THE CURVATURE IN CLASSICS PHYSICS

Author: Miguel Leonardo Agudelo Berrio

Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTIÓN

Starting from a simple result found using Euclidean geometry, which is carried out within a
well-known demonstration of the so-called Kepler problem (solved by Newton) where it is
demonstrated that the trajectory of the celestial bodies with reference to a massive body
corresponds to the shape Geometric of a conic, you get to expressions that serve to describe
the movement of these bodies and that uses a variable called 𝑅𝑥 curvature ratio, this to
distinguish it from the known curvature ratio (differentiate it with respect to its way of
calculating or measuring it this so as not to discuss the accuracy of any) and with which they
agree to settle by definition on the same line.

2. MODEL

Figura 1 Angle bisector theorem

Remembering the well-known bisector theorem, in a triangle constructed from the two foci
of an ellipse 𝒇𝟏, 𝒇𝟐, and a point 𝑷 on it. Where 𝑷 will then represent the location of a body,
and 𝒇𝟏 will represent the location of another body with respect to which it is desired to know
the trajectory of the one located in 𝑷. From the vertex at point 𝑷 the bisector of the angle is
traced, whose direction coincides with the of the radius of curvature 𝑹 of the ellipse

The relations of the bisector theorem are observed in Figure (1).

𝑥 2𝐶 − 𝑥
=
𝑟 2𝐴 − 𝑟

2𝐴𝑥 − 𝑟𝑥 = 2𝐶𝑟 − 𝑟𝑥
𝐶
𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝑒𝑟 (𝟏)
Where the 𝑪/𝑨 fraction is equal to the magnitude of the eccentricity vector of the ellipse 𝒆.
Then we will work with 𝒓, 𝑹𝒙 , 𝒓𝒆 not seen as magnitudes of segments, but as vectors.
𝒓, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒙 , 𝒓𝒆
⃗⃗ 𝑹 ⃗ . Observing that the segment 𝒙 is replaced by the magnitude 𝒓 multiplied by the
vector 𝒆 ⃗ . This eccentricity vector 𝒆
⃗ will be taken only by moving in the direction of the
conical focal axis that represents the movement of the 𝑷 point, so we assume that the mobile
center (except if 𝒆 = 𝟎) moves along the focal axis of the conic that represents the movement.

Now, taking the vectors in the direction shown in figure (2), the following relationship is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
reached for the curvature ratio vector (𝑹 𝒙 ) in the direction of the radius of curvature (to
differentiate it from the known curvature):

Figura 2Triangle of the model

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑟𝑒 + 𝑟

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑟𝑒 + 𝑟𝑟̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑟(𝑒 + 𝑟̂ ) (𝟐)

Where 𝒓̂ is the unit vector in the direction of 𝒓

⃗.

̂𝑥 = 𝑟(𝑒 + 𝑟̂ )
𝑅𝑥 𝑅

̂𝑥 . 𝑟̂ = 𝑟(𝑒 + 𝑟̂ ). 𝑟̂
𝑅𝑥 𝑅

𝑅𝑥 cos  = 𝑟(𝑒. 𝑟̂ + 𝑟̂ . 𝑟̂ )

𝑅𝑥 cos  = 𝑟(𝑒 cos  + 1)

Let's now look at a demonstration of the solution of the Kepler problem where we will use
the result given by equation (2).

𝐹 = 𝑚. 𝑎
 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹=− 𝑟̂
𝑟2
𝐷
𝑚. 𝑎 = − 𝑟̂ , 𝐷 = 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑟2
𝐷
𝑎 =− 𝑟̂
𝑚𝑟 2

Conserving the kinetic moment, and decomposing the velocity vector into perpendicular
components, a radial and a transversal one, which leads to the conservation of the kinetic or
angular momentum for the velocity component of the object of mass 𝒎 which is
⃗ , the one we will call transverse component ⃗⃗⃗
perpendicular to the radius vector 𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 It will
𝑉𝑡 . (𝑉
be the radial or longitudinal component - along 𝒓 ⃗)

⃗ =𝑚𝑟 × 𝑉
𝐿 ⃗

⃗ = 𝑚 𝑟 × [𝑉
𝐿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑡 ] = 𝑚 𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑡 (𝟑)

⃗ = −𝑚𝑟𝑉𝑡 𝑘̂
𝐿

And so it can be written like this:

𝑑
⃗ = −𝑚𝑟 2
𝐿 𝑘̂
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝐷
⃗ × 𝑎 = −𝑚𝑟 2
𝐿 𝑘̂ × − 𝑟̂
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑟 2
𝑑
⃗ ×𝑎 =
𝐿 𝑘̂ × 𝐷𝑟̂
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
⃗ ×𝑎 =𝐷
𝐿 𝑘̂ × 𝑟̂
𝑑𝑡

What is it? 𝑘̂ × 𝑟̂

Figura 3
Being 𝑟 = −𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖̂ + 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑗̂

𝑟 = 𝑟 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑗̂)

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟̂

𝑟̂ = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑗̂

𝑑𝑟̂
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑗̂
𝑑

Now

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑘̂ × 𝑟̂ = | 0 0 1|
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛 0

𝑘̂ × 𝑟̂ = −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑖̂ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑗̂

Is fulfilled

𝑑𝑟̂
= −𝑘̂ × 𝑟̂
𝑑

Following where we deviate

𝑑 𝑑𝑟̂
⃗ × 𝑎 = −𝐷
𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑

𝑑𝑟̂
⃗ × 𝑎 = −𝐷
𝐿
𝑑𝑡

⃗
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟̂
⃗ ×
𝐿 = −𝐷
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Taking into account that ⃗𝑽 so that the assumptions of the classical model are fulfilled, it ends
up being the component of the velocity perpendicular to the vector 𝒓 ⃗ , and, in addition, as the
⃗
magnitude of 𝑳 is constant:

⃗ ×𝑉
𝑑(𝐿 ⃗) 𝑑𝑟̂
= −𝐷
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Integrating

⃗ ×𝑉
𝐿 ⃗ = −𝐷(𝑟̂ + 𝑒)
𝑒 = −𝑒𝑖̂ , It is the integration constant, a vector whose magnitude and direction are constant.

⃗ ×𝐿
𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷(𝑟̂ + 𝑒)

⃗ ×𝐿
𝑟. 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑟. (𝑟̂ + 𝑒)

⃗ ×𝐿
𝑟. 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑟𝑟̂ . (𝑟̂ + 𝑒)

Note that: 𝒓̂. (𝒓̂ + 𝒆

⃗ ) = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 This is the path normally followed in the demonstration
of Euler's problem that leads to the famous elliptical path formula:

𝑳𝟐
𝒓 = 𝑫𝒎⁄(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔) (𝒆. 𝒑. 𝒌)

Let's follow a new route by changing position to 𝑟 y 𝑟̂

⃗ ×𝐿
𝑟. 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑟̂ . 𝑟(𝑟̂ + 𝑒)

Bringing the result of the equation (2)

⃗ ×𝐿
𝑟. 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑟̂ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑥

⃗ × 𝑚𝑟 × 𝑉
𝑟. 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑟̂ . 𝑅𝑥 𝑅
̂𝑥

⃗ .𝑟 × 𝑉
𝑚𝑟 × 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝐷𝑅𝑥 𝑟̂ . 𝑅
̂𝑥

Made the cross products, and dot product.

𝑚𝑟 2 [𝑉 cos ]2 = 𝐷𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠

[𝑉 cos ]2 𝐺𝑀
= 2 (𝟒)
𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟

Thus the expression is reached where Newtonian theory is related to the measure of a
curvature and modeling trajectories.

𝑉2 𝐺𝑀
cos 𝛾 = 2 (𝟓)
𝑅𝑥 𝑟

Let's look at this same change in the result in a simpler way using only Euclidean geometry:
Figura 4. When  minor of 90

Figura 5. When  of 90 to 180 degrees

In both figures 3 and 4 the equality of magnitudes 𝑹𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝒓(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔) = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
can be obtained without difficulty, which gives the possibility of writing the equation of the
elliptical path (𝒆. 𝒑. 𝒌) as in (4).

⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Remember that the vectors 𝑽 𝑹𝒙 are perpendicular (𝑹𝒙 is perpendicular to the tangent
of the curve).

The model that uses this new expression will start from equation (4), then use the cosine
theorem in any of the triangles we have constructed with 𝒓, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒙 , 𝒓𝒆
⃗⃗ 𝑹 ⃗ . (See figures (2), (5), or
(6))

𝑒 2 𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑥 2 − 2𝑟𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝟔)

And with these you can find the trajectories of a celestial body or a ray of light, compared to
another massive body.
3. POSSIBLE EXPLANATION TO THE SPEED OF EXTERNAL STARS OF A
GALAXY

Many academics often turn to the following expression to say that something does not work
well with the classical theory of gravity when trying to explain the lack of change in the
velocity of the stars farthest from the center of a galaxy.

𝐺𝑀
𝑉=√
𝑟

But this paper shows that this equation is valid only for circular orbits, which happen in
theory when:

𝑅𝑥 = 𝑟

cos 𝛾 = 1

Now taking as reference the equation (5)

𝑉2 𝐺𝑀
cos 𝛾 = 2
𝑅𝑥 𝑟

Solve for 𝑉

𝐺𝑀 𝑅𝑥
𝑉 = [√ ] [√ ] (𝟕)
𝑟 𝑟 cos 𝛾

Where the expression within the second radical is the radius of curvature (𝑹𝒙 ) of the model
divided by the magnitude of the projection of the radius of position (𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸) on it.

The result of this division is always greater than or equal to 1.

In the case of a parabolic path ( 𝒆 = 𝟏 in equation 6) the result within the radical is 2.

In the case of a hyperbolic trajectory (𝒆 > 𝟏) this value is increasing

With sufficient replacements you have to:

𝑅𝑥 1 + 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 cos 𝛹 1 + 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 cos 𝛹
= =
𝑟 2 cos 𝛾 𝑟(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝛹) 𝑅𝑥 cos 𝛾

Where if we think in the asymptotes of the hyperbola, the angle 𝛹 (the only one that will
change) tends to become also constant in the distance, therefore, the quotient also tends to
become constant as well as the velocity.
4. CONCLUSIONS

If these appraisals were true, the absence of the so-called dark matter would be proven since
it is proved that these external stars are not really turning in closed paths around their
galaxies, but rather that they are escaping in hyperbolic paths, which suggests that each One
of the galaxies where this is observed is the result of an explosion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CALTECH e INTELECOM (1985). El Universo Mecánico, 22 El Problema de Kepler

[Video]. De
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkxR_TLU7iY&list=PLkaQbbAAZE41Q1ju2gewxnId
lGMAQfVhl&index=22