Selecting All Columns

Select * from emp;

Selecting Specific Columns

Select deptno, loc from emp;

Arithmetic Expressions:

SELECT ename, sal, sal+300 FROM emp;

Operator Precedence

SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100 FROM emp;

Using Parentheses

SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100) FROM emp;

Null Value

SELECT ename, job, comm FROM emp;

Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

SELECT ename, 12*sal+comm FROM emp WHERE ename='KING';

select ename, sal, 12*sal+comm from emp where ename='JAMES';

Column Aliases

SELECT ename AS name, sal salary FROM emp;

SELECT ename, sal*1.1 “New Salary” FROM emp;

Concatenation Operator

SELECT ename||job AS "Employees" FROM emp;

SELECT ename || ' ' || 'is' || job "Details" from emp;

SELECT ename || ' ' || 'is' ||' ' || job from emp;

Literal Character Strings

SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job AS "Employee Details" FROM emp;

Eliminating Duplicate Rows

 SELECT DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;

Displaying Table Structure

DESC emp;

Limiting Rows Using a Selection

SELECT ename, job, deptno FROM emp WHERE job='CLERK';

Character Strings and Dates

SELECT ename, job, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES';

Comparison Operators

SELECT ename, sal, comm FROM emp WHERE sal<=comm;

Other Comparison Operators:

Operator Meaning

BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive)

...AND...
Match any of a list of values
IN(list)
Match a character pattern
LIKE
Is a null value
IS NULL

BETWEEN, AND Operator

SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;

IN Operator

SELECT empno, ename, sal, mgr FROM emp WHERE mgr IN (7902, 7566, 7788);

LIKE Operator

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE 'S%';

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '%s%'; Wrong query because it is case sensitive

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '%S%';

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '_A%';

 SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '_L___';

IS NULL

SELECT ename, mgr FROM emp WHERE mgr IS NULL;

AND Operator

SELECT ename, mgr, comm FROM emp WHERE mgr IS NULL AND comm IS NULL;

OR Operator

SELECT ename, mgr, comm FROM emp WHERE mgr IS NULL OR comm IS NULL;

NOT Operator

SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal NOT BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;

SELECT ename, job FROM emp WHERE job NOT IN ('CLERK','MANAGER','ANALYST');

SELECT ename, mgr FROM emp WHERE mgr IS NOT NULL;

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename NOT LIKE 'S%';

Rules of Precedence

SELECT ename, job, sal FROM emp WHERE job='SALESMAN' OR job='PRESIDENT' AND
sal>1500;

ORDER BY Clause

SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate FROM emp ORDER BY hiredate;

Sorting by Column Alias

SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 annsal FROM emp ORDER BY annsal;

Sorting by Multiple Columns

SELECT ename, deptno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal, deptno DESC;

SELECT ename, deptno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC;
 SELECT ename, deptno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC, deptno;

SELECT max(avg(sal)) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;

SELECT avg(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;

Case Conversion Function:

Lower:

select empno, ename, deptno from emp where lower(ename) = 'blake';

Upper:

select empno, ename, deptno from emp where Upper(ename)= 'BLAKE';

Initcap:

select empno, ename, deptno from emp where initcap(ename)= 'Blake';

Character Manipulation Function:

Concatination:

select empno, concat(ename, sal) from emp;

Sub String:

select ename, substr(ename, 1, 3) from emp;

Length:

select ename, length(ename) from emp;

In String:

select ename, instr(ename, 'R') from emp;

Left Padding:
 select ename, sal, lpad(sal, 10, '#') from emp;

Number Functions:

Round:

Select round(45.789, 2) from dual;

Select round(45.789, -1) from dual;

Select round(51.789, -2) from dual;

Trunc:

Select trunc(45.789, 2) from dual;

Select trunc(45.789, -1) from dual;

Select trunc(51.789, -2) from dual;

MOD Function:

Select ename, sal, comm, mod(sal, comm) from emp;

Arithmatic Operators with Dates:

Select ename, (sysdate-hiredate) from emp;

Select ename, (sysdate-hiredate) from emp where lower(ename) = 'smith';

Date Functions:

To Character:

Select ename, to_char(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') from emp;

ENAME TO_CHAR(HIREDATE, ‘FMDD MONTH YYYY’)

SMITH 17 December 1980
ALLEN 2 April 1987
WARD 25 January 1992
Select ename, to_char(hiredate, 'DD Month YYYY') from emp;

ENAME TO_CHAR(HIREDATE, ‘DD MONTH YYYY’)

SMITH 17 December 1980
ALLEN 12 December 1987
WARD 25 December 1992
Select ename, sal, to_char(sal, ‘$999999’) from emp;

ENAME SAL TO_CHAR(SAL, ‘$999999’)

 SMITH 800 $800
ALLEN 1600 $1600
WARD 1250 $1250
Select ename, sal, to_char(sal, ‘$999999’) from emp where ename=’SCOTT’;

ENAME SAL TO_CHAR(SAL, ‘$999999’)

SCOTT 3000 $3000