DIJIKTRAS ALGORITHM
16IT206 DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS UNIT III:
DIJIKTRAS ALGORITHM - TRACY SNEHA
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Single-Source Shortest Path Problem
Single-Source Shortest Path Problem - The problem of
finding shortest paths from a source vertex v to all other vertices
in the graph.
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Applications
- Maps (Map Quest, Google Maps)
- Routing Systems
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Dijkstra's algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm - is a solution to the single-source
shortest path problem in graph theory.
Works on both directed and undirected graphs. However,
all edges must have nonnegative weights.
Input: Weighted graph G={E,V} and source vertex v∈V,
such that all edge weights are nonnegative
Output: Lengths of shortest paths (or the shortest paths
themselves) from a given source vertex v∈V to all other
vertices
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Approach
• The algorithm computes for each vertex u the distance to u from
the start vertex v, that is, the weight of a shortest path between
v and u.
• the algorithm keeps track of the set of vertices for which the
distance has been computed, called the cloud C
• Every vertex has a label D associated with it. For any vertex u,
D[u] stores an approximation of the distance between v and u.
The algorithm will update a D[u] value when it finds a shorter
path from v to u.
• When a vertex u is added to the cloud, its label D[u] is equal to
the actual (final) distance between the starting vertex v and
vertex u.
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NUMERICAL ALGORITHM
• FORMULAE
O(ǀVǀ2+ǀEǀ)=O(ǀVǀ2)
Where,
E = Edges
V = Vertices
ǀEǀ = Function of Edges
ǀVǀ = Function of Vertices
O = Constant.
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Example: Initialization
Distance(source) = 0 ∞ Distance (all vertices
0 A
2
B but source) = ∞
4 1 3 10
2 2 ∞
∞ C D E
5 8 ∞ 4 6
1
F G
∞ ∞
Pick vertex in List with minimum distance.
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Example: Update neighbors'
distance
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2 ∞
∞ C D E
5 8 1 4 6
Distance(B) = 2 1
F G
Distance(D) = 1
∞ ∞
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Example: Remove vertex with
minimum distance
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2 ∞
∞ C D E
5 8 1 4 6
1
F G
∞ ∞
Pick vertex in List with minimum distance, i.e., D
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Example: Update neighbors
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
Distance(C) = 1 + 2 = 3 1
F G
Distance(E) = 1 + 2 = 3
Distance(F) = 1 + 8 = 9 9 5
Distance(G) = 1 + 4 = 5
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Pick vertex in List with minimum distance (B) and update neighbors
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
Note : distance(D) not
F
1
G updated since D is
already known and
9 5 distance(E) not updated
since it is larger than
previously computed
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Pick vertex List with minimum distance (E) and update neighbors
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
1
F G
No updating
9 5
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Pick vertex List with minimum distance (C) and update neighbors
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
Distance(F) = 3 + 5 = 8 1
F G
8 5
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Pick vertex List with minimum distance (G) and update neighbors
0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
1
F G
Previous distance
6 5
Distance(F) = min (8, 5+1) = 6
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0 2
2
A B
4 1 3 10
2 2
3 C D E 3
5 8 1 4 6
1
F G
6 5
Pick vertex not in S with lowest cost (F) and update neighbors
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Another Example
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