanipulators.html

Other

showpoint, noshowpoint, uppercase, nouppercase, dec, oct, hex, setbase(8|10|16), showbase,


noshowbase, ends, showpos, noshowpos, internal, flush, unitbuf, nounitbuf, setiosflags(f),
resetiosflags(f)

Example
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const float tenth = 0.1;
const float one = 1.0;
const float big = 1234567890.0;

cout << "A. " << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "B. " << fixed << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "C. " << scientific << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "D. " << fixed << setprecision(3) << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "E. " << setprecision(20) << tenth << endl;
cout << "F. " << setw(8) << setfill('*') << 34 << 45 << endl;
cout << "G. " << setw(8) << 34 << setw(8) << 45 << endl;

return 0;
}
produces this output (using DevC++ 4.9.8.0):
A. 0.1, 1, 1.23457e+009
B. 0.100000, 1.000000, 1234567936.000000
C. 1.000000e-001, 1.000000e+000, 1.234568e+009
D. 0.100, 1.000, 1234567936.000
E. 0.1000000014901161
F. ******3445
G. ******34******45
Lines F and G show the scope of setw() and setfill().
Copyleft 2000-2003 Fred Swartz Last update 2003-08-24, URL=undefined

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