Department of Electrical Engineering

PROJECT ON Real-Time Remote

Measurement and
Monitoring of Atmospheric Parameters
for Industry

Prepared By

Tayyab Hussain
2017-EE-531

Muhammad Mehroz Badshah

2017-EE-534

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.

Supervised By

Dr.Irzam Shahid
Lecturer, Dept. of EE
May 2019
Abstract

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Weather generally 
refers to day­to­day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over 
longer periods of time. When used without qualification, “weather”, is understood to mean the weather of earth. Monitoring the weather 
conditions manually is difficult.
The present work is to develop an automated system which monitors the weather condition. The weather condition is driven by air
pressure (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These pressure and temperature differences can occur
due to the sun angle at any particular spot. Through this system we can automatically collect the information about humidity and
temperature. The details are stored in a database and according to current and previous data we can produce the results in graphical
manner in the system. The objective of this paper is to formulate the weather and be able to forecast the weather without human error.

Keywords— Climate control, Weather analysis, Temperature Moderation, Moisture Control, Humidity Control, Pressure Moderation,, 
Arduino Monitoring.
 TABLE OFCONTENTS

Contents
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................
6
CHAPTER 2: PRELIMINARY DESIGN........................................................................................................................................
9
Component List.............................................................................................................................................................................
10
Circuit Diagram ............................................................................................................................................................................
11
CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE DISCRIPTION...............................................................................................................................
12
CHAPTER 4: WORKING PRINCIPLES.....................................................................................................................................
22
CHAPTER 5: APPLICATION......................................................................................................................................................
29
CHAPTER 6: FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS.............................................................................................................................
31
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................................
33
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................................
35

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Human
beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennium and formally since the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts
are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere on a given place and using scientific understanding
of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve on that place.
Weather is driven by air pressure (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. The pressure and
temperature differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The
atmosphere is a chaotic system, so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole.
This makes it difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance, though weather forecasters are continually
working to extend this limit through the scientific study of weather, meteorology. It is theoretically impossible to make useful day­to­
day predictions more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill.
Once an all­human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure, current weather conditions, and sky condition, weather
forecasting now relies on computer­based models that take many atmospheric factors into account. Human input is still required to pick
the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves pattern recognition skills, tele­connections, knowledge of
model performance, and knowledge of model biases.

Through weather monitoring system we can collect the information about humidity and temperature and according to current and
previous data we can produce the results in graphical manner in the system. After reviewing many articles, there are presently no
papers that mention monitoring the combination of temperature, lighting and humidity in one integrated system and have actuators to
modify these settings. In addition to this, there is one research paper that has discussed monitoring these three environmental
conditions; however, there has been no mention about having actuators to modify. So our main idea was to coin a system that can
sense the main components that formulates the weather and can be able to forecast the weather without human error.

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 CHAPTER 2
PRELIMINARY DESIGN

This chapter will describe the preliminary design and the materials needed for the project.

Table 1: Component List

Product Name Quantity

Breadboard 1

DHT11 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor 1

KY-206 Flame Sensor and IR Flame Fire Detector 1

Bmp 180 Pressure Sensor 1

LM393 Light Detection Photosensitive Sensor 1

MQ-2 Gas and Smoke Sensor 1

Arduino 1

Breadboard Jumper Wires -------------

OLED 1

Description:

We have arranged the components on breadboard according to circuit diagram.An Arduino esp32 is connected with
breadboard. The sensors connected on breadboard will sense their required data and give it to the online system we are
using .This online system is connected to Arduino through wi-fi .This online system give feedback to Arduino which
display the readings on the OLED.

1
1
 Circuit Diagram

Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of the project

Aurdino esp32 Connections:

 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

SENSORS:
A sensor is an electronic device that converts a change in physical phenomenon into an electrical
signal. It can send the information to computers or other electronic devices. Therefore, it is a part of
the interface between the environment or physical world and the electronics. The function of a sensor
is to respond to an input physical signal and to convert it into an electrical signal (voltage). It is a
semiconductor device that is designed to respond on change in their resistive or capacitive property
depending upon the type of sensor. The performance of sensor is characterized by: Transfer function,
Sensitivity, Range, Accuracy/Uncertainty, Hysteresis, Linearity, Noise, Resolution and Bandwidth.

Temperature and Humidity Sensor:

This sensor will provide the current temperature and humidity reading of the surrounding.
The sensor-DHT11 is an Analog sensor designed to sense the physical change in heat and moisture when
exposed in air with suitable wiring and programming. Its small size, cheap price, low power consumption, quick
responses are the characteristics for being one of the best choices for many users. The sensor DHT11 is
applicable in HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), it can be used in testing and inspecting
equipment and consumer goods. It is also applicable to use in building a weather station or a humidity regulator.
The use of DHT11 sensor has shown its usefulness measuring and controlling temperature and humidity in
home appliances, medical and other sectors.
Measurement range:
Temperature: 0 to 50°C
Humidity: 20 to 90 % RH
Accuracy:
Temperature: ±2 %
Humidity: ±5 %
Where the operating Voltage remains between 3V to 5.5V
IR SENSOR:
This sensor is used to detect Infrared and flame.

IR Sensor have four pins:

S.No. IR Sensor Node MCU

1. VCC Vin
2. GND GND
3. D D1 (When IR Pair use as Digital Sensor)
4. A A0 (When IR Pair use as Analog Sensor)
Pressure Sensor:

The BMP180 is a digital pressure sensor and it measures the absolute pressure of the air around it.
It features a measuring range from 300 to 1100hPa with an accuracy down to 0.02 hPa.
Because temperature affects the pressure, the sensor comes with a temperature sensor to give
temperature compensated pressure readings.

The following table shows how to wire the sensor.

BMP180 Wiring to ESP32

Vin 3.3V

GND GND

SCL GPIO 22 (SCL)

SDA GPIO 21 (SDA)

LDR Sensor:
This sensor is used for measuring the light intensity falling on the sensor.
An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that falls upon it. This allows
them to be used in light sensing circuits. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of this decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo-conductivity. An LDR
can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. An LDR is made of a high
resistance semiconductor. In the dark, an LDR can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light,
an LDR can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on an LDR exceeds a certain frequency,
photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons (and their whole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range
and sensitivity of an LDR can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Gas And Smoke Sensor:
This sensor is used to detect smoke and dangerous gases.

This gas sensor has four pins in total, which are:

 Vcc: We need to provide +5V.
 GND: We need to ground it.
 D0: Digital Output.
A0: Analog Output

Arduino esp32:

Arduino is a microcontroller board which functions as a tiny computer; it is a platform where creation and
development of interacting objects is possible with required programming software. The Arduino software IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) provides space to write codes in the language (programming languages
C, C++) that Arduino board understands and responds to. Inexpensiveness, easy-to-use design and flexibility for
advance modifications are some features of the micro-controller based Arduino hardware and software that
are making its range of use wider. One of the most important factor that affects its increasing range of use is its
freedom of use. Both the Arduino hardware and the software are open source. Which means that one can
easily use the ideas generated by others in their work and modify them without anyone’s authorization. It can
be used by anyone to do anything they want to do with it. Arduino boards are designed in such a way that one
without prior knowledge of electronics or previous experience of programming can use information from other
people’s work and build their own interactive object that can sense the environment and control it.
Features and Specifications:
The ESP32 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect to a Wi-Fi network and
interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own, allowing other devices to connect directly
to it. The ESP32 supports Wi-Fi Direct as well, which is a good option for peer-to-peer connection without the
need of an access point. The Wi-Fi Direct is easier to setup and the data transfer speeds are much better than
Bluetooth.

Categories Items Specifications

Certification
RF certification FCC/CE-RED/IC/TELEC/KCC/SRRC/NCC
Wi-Fi certification Wi-Fi Alliance
Bluetooth certification BQB
Green certification RoHS/REACH
Test
Reliablity HTOL/HTSL/u HAST/TCT/ESD
Wi-Fi
Protocols
802.11 b/g/n (802.11n up to 150 Mbps)
A-MPDU and A-MSDU aggregation and 0.4 _s guard interval
support
Frequency range 2.4 GHz ~ 2.5 GHz
Bluetooth
Protocols Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE specification

Hardware
Module interfaces
SD card, UART, SPI, SDIO, I2C, LED PWM, Motor PWM, I2S,
IR, pulse counter, GPIO, capacitive touch sensor, ADC, DAC
On-chip sensor Hall sensor
On-board clock 40 MHz crystal
Operating voltage/Power supply 2.7 ~ 3.6V
Operating current Average: 80 mA
Minimum current delivered by
power supply
500 mA
Recommended operating temperature
range
–40°C ~ +85°C
Breadboard:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a bread board, a polished piece
of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard (AKA plugboard, a terminal array board) became
available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for
"prototype".
Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating
temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless breadboards are also extremely
popular with students and in technological education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard
(veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered prototypes or
one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A

variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete
central processing units (CPUs).This project board for experimental, non-soldered setup of electronic circuits.

Fig.11 Breadboard

Breadboard Jumper Wire Set:

Fig. 13 Jumper wires

This set of jumper wires can help remove the clutter on breadboard. It comes in 14 different lengths and 8 colors to keep
circuit on the surface. All of them are pre-formed and pre-sorted. We can easily find the color and length that need within a
sec.
 20

CHAPTER 4
WORKING PRINCIPLES
Arduino, the open source hardware has shown ability to meet the need of accurate and real-time monitoring
and controlling of environmental variables. The Arduino user com-munity is a forum where many people can
share their ideas, use each other’s work and modify them to innovate and advance many different interacting
objects. Arduino is use in a wide range of projects to develop objects that can interact with people or
environment and internet.
 CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS

Real-Time weather monitoring system can be used to detect the weather in and
outside of any industry or a building at any time and at any place through
internet online system.

32
 CHAPTER 6
FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
• .

34
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

The main goal of this research is to develop and implement a simple and low cost wireless weather station that get the
weather conditions to the online system we used and transmit the data to Arduino through wi-fi which is connected to
the PC . Arduino receive data and display it on OLED. C program was written for the Arduino to extract the data, process
and transmit the data format to the receiver. Finally, the hardware and software implemented fulfil the goal are
successful. The system is highly optimized, portable and robust.

3
6
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Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015, pp. 452-458.
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