A Novel Approach for Reactive Power Compensation in

Hybrid Wind-Battery System using Distribution Static

Compensator
V S N Narasimha Rajua,*, M Premalathaa, D V Siva Krishna Rao Kb
a
Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India

*Corresponding Author at: Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India, V S N Narasimha Raju, [email protected] [email protected](D V Siva
Krishna Rao K), [email protected] (Premalatha M).
Abstract - This paper proposes a novel algorithmic approach to compensate the reactive
power using distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for wind energy conversion
system (WECS). Three phase bidirectional converter is utilized to exchange real and reactive
power in both directions. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is enabled to consume
during excess power availability. The battery is connected through a separate bidirectional
DC-DC converter to adjust the power at the desired range. The compensated reference
current is being generated based on the load requirement, wind power generations and state
of charge (SOC) status. The proposed algorithmic approach helps to stabilize the grid by
injecting accurate compensating current at the point of common coupling (PCC). Thereby,
the proposed approach ensures the grid at balanced states under all operating cases. In order
to validate the proposed approach, different case studies have been considered and validated
through simulation results using PSCAD/EMDTC software.

Keywords - Reactive power compensation, distribution static compensator, hybrid wind-

battery, state of charge, point of common coupling, PSCAD/EMDTC.

1. Introduction

Around the world, the electrical energy is generating primarily through thermal, nuclear
and hydroelectric power plants with a small contribution of natural gas, petroleum, diesel and
other sources of energy. But their increasing cost, fast depletion and adverse effect on the
environment like pollution, global warming, etc, force us to search for an alternative source
which is inexhaustible and available in plenty-full and has less impact on the environment.
First oil shock and second oil shock in the year 1973 and 1979 respectively shows the need to
switch to some alternative sources to replant energy policy [1]. The solar energy is one of the
major alternative sources of energy [2]. Sun is ultimate source of energy and it has enormous
energy and it is also responsible for the generation of wind energy indirectly. Due to the
unequal surface of the earth, the air above them gets heated up at different rates. The warmer
air gets lighter which rises up and creates a vacuum, which gets filled up by cold air [3]. This
movement of air results in wind, which has kinetic energy and can be utilized for electrical
power generation by using generators.

In recent days wind power generation is becoming more popular. It is the fastest growing
renewable energy technologies in comparison to all other non-conventional energy sources.
In many countries, it contributes the major part in electrical energy generation. The main
example of it is Denmark, where wind energy contributes around 40% of the total electrical
energy generation. Among all the renewable sources wind is the fastest developing
technology whose penetration into the grid is increasing vastly [4-5]. The power generation
from renewable power generators highly depends on environmental conditions like wind and
insolation [6]. The reliability of wind energy will be the key parameter for the penetration of
wind power into the grid. The reliability is also the major issue from a customer point of
view. A storage system is required to support these fluctuations in generation and storage of
surplus power [7-9]. Battery can find its application to address the reliability issue.
The developments in battery and fuel cell technology make power sector to focus on
hybrid renewable-battery power generation which includes energy storage. A hybrid energy
storage which includes battery and fuel cell can be a better choice for micro-grid applications.
Micro grid structure will have local DC loads and hybrid electrical vehicle is one of such
load. Hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) produce lesser noise content, lesser emission of
harmful gases as compared to the conventional vehicles [10-11]. Among the hybrid category
of vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a better option as compared to HEV
due to the facility of on-board charging of the battery, it provides to the customer [12-14].
The surplus power in the batteries can be feed to local DC loads and part can be converted to
hydrogen and stored in tanks and the same is passed through fuel cell results in electrical
power generation which also reduces pollution in the environment [15]. Since, the process of
hydrogen production of 1kg requires 35kWh of electrical energy and shows positive impact
on environment by releasing oxygen [16]. The energy in hydrogen based fuel cells can be
stored for long time and retrieve back the maximum energy. In the near future hybrid storage
plays a major role in standalone and grid connected renewable sources to support power
variations.
The hybrid renewable-battery power generation system needs proper power management
scheme between the various components like wind power generator, battery, PHEV and main
grid. The power flow across these components will happen through power electronic devices.
Due to the presence of power electronic drives in non-linear loads, the power supply quality
gets degraded. Because of the presence of many sensitive loads like hospitals,
semiconductors and food manufacturing plants which can be immensely affected by the
lower quality of supply power. Voltage dip of very small duration can also demolish the
whole lot [17]. It bends customer concern more towards the quality of power supply [18].
The power quality issues include fluctuation in voltage, current, frequency, harmonics, load
unbalancing, reactive power burden.
 A very wide range of generator topologies can be used in Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is an irresistible choice due to its
inexpensive and robust construction in comparison to permanent magnet synchronous
generator. Its brushless and lesser maintenance feature makes it a more preferred choice over
the wound rotor type [19-22].
Induction generator requires reactive power for its operation which puts further more
reactive power burden on the grid. This result in further more drop in voltage. To overcome
these issues, it is important to install power quality enhancer devices at the distribution level
to supply reactive power [23]. DSTATCOM is a power quality enhancer device which can be
operated in either current or voltage control mode based on system concern and supply
reactive power [24-25]. The hybrid renewable battery storage system has to coordinate with
efficient power management system or controller to manage power surplus and deficit modes
[26-31]. DSTATCOM with PSO-Firefly algorithm is used to control reactive power in
reactive power compensation and harmonics in a wind power system [32]. A Quantitative
feedback theory based wind–battery system in micro grid reduces fluctuations in output
power and voltage due to changes in wind [33].
2. Proposed reactive power compensator for WECS
The generalized block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a
wind turbine-generator interfaced to the grid and a three-phase bidirectional AC/DC
converter which is used to support the reactive power requirement of the induction generator
or transfer the excess active power to the DC loads [34]. The DC side of the AC/DC
converter is fed from battery storage through bidirectional DC-DC (BDC) converter. The
load on the DC side could be a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle [35]. The followings are the
major technical parts involved in the proposed system.
2.1 Induction generator:
These are mainly classified into two categories i.e. Squirrel cage induction generators
(SCIG) and wound rotor induction generators. SCIG’s are basically used in fixed speed wind
turbines whereas wound rotor induction generators are preferred in variable speed wind
turbines. Variable speed is obtained by injecting the controlled voltage into the rotor at slip
frequency [36-37].
 AC
IG
Grid
Transformer
Wind Turbine Unbalanced and
Non linear Load
IG-Induction Generator
Real power
Three phase
Reactive power
Bidirectional
Converter
Battery
Buck Converter Storage Unit

DC/DC
Plug-in hybrid
Bidirectional
Electric Vehicle
converter

Fig. 1- Generalized block diagram of the proposed system

2.2 Bidirectional converter:
A bidirectional converter is required for bidirectional flow of power. When power
generated by induction generator is used for charging the battery or to support dc load,
this converter will behave as a rectifier. When power is flowing out of the battery, to
supply reactive power demand by the induction generator, the converter will behave like
an inverter [38]. Hysteresis current control (HCC) technique is used for closed-loop
control of the current.
2.3 Bidirectional DC-DC converter:
Bidirectional converter can be used as an interface between the energy storage device
and the DC-DC converter. The bidirectional converter can continue its operation even when
the voltage across the energy storage device drops due to discharge [39-40]. The circuit
diagram of BDC is shown in Fig. 2. It exchanges the power between the battery, DC-link and
PHEV depend on the feedback input from the algorithm. The arrow indicates the direction of
power transfer [39, 44]. BDC is operated in buck mode when switch s2 is turned on to reduce
the system voltage to the level of battery voltage and is operated in boost mode when switch
s1 is turned on to step up the battery voltage to matchup with system high voltage. When s1, s2
are in turned off state the battery remains in idle state.
 S2

L
DC
Vdc link
S1 c AC
Battery Inverter

Boost/Discharging mode Buck/Charging mode

Fig. 2 – Circuit diagram of bidirectional dc-dc converter

2.4 Energy storage device:
An energy storage device with high energy and power density is required for
standalone applications. And due to the uncertain nature of renewable resources, storage
devices are also used with grid-connected applications [37, 41].
2.5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
A PHEV is a hybrid electric vehicle with a battery or energy storage device that can
be regained to full charge by connecting to an external power supply [41].
The system is shown in Fig. 1 is an advanced DSTATCOM, which is integrated to
avoid the unbalance cause due to fetching of reactive power from the grid. It has been
achieved by connecting a three-phase bidirectional inverter by operating 120-degree mode
and boosting mode individually. The hysteresis current control scheme is implemented to
supply the reactive power injection into the grid during unbalanced conditions. Three phase
inverter has the advantage of simpler design and does not require any additional components
like a diode and capacitor to clamp the voltage. However, it has the drawback of using a
separate storage capacitor and it requires HCC control scheme for its operation. In the
proposed system these drawbacks are completely vanished, as it uses the topology in which
only one storage capacitor for all its H-bridge units.

3. Proposed algorithmic approach for power balance in WECS

The algorithm to charge and discharge the battery is based on load requirement during the
balanced, unbalanced conditions and state of charge (SOC) range. The detailed algorithmic
approach for power balance in WECS is shown in Fig. 3. The minimum limit of state of
charge (SOCmin) and maximum limit of state of charge (SOCmax) are two set points of SOC
and these are basically 20% and 80% respectively. According to the flowchart, there are two
major operation takes place in the proposed system. During a balanced condition, the battery
energy should support to satisfy the requirements of the grid. It can be achieved while
enabling the discharging mode in the bidirectional converter [42-44].
3.1 Discharging mode during unbalanced condition:
When battery SOC reaches 80% (SOCmax), the battery is ready to discharge according to
the power requirement. During the unbalanced condition, according to the algorithm, the
switch S2 gets turned on. At this case, if PHEV is connected with the converter, the battery
can support the energy as well as to satisfy the balancing operation of the grid.
3.2 Charging mode during unbalanced condition:
When the battery SOC reaches less than 20%, the battery must get charged. But, due to the
unbalancing condition of the grid, the battery should not get power to charge. Therefore the
algorithm enables the idle mode of the converter. It means both S1 and S2 gets off. At this
mode, the battery will not get charge or discharge.
3.3 Charging mode during balanced condition:
When the battery SOC is reached to less than 20%, the battery must be charged. When the
grid power is in a balanced condition, the switch S1 gets turned on to charge the battery.
3.4 Charging/Discharging mode during balanced condition:
When battery SOC is between 20 % and 80 %, two operations will be executed by the
algorithm. Depends on the requirement of PHEV power, the switch S1 or S2 gets closed.
Therefore, PHEV is enabled to charge/discharge the battery.
 Start

Wind power, unbalancing condition estimation

Input parameters SOCmax, SOCmin, SOC

PHEV require YES

SOCmin<SOC<SOCmax
power?
YES
NO NO

SOC<SOCmin SOC>SOCmax

YES YES

Close
Close switch
switch Close switch
S1,S2
S1, Relay S2

Battery will charge and Battery will

PHEV will be supported discharge to Satisfy
by grid unbalancing
condition

Fig. 3 - A Proposed algorithmic approach for power balance in WECS

The mode of operation can be chosen by SOC estimation. Practically a very wide range of
SOC is selected based on the type of battery used.
For Boost mode of operation,
Vbat
Vdclink  (1)
(1  d 1 )
For buck mode of operation,
d 2 .Vdclink
I bat  (2)
R
 The charging station voltage level is lower as compared to system voltage and separate
current control must be employed to charge PHEV according to customer need. Therefore a
separate DC-DC buck converter is connected in between PHEV and three-phase bidirectional
converter. This buck converter usually performs in constant current mode to feed the power
to PHEV.
To satisfy the load compensation by reactive power, the individual phase current must be
zero as follows,
(i) The arithmetic sum of individual phase currents must be zero
isa+ isb + isc = 0 (3)
(ii) The angle between the current and voltage of the positive sequence is to be controlled to
control the reactive power. It means the combination of load and compensator current must
draw current at in phase with the voltage. This result in
∠Vsa_positive sequence= ∠Isa_positive sequence +Φ (4)
(iii) Combined voltage and current of source end should match with load power (plav').
Vsaisa + Vsbisb + Vscisc = plav' (5)
i.e plav' = plav - pwind. The compensator for three phase shunt current can be obtained from (1),
(2) and (3).

vpcck ilk Load phase -k

isk
from supply ishk
WECS

To supply
neutral Voltage Source
Converter Cdc
( VSC-K) vdc

Fig. 4 - Single line diagram of shunt-compensator

ilk  ilrk  ilqk  ilhk (6)

ishkref  ilk  ilrk (7)

ishkref  i 
lk
v pcck  vo
Δ
p load  pinv  p
wind
 (8)
  
Δ    v2pcck   vo2 (9)
k a, b, c 
1
vo   v (10)
3 k a, b, c pcck
At every cycle, the actual dc components to inject in addition with dc average voltage can
be written as,
edc  vref  vdcavg (11)

For accurate reactive power compensation, tuned vales of kp and ki are chosen to estimate the
power loss of inverter.
pinv  k p edc  ki  edcdt (12)

4. Simulation Results and analysis

The system is developed on PSCAD/EMTDC 4.6.1 and the simulation has been
conducted for the various conditions based on available wind power [45]. The ratings of the
battery are generally given by battery capacity (kAh), rated voltage of operation (V), values
of SOCmin and SOCmin depending on type of battery and algorithmic requirements and are
listed in Table. 1. And it is assumed that the initial SOC for simulation is 20.0005%. Based
on dc link voltage and battery charging current, bidirectional converter is designed and the
values of inductance and capacitance are predicted. For the simulation requirements grid
voltage, frequency, feeder impedance, shunt impedance, transformer, dc capacitor before
inverter for stabilizing voltage are selected and listed. Linear and nonlinear loads are assumed
and switching devices are selected according to system requirements like voltage, current and
frequency. The dimensions of 0.7 MW wind energy conversion system like diameter of rotor,
density of air, power co-efficient, wind velocity range are depicted in Table. 1.
 Table. 1. The parameters used for simulation study of various components of the
proposed system

Components used Simulation parameters Numerical Value

Battery voltage 0.48 kV

Battery capacity 0.65 kAh
Battery The initial value of SOC 20.0005%
SOCmin 20%
SOCmax 100 %
Rated DC-link capacitor and its
Bidirectional 1000µF, 1kV
voltage
convertor
Inductor and battery charging current 1mH,0.02kA
Inductor and PHEV charging current 25mH, 0.01kA
Grid voltage,frequency 11kV, 50Hz
PHEV Buck
Feeder impedance Rs, Ls 2.05ohm, 35mH
converter
Shunt impedance Rc, Lc 2.24ohm, 55mH
balanced/unbalanced
grid Transformer 1/3.67kV, 180kVA
DC Capacitor before Inverter and
5000µF,1kV
rated voltage
Linearized load: (81.3 +j63.5)ohm
R-Phase (298.3 +j159.16)ohm
Y-Phase (101.95+j119.19)ohm
B-Phase (101 +j 59.7)ohm
Load and Rated Device current and Voltage 1.68kV, 500A
semiconductor Switching on and off time
0.49μs, 1.28μs
switches (Including delay and recovery time)
Saturation Voltage of power device 2.98V
Peak inverse voltage and current of 2.5V, 230A
Diode
Reverse recovery time 0.14μs
Diameter of rotor 90 m
Density of air 1.342kg/m3
WECS Power co-efficient 0.39
Wind velocity range 7.5 – 13.5m/s
Wind power generation capacity 0.7MW
The results have been presented in this section. Following three conditions are analyzed to
validate the system:
Case I: When no power is available at the wind station (pwind=0)
The sequence of power source selection control (power management) for zero wind power is
elucidated in detail [46]. The equivalent circuit representation of Case I is clearly shown in
Fig. 5. In this case compensator supplies the reactive power required by the load by
discharging battery based on SOC limits. If battery reaches SOCmin then battery stops
discharging and see for algorithm instruction. Further, the system is in balanced condition
battery starts charging and unbalanced condition battery goes into idle condition based on
algorithm. Due to the presence of DC-link capacitor stiff voltage is maintained at the
terminals. The base value is selected to 1 kV. The voltage build before inverter terminals
(Vdclink) is clearly shown in Fig. 6. The tracking of voltage is based on equation (11). It is
clear that the average voltage is tracking the base value at any time. Average load (Plavg)
curve with available wind power (Pw1) and average grid power (Pgridavg) curve is shown in
Fig. 7. Some part of the grid power is used to compensate the losses that occurred in the
inverter. In order to verify the compensation effect using the proposed approach, the result
has been observed after 5 cycles. It is clear that the power gets balanced and compensator
current is supplied through a three-phase bidirectional inverter. The effect of the compensator
is clearly visible along with the tracking characteristic of grid currents (isa, isb, isc), load
currents (ila, ilb, ilc) , and compensator current (isha) with their refrence current (isharef) of phase
a with respect to time are shown in Fig. 8. The load total hormonic distortion (THD) of phase
a (THD-isa) after compensation is gets reduced drastically from 13.5% to 4% as shown in
Fig. 9.
To satisfy the load balancing condition, the reactive power must be supplied with two
conditions. They are the compensate current must lead the load voltage and load current must
be in phase. These conditions are perfectly appearing using the proposed approach. The
characteristics of grid current (isa), shunt compensator current (isha), and PCC terminal voltage
(Vta) of phase a with respect to time are simulated and shown in Fig. 10.
Real and reactive
Current Consumption
Reactive Current
Required
by Grid

Unbalanced and Reactive Current

Injection
Non linear Load
Real power
Three phase
Reactive power
AC/DC
Converter Battery Storage
Unit

DC/DC Discharging
Boost converter

Fig.5 - Block diagram approach for Case I

 Vdclink (kV)

Time (s)
Fig. 6 - DC-link voltage and reference voltage tracking.
Power (MW)

Time (s)
Fig. 7 - Average load curve and average available wind power(pwind=0)
Current (kA)

Time (s)
Fig. 8 – Grid currents, load currents and compensator current when zero wind power

THD-Isa
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
THD (%)

12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time (s)
Fig. 9 - Grid current THD after compensation of phase a
 Current (kA)

Time (s)
Fig. 10 - Characteristic of grid, shunt compensator currents and PCC terminal voltage (pwind=0)

Case II: When power available at wind station is lesser than the power required by the
load (pwind<pload).
The sequence of power source selection control (power management) for wind power lesser
than load power is explained in detail [47]. The equivalent circuit representation at this
condition is clearly shown in Fig. 11(a). In this case, the available wind power is lesser than
the power required by the load, for the wind speed 14.36 m/s. In this condition, grid and wind
together will supply the load. This will reduce the stress on the grid. Average load curve with
available wind generation curve is depicted in Fig. 11(b). To analyze the effect, wind power
is applied at t=0.4 sec. The effect of source and output current along with tracking
characteristic of compensator current is depicted in Fig. 12. It can be seen from the
characteristic that the source current reduces on the application of wind because both wind
generator and grid are sharing the load. Compensator should supply the reactive power
demanded by the load. Therefore its current should lead the PCC voltage, to fulfill the
aforementioned statement. The proposed configuration supplies the current which leads the
generation voltage and as a result grid current is in phase with the voltage, it is clearly visible
in Fig. 12.
 Wind Energy Reactive Current
Conversion Required
System by Grid

Unbalanced and
Non linear Load

Real power Three phase

Reactive power AC/DC
Converter Battery
Storage Unit

DC/DC
Boost converter Discharge/
charge mode

Fig. 11(a) - Block diagram approach for Case II and III

Power (MW)

Time (s)
Fig. 11(b) - Average load curve and average available wind power (pwind<pload)
 Current (kA)

Time (s)

Fig. 12 – Grid currents, load currents and compensator currents when pwind<pload
Case III: When power available at wind generation is higher than load power
(pwind>pload)
The sequence of power source selection control (power management) for wind power greater
than load power is described [46, 48].The equivalent circuit representation at this condition is
similar to Case II. However, the compensation current is lesser than case II. In this case the
available wind power is greater than the power required by the load, for the wind speed
20.11m/s. In this condition the excess power i.e., pwind -pload will be fed to the grid. Average
load curve with available wind power curve is shown in Fig. 13. Wind power will be
connected to the system at t=0.4 sec. The effect of source and output currents along with
tracking characteristic of compensator current is presented in Fig. 14. It can be seen from the
characteristic that on the application of wind power, source current increases because the
extra power, which is equal to the difference of wind power and load power i.e., (pwind-pload)
will be supplied to the grid. Now the source current is 180 degrees out of phase with PCC
voltage and compensator current leads the supply voltage as shown in Fig. 15.
Power (MW)

Time (s)
Fig. 13 - Average load curve and average available wind power (pwind>pload)
Current (kA)

Time (s)
Fig. 14 -Grid currents, load currents and compensator current when (pwind>pload)
 Time (s)
Fig. 15 - Characteristic of grid current, shunt compensator current and PCC terminal voltage (pwind>pload)
Conclusion of three cases and discussions:
Case I: When no power is available at the wind station (pwind=0)
Grid supplies power to load, battery and also supports PHEV charging station. A fraction of
grid power is supplied to the losses occurred in the inverter. Reactive power requirement is
supplied by the DSTATCOM and makes the supply current balanced. The DSTATCOM also
minimizes the THD and enhances the power factor.
Case II: When power available at wind station is lesser than the load power (pwind<pload)
The Real power demanded by the load is shared between grid and wind station which
resulted in the reduction of grid current. The compensator supply the reactive power
demanded by load and SCIG and makes the supply current balanced minimizes the THD and
enhances the power factor.
Case III: When power available at wind station is higher than load power (pwind>pload)
Excess power, which is the difference between the power generated by wind and demanded
by load, fed to the grid. An increase in grid current in the reverse direction is observed. The
compensator supply the reactive power demanded by load and SCIG and makes the supply
current balanced, minimizes the THD and enhances the power factor of the system. The
following curves remain the same for all the above-mentioned cases.
From observations and simulation results summary of these three cases with advantages and
limitations are given in Table.2.
 Table. 2. Summary of three cases for proposed system

S.No Case Advantages Limitations

 Less reactive power demand  Battery energy can inject
 Voltage may fluctuate at lower reactive power for shorter
1. Case I level due to less reactive power duration
demand  More losses appears in the
 Battery can support required three phase AC-DC converter
reactive power
 Battery can inject reactive power  More reactive power to be
2. Case II for longer duration compensated
 Moderate loss appears in the
three phase AC-DC converter
 Battery can inject reactive power  More reactive power to be
3. Case III for very longer duration compensated
 The losses in the three phase
AC-DC converter are low

To validate the states of SOC during charging and discharging conditions zoomed
view of SOC graph has been observed and simulation results as depicted in Fig. 16. The
SOC starts rising once reaches its boundary condition (SOCmin = 20 %).

SOC
20.00050

20.00040

20.00030
SOC (%)

20.00020

20.00010
Discharging mode Charging mode
20.00000

19.99990
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time (s)
Fig. 16 - Status of SOC during charging and discharging
When load needs to compensate the reactive power to satisfy the balancing operation, the
bidirectional dc-dc converter must be enabled to perform boosted operation. At this time, the
closed voltage controller helps to track the DC-link voltage to the desired level to inject
required reactive power.
 2.00
1.75
1.50 Vdclinkref
Voltage (kV)

1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50 Vdclink
0.25
0.00

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Time (s)
Fig.17 - Voltage tracking of Vdclink under discharging mode

Ibat Ibatref
150
100
50
Current (Amp)

0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time (s)
Fig. 18 - Tracking of battery current during charging mode
The voltage tracking result is shown in Fig. 17. When load not requires power, the
compensator network has been disabled. At this time, the BDC enables current control mode
to perform buck operation. In this mode, the battery gets charged with a constant current.
After 1.22 seconds, the tracking of desired charging current and actual battery average
current is depicted in Fig. 18. Under steady state condition, the tracking characteristic for
discharging current is depicted in Fig. 19.
 Iload Iloadref
0.0300

0.0250

0.0200
Current (kA)

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time(s)
Fig.19 - Reference current tracking for dc load
The proposed work mainly focuses a novel approach to compensate the reactive power
compensation in hybrid wind-battery system using DSTATCOM concept. Further this system
can be enhanced by replacing battery storage system into fuel cell based energy storage
system. It has a great scope to analyze the dynamic response for different types of non-linear
loads.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a novel approach is proposed in advanced DSTATCOM structure to
compensate the reactive power required by grid. It has been achieved using a three-phase
bidirectional inverter, BDC and a battery unit. The accurate reference current is being
generated using the proposed algorithmic approach and SOC levels are measured
instantaneously. The proposed system ensures accurate reactive power injection and provides
lesser THD at various conditions of WECS, load and battery SOC. In order to validate the
proposed scheme a complete model has been developed and these three different case studies
have been verified in PSCAD/EMDTC software. The simulation results show clear evidence
that the reference current and injected current are mapped together at any given value.
Furthermore, PHEV based charging station is fully supported from the grid during a balanced
condition and verified this operation in the paper. Due to less complexity of the system, the
implementation cost of the proposed system gets reduced. And also, by increasing the
capacity of battery storage unit, reactive power demand in large scale loads can be
compensated. Finally, this research can be extended by incorporating fuel cell based energy
storage system instead of battery storage system to achieve faster dynamic response.
Nomenclature Table

L - Inductor (Henry)

C - Capacitor (Farad)

S1, S2 - Boost and Buck mode switches

d1, d2 - Duty cycles of the boost and buck mode

V bat - Voltage across the battery (A)

Ibat - Battery current (A)

Ibatref - Reference current of battery (A)

R - Resistance of the battery (Ohms)

SOCmin - Minimum limit of state of charge (%)

SOCmax - Maximum limit of state of charge (%)

Vdclink - dc link voltage (Volts)

Vdclinkref - dc link voltage reference (V)

Vsk - Voltage (V) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

isk - Grid current(A) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

ilk - Load current(A) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

ishk - compensator current(A) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

ishkref - Reference current(A) of compensator of phase k, where k = a, b, c

Pwind - Wind power generated (MW)

Pload - Load power (kW)

Pinv - Loss occurred in DSTATCOM (kW)

Plav - Average load power (MW)

Pw1 - Average wind power (kW) when Pwind<Pload

Pw2 - Average wind power (kW) When Pwind>Pload

Pgridavg - Average grid power (kW)

Vpcck - voltage of phase K at PCC (V)

Vta - Terminal voltage of phase a

Vsk_positive sequence - Positive sequence voltage(V) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

Isk_positive sequence - Positive sequence current(A) of phase k, where k = a, b, c

Φ - Phase angle (Degrees)

ilhk - Harmonic content of output current of phase k (A)

ilrk and ilqk - Real and reactive component of output current (A)

Vdcavg - DC average voltage (V)

edc - Voltage injected extra to the dc average voltage (V)

Kp, Ki - Proportional and integral constants

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