1) 2 3) 4) 5). 6) 7 8) » 10) uy 12) 13) 14) 16) 1) 18) 19) 20) Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS A computer is an (a) Electtic device (b) Electronic device (c) Electrostatic device (d) Electromagnetic device History of computer starts with {a) Napier's Bones (b) Abacus (c) Difference Engine (a) Analytival Engine Computer applications are (a) Landing air planes {b) Banking transactions (©) Print of books (a) All Difference Engine was developed by. (a} Blasé Pascal (b) Charles Babbage _(c) Herman Hollerith (d) Napier’s Bone History of computers starts about (a) 2000 years ago (b) 3000 years ago (c} 4000 years ago (4) 5000 years, ago Computer processes data and converts it into (a) theory (b) Information —__() Hypothesis (d) Observation Napier's Bones and the slide rule were developed in (a) 17" Century (b) 16" Century (ey 18" Century (@) 19" Century Punch eards developed by {a) Joseph Jacquard (b) Howaril H-Aiken, (c) Gottfrid (Herman Hollerith ‘The slide rule was used till the middle (a) 50's (b) 60's () 10's (a) 80's John Napier, Created Napiet's Bones by using (a) Bones (b) Iron (©) Rods (d) Wires Pascal's Pasealine ealculator had a system of (a) Gears (b) Rods (c) Slides. (d) Bones Which German Mathematician, produced a machine similar to Pascal's. (@) Von Leibniz» (b) Charlas Babbage: (¢) John Napier (d)Herman Hollecith Give the idea of Analytical Engine. (a) Blaise Pascal —_(b) Charless Bebbage (c) Herman Hollerth (d) Nap ENIAC was developed by. (a) Howard H. Akin (b) John Mauchly and J.P Eckert {c) Charfess Bebbage {d) None Herman Hollerith developed (a) Difference Engine (b) Analytical Engine (c) Punched card tabulator (d) ENIAC Babbage called his idea an (a) Analytical Engine (b) Flectrical enging _(c) Electronic Fngine (d) Abacus First electro-mechanical punched card tabulator was developed in (a) 1822 (b) 1833, (©) 1890 (@ 1942 Difference Engine was developed in. (a) 1723 (b) 1833 io) 1823 (d) 1822 ‘Analytical enginee was developed by. (a) John Mauchly (b) Blaise Pascal (¢) John Newman (d) None The first commercial computer was (@) UNIVAC-1 (b) Mark-1 (©) Abacus (a) ENIAC21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) Which were the first commercially available computers? (a) EDVAC (b) ENIAC (c) UNIAVAC (d) Botha & c In early 1950's which inventions changed the image of the computer field (@) Magnetic core memories, transistor circuit Elements (b) ICS, magnetic care memories (©) Transistors, ICS (d) Transistors, EDVAC During 1950's and 1960's, computers were used n whieh fields? (a) Accounting (b) Pay roll (©) Inventory control (d) All of these VLSI stands for (2) very low scale integration (b) very large central integration (©) very low centra! Integration (é) very large scale integration PCs were introduced in (a) 1960's (b) 1970's (c) 1980's (d)1990's ‘Advancement in technologies continue to produce computers which are (a) Cheaper (b) Faster (©) Accurate (@) All of these There are generations of computer. (a) Fou (b) Five (©) Six (4) Three First Generation of computer used (a) Transistors (b) Vacuum Tubes (c) ICy (d) Processor ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC-I wefe the generation computer. (a) First (b) Second (©) Third 6) Fourth Were used in 2"! generation computer. (a) Transistors (b) Vacuum Tubes _(c) IC, (d) Processor IBM 1400 were the generation computers. * (a) First (b) Second * (c) Third (d) Fourth The third generation of computers used. @IC, (b) Microchip (©) Vacuum Tube (d) Processor IBM system/360 series were the generation computers. (@) First (b) Second (©) Third (4) Fourth Microprocessor was used in generation computers, a4" (b) 2" 3" @ Microcomputers are belonging (o generation of computers. 4" (b) 2% 3" (d) Ist Computer can be into types (a) Two (b) Three (©) Four (4) One Hybrid computer is a mixture of computer. (a) Digital (b) Analog (©) Both s & b (al) None Digital computer can be classified into types. (a) Three (b) Two (©) Four (d) One ‘Computers represents physical quantitigs like speed. weight. (a) Digital « (b) Analog (©) Hybrid () All Are the first computers being developed? (a) Analog (b) Digital (c) Hybrid (@).None ‘Analog clock, Analog Thermometer is the examples of computer. (a) Digital (b) Analog (©) Hybrid ) Super42) 43) 44) ‘The computer language that are closed to machiné language are called. (a) Low Level Language (b) High Level Language (c) Assembly Language (a), Medium level Fortran stands for. (a) Formula Translation (b) Formula Technique (c) Botha &b (d} None LISP language is widely used for work, fa) Al (b) System programming (©) Application Programming. (d) All FORTRAN was developed in, {a) 1945 (b) 1957 {c) 1960 «d) 1967 C language is developed in early {a) 1950's (b) 1960's (©) 1970's (dy 1980's Assembler is used to convert language program into machine Language. (a) Assembly (b) HLL (©) Pascal @LL A computer cannot directly understand level language. (a) Low (b) High (©) Middle (d) None Compiler is used to convert level language source code into machine language. (a) Low (b) High (©) Middle (d) None Interpreter is used to convert high-level language program into language (a) Machine (b) High (e} Middle: (d) None ANSWER KEYKEEP VISITING TOPSTU DYWORLD FOR4 REASONS _ ap O Notes = KIPS AND OTHER NOTES FOR 9TH, 10TH, 11TH AND 12TH CLASS GREAT MARKS TIPS e GETTING 94 MARKS IN URDU, AND PAPER ATTEMPTING, ENTRY TEST, FSC EXAMS TIPS 7 == BOARD NEWS AND POLICY BOARD UPDATES, PAPER IMPROVEMENT, CANCELLATION || POLICIES ETC IN EASY WORDS REE FREE SUPPORT 0 ARE YOU BROKEN? ARE YOU FINDING THE SOLUTION TO YOUR PROBLEM? DO YOU WANT TO KNOW ANYTHING RELATED TO STUDY? WE WILL BE HAPPY TO HELP YOU! YOU ARE GOOD TO GO! Stay safe WEBSITE: WWW.TOPSTUDYWORLD.COM FREE SUPPORT: FB.COM/TOPSTUDYWORLD & [email protected]SHORT QUESTIONS Qu Q2 Q3 Q4 Qs Q6 Qs Qs Define computer, come! mputer is an electronic device which is used 10 store. retrieve and process the data according to the instructions given to it! What is data? DATA The collection of raw facts and figure is called data e.g. live | Lahore, What is information? INFORMATION The processed form of data is called information e.g. | live-in Lahore What is Abacus? ABACUS Abacus is a simple calculating device developed by Chitiese 5000 years ago. It consists of wooden rack Tolding wires and each wire contains 9 beads. Write down the advancement of Napier’s bones’ NAPIER’S BONES ADVANCEMENT ‘The fimous logarithms idea was developed by John Napier a Scottish mathematicians. He created logarithm table for arithmetie calculations. He also developed a new device using rods, also called Napier Bones to perform arithmetic calculations. ‘Who is called the father of computer? Why? FATHER OF COMPUTER Charles Babbage fs called the father of computer because the modern computers are based upon the concept of Chaites Babbage Analytical Engine. What is the contribution of Charles Babbage? Or What do you-know about Charles Babbage? ’ CHARLES BABBAGE Charles Babbage was a mathematics professor. In 1822 he designed a automatic mechanical calculating machine which is called difference engine. In 1833 he gave the idea of Analytical engine which is fully programmed controlled mechanical digital computer. What is the ealeulating device of Pascal? PASCAL PASCALINE CALCULATIOR. Pascal invented the first mechanical calculating machine. This calculating machine consisted a series of wheels or gears each number from 0 to 9. this calculating machine perform arithmetic operations and displayed the number by rotation of different wheels or gears. - What is punch card? PUNCH CARD In 1890, Herman Hollerith developed the first electro mechanical punched card tabulator. ‘The tabulator could read information that had been punched into cards. Data were fed and. results were produced on punched cards.Q.10 What are the advantages of second generation computers? ADVANTAGES OF SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS The advantages of second generation computers are as follows 1, 200 transistors are about the same size'as one vacumim tube in a computer 2. Less expensive 3. 40 times faster than a vacuum tube 4. More'reliable 5. Less electricity consumed Q.11 What is the difference between first and second Generation computers? i. SE aly (5. Unreliable DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS i 1. Transistor or technology was used = ae fsa computers | 2. These computers are 40 times faster than” Small in size i orage capacity - “15. Reliable C j ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculsttor. It was the first general purpose electronic ¢igital computer designed by John William Machly and John Eckert in 1946, The ENTAC was very heavy and large in size. It consumes 140 kilowatts of power and was capable of doing 5000 additions per second, ENIAC was a decimal rather than a binary machine. Q.3_Whatis UNIVAC? UNIVAC ‘i UNIVAC stands for: Universal Automatic Computer. In 1951. Eckert > Mauchly computer corporation developed the first UNIVAC. It was the first computer developed for commercial use. UNIVAC-could work 24 hours @ day Q14 What is the difference between Analog and Digital computers? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL ___ COMPUTERS ANALOG DIGITAL | These computers provide us continuous | T, ‘These provide us discrete information information. aq a ET 2, These computers have no state 2. These computers have two states ON and | OFF. These computers are unreliable 3,_ These computers are reliable ‘ 4. These computers are easy 10 use ters ar to pr 3. [6 These computers have small memory. | 6. (7. Thermometer, weight machine. [7. These computers have fast Foe | speedometer is an example of analog | watch, petro! station is an example of L_- devices. - | digital devi |Q.16 Qi7 Qs QA9 Q.20 ‘Qt Q22 What are Analog computers? ANALOG COMPUTERS “The comiputers which provide us continuous information are called Analog computers” Analog computers represent physical quantities in the form of waves or in continuous form, The analog computers accept input and give out put in the form of analog signals. What are Digital computers? ‘ DIGITAL COMPUTERS “Phe computers which present physical quantities with the help of symbols or numbers and provide us discrete information are called digital computers.” ‘The digital computer performs arithmetic and logical operations with discrete values, The ital computers are mostly used for solving mathematical problems and to manipulate umbers, What are Hybrid computers? HYBRID COMPUTERS The hybrid computer which has the best features of both Analog and Digital computers. Hybrid computer use analog to digital conversion and digital to analog. conversion. and many input or output either Analog or Digital data. What is Super computer? SUPER COMPUTER Super computers are the largest: fastest and most expensive computer system in the world. These computers are used to perform complex processing tasks. It can perform 1 trillion calculations per second. Supercomputers have thousands of microprocessors CRAY 190 is an example of super computer What is Mainframe computer? MAINFRAME COMPUTER Mainframe computers are the largest type of computers. These computers are used in large organizations like banks, insurance companies where people need frequent access to the same data. ‘These computers used in network environment. 1BM/390 is an example of mainframe computers. What is Mini computer? MINI COMPUTER Mini computers are small in size. Mini computers have less processing power than mainframe computers but have high processing power than microcomputers, HP 3000 is an example of mini computer What is Micro computer? -MICRO COMPUTER These computets are known as personal computers. ‘These computes are developed for individual users. These computers have low storage capacity. inexpensive and casy to use, IBM-PC is an example of micro computers, What is Pocket computer? POCKET COMPUTER Pocket computers are small in size and it is designed to keep a lot of information clase 10 hand. Pocket computer has small batteries and a special operating system. Special pens or touch sensitive screen is used to enter the dataQ.23° What is Laptop computer? LAPTOP COMPUTER Laptop computer is also called a note book. It is small in size, due to its size it can be easily move from one place to another. Like clesktop computer laptop computers also used the same operating system and all softwate’s which are used in desktop computers, Italso have CD-ROM, DVD drives ete. It is more expensive than desktop computers. Q.24 What is computer program? PROGRAM “The set of instructions to solve any kind of problem is called computer program. Q.25 What is high level language? HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE, ‘A language which is close to human beings and far from computer is known as high level language. A high level language is based on English like words. It is easy to understand and learn. Fortran, COBOL and PASCAL is an exampie of high level language: Q.26 What is low level language? LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE ‘A language which is close to computers and far from human beings is known as low level language. A low level language is based on 0 and I. A computer can casily understand it Assembly and machine language is an example of low level language. Q.27. What is Assembly language? ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ‘Assembly language's also called the low leve! language. In assembly language special codes are used instead of binary numbers. ‘These codes are called mnemonic codes. For example ADD. is a mnemonic code which is used for add the nuinbers or HLT code is used to stop processing. 0.28. What is the difference between High level languages and Low level languages? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGL LEVEL AND LOW LEVEL LANAUGAGE. I High Level Language | Low Level Language ____ | gh level language is close to) 1. Low level language is clase to computer human. ZoHigh Tovel Tanguage easy ToD Low ievel Tanguage is difficult” 6 j_understand __ understand _ __| | High fevel language is machine |3. Low level language is machine | independent _ dependent. - _| ‘High level language consist English [ 4. Low level language consist binary __ like words numbers 0's and 1's 4 Q.29 What is language processor or translator? LANGUAGE PROCESSOR A language processor is used to translate high level language into machine language or low Jevel language. There are three types of language processors. 1) Assembler 2) Compiler 3) Interpreter Q.30. What is Assembler? ASSEMBLER Assembler is a program which is used 10 translate assembly language program into machine code.Q.31 What is Compiler? COMPILER Compiter is a program to translate the source code into, machine language as a whole before executing it. Q.32, What is Interpreter? INTERPRETER Interpreter is a program which is used to, convert the source code into machine language line by line. Q.33 What is Mnemonic code? MNEMONIC CODE, ‘The codes or symbols which are used in assembly language is called mnemonic code, For example ADD is a mnemonic code which is used for add the aumbers or HLT code is used to stop processing. Q.34 - What is source code? SORCE CODE A program which is written in high level language is called. source. code , or source program, Q.35 What is object code? OBJECT CODE A program which is written in low level language is called object code or object program. Q.36 What is the difference between source code and object code? ;-— DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOURCE AND OBJE So I Soureécéde is written in high level) I. Object code. is writen “in fow level | 1 lan anguige —language | Ito understand Q.37 What is the difference between compiler and interpreter’ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPILER AND INTERPRETER je 7 Compiler tanslate the program j 1. Interpreter translate the language into low | Jow level language as a seat level language line by li z 12. Compiler s . Interpreter does not save the object code. | \ GB L |. Program execution is fast “LONG Q.UESTIONS Q.1 What is computer generation? Explain it. COMPUTER GENERATION The term Generation indicates the type of technology used in the design and construction of the computer. The“design and construction of computers changed: with. the passage of time. As new technology emerged, it was used in the making of computers, The computer improved in speed, accuracy and storage capacity. ‘These changes in technology are recognized as computer general‘There are five computer generations. These are 1. First Generation 2. Second Generation 3. Third Generation 4. Fourth Generation 5. Fifth Generation FIRST GENERATION First generation computers vacuum tubes technology was use. Vacuum tube was a device that could control and amplify electronic signals. ADVANTAGES, 1. Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available 2. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computer. 3. These computers were the fastest calculating device of their time. DISADVANTAGES 1. Large in size 2. Unreliable 3. ‘Thousand of vacuum tubes were produced large amount of heat and burn out 4. Air condition rooms are required 5, Regular maintenance is required 6 Not portable 7. Itconsume electricity in'large amount 8. Expensive EXAMPLE ENIAC and UNIVAC is an example of first generation computers. SECOND GENERATION Transistor technology was used in second generation computers. Transistors were developed by William Shockely, John Bardeen and William Brattain. These computers \were smaller in size, faster and more reliable as compared to first generation computers. ADVANTAGES 1. 200 transistors are about the same size as one vacuum tube in a computer. 2, Less expensive 3. 40 times faster than a vacuum tube 4, More reliable 5. Less electricity consumed 6. Less heat is generated DISADVANTAGES 1, Air condition rooms ate required 2. Regular maintenance is required EXAMPLE IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series, CDC 164 is an example of second generation computers. ‘THIRD GENERATION 1C technology was used in third generation computers. The concept of IC was developed by Jack St. Clair Kilby in 1958 and it was developed in 1961. The size of (C was % square inch.ADVANTAGES 1. Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers. 2. More reliable than second generation computers 3. Easily portable 4, Less electricity consumed 5. Lower in price DISADVANTAGES 1. Air condition rooms are required 2. Highly difficult technology required for manufacture of IC EXAMPLE IBM system 360, DEC, PDP is an of third generation computers. FOURTH GENERATION In this generation ICs were replaced with microprocessor chip. The first microprocessor chip was developed in 1971 by Ted Hoff for Intel, which was named as Intel 4004. The size of modern microprocessor is fess than one inch square and can contain million of electronic circuits. ADVANTAGES 1. Small in size 2. Low in cost 3. Very high processing speed 4, Heat generated is small 5. Easily portable 6. Large storage memory 7. Very reliable DISADVANTAGES J. Highly difficult technology is required for the manufacturing of microprocessor chip. EXAMPLE Apple Macintosh and IBM’PC is an example of fourth generation computers. FIFTH GENERATION Fifth generation computer devices are based on artificial ‘intelligence, are still in development. Some applications such as voice recognition that are being used today. The computers of fifth generation will be able to think and to make decisions like human beings, ADVANTAGES, 1. Ability to think 2. Ability to make decisions 3. Parallel processing 4. Extremely high speed 5. Very large memory Q2 Write a note on types of computers? Computers can also be divided into three categories depending upon their construction and form of input data they can accept an process. These are 1. Analog computers . 2. Digital Computers 3. Hybrid ComputersANALOG COMPUTERS, “The computers which provide us continuous information are called Analog computers” Analog computers represent physical quantities in the form of waves or in continuous form. The analog computers accept input ard give out put in the form of analog signals. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANALOG COMPUTERS ‘The characteristics of analog computers are as follows 1, These computers have no state 2. These computers are not reliable 3. These computers became the base of digital computers. 4. ‘These computers are difficult fo operate and usc. The speed of analog computer is fast. 6. ‘These computers are easy to develop. 7. ‘These computers have small memory. EXAMPLE DIAGRAM 2 Thermometer is the example of analog computers because it measure the length-of a mereury column continuously. A traditional clock is the example of analog computers because the needle of clock covers the distance of dial continuously. uit am stows that an enalog system is working continuously as the waves is moving continuously, DIGITAL COMPUTERS “The computers which present physioal quantities with the help of symbols or numbers and provide us discrete information are ealled digital computers.” ‘The digital computer perform arithinetic and logical operations with discrete values. The digital computers are mostly used for solving mathematical problems and to manipulate numbers. CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS The characteristics of digital computers are as follows 1. Digital computers have two states ON and OFF 2. ‘These computers are easy to use 3. Digital computers are reliable 4. High processing speed 5. Large storage capacity EXAMPLE IBM PC, Apples Macintosh is an example of digital computersDIAGRAM ‘The above diagram shows the two states of digital computers. 3. HYBRID COMPUTERS The hybrid computer which has the best features of both Analog and Digital computers. Hybrid computer use analog to digital conversion and digital to analog conversion, and many input or output either Analog or Digital data, CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID COMPUTERS The characteristics of hybrid computers are as follows 1, ‘These computers are reliable and accurate 2. These computers are fast 3. It can process continuous and discrete type of data EXAMPLE In ICU of hospital Hybrid computers are used. The analog quality of thesé computers control the temperature of the room. Whereas digital quality inform the doctor about the blood pressure temperature and physical status of patient. Q3 Write a note on Classification of computers? Computers are divided in four classes according to their size 1, Super Computers. 2. Mainframe Computers 3. Mini Computers, 4,” Micro Computers 1, SUPER COMPUTERS Super computers are the largest, fastest and most expensive computer system in the world. These computers are used to perform complex processing tasks. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPER COMPUTER The characteristics of super computer are 1. It can perform | trillion calculations per second. 2. It can house thousands of processors. 3. Supercomputers can cost tens of millions of dollars 4. It consumes electricity which can consume by dozens of home. AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of supercomputers are 1. Weather forecasting x 2. Nuclear research EXAMPLE CRAY 190, CRAY I, ETA is an example of supercomputer 2, “MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers are the largest type of computers. ‘These computers are used in large organizations. These computers generally supports 500 to 2000 local and remote users.CHARACTERISTICS OF MAINFRAME COMPUTER “The characteristics of mainframe computers are 1. A large number of peoples can use the same computer at the same time. 2. Air condition and dust free room is required. 3. Qualified operators and programmers are required 4. ‘They have large storage capacity. 5. It can support thousand of terminals. AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of Maintiame computers are 1, Banks 2. Airlines 3. Insurance companies 4. Government organizations EXAMPLE IBM $/390, {BM 370 is an example of mainframe computers. %. MINI COMPUTERS Mini computers are small in size. Mini computers have less processing power than mainframe computers but have high processing power than microcomputers CHARACTERISTICS OF MINI COMPUTER The characteristics of mini computers are > 1, Mini computers ate used in network environment as server machine. 2. Mini computers can support number of users, input and output requirements. 3. Aircondition room is not necessary 4. 10 to 200 persons can work on it simultaneously. AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of Mini-computers are 1. Engineering and scientific research 2. ‘Vime sharing services EXAMPLE HP 3000 is an example of mini computers, 4. MICRO COMPUTERS These computers are used now a days commonly. These computers have revolutionized the computer industry because of their size and cost. CHARACTERISTICS OF MICRO COMPUTER ‘The characteristics of micro computers are 1. Micro computers are less expensive 2. Low storage capacity 3. Only one person can be used 4, Hard disk and floppy disk is used to store the data 5. Monitor and printer is used to produce the output AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of Micro computers are 1, Business 2. Education 3. industry 4, HomesFORTRAN FORTRAN stands for Formula Translation. It was developed in 1957 by John Backus. It was mainly used fro scientilic purpose. It is a simple and easy high level language. BASIC BASIC stands for Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instructions Code. It was developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. It is a simple high level language and normally.used for beginners ( students ) 1 learn computer programming. “The designing principles of BASIC are 1. Be easy for beginners to use 2, Bea general purpose language . 3. Be interactive 4. Provide clear and friendly error messages. 5. Respond fast for small programs 6. No understanding of computer hardware COBOL COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It was in 1959. It was specially developed for business and commercial applications. Iwas normally used for payroll, inventory and stack systems. It isa simple and easy high level language. LISP LISP stands for List Programming. It'was designed for Artificial Intelligence research The programming rules of this language are different from ordinary high level language. Ithas the ability to modify itself, [tis used to develop computer games. PASCAL The Janguage was named after the name of Blasé Pascal who was a famous French ‘mathematician, Il was developed by Professor Nicluas. It has the best features of COBOL, FORTRAN and ALGOL language. The combination of features, input/output and solid mathematical features, made ita highly successful language. CAND C++ C language was developed by Dennis Ritche in 1972 while working at Beli Labs. It is conimonly used in system programming and compiler writing. A very popular operating system UNIX was developed in C language. C+ was an extension of C. The syntax of C+ is similar to C language. The main feature of C+ is that itis an object oriented language. It is most popular language in the field of computer science. VISUAL BASIC Visual Basie was the first visual development (ool developed by Microsoft. At the beginning, it was not so popular. {¢ became popular in market when Microsoft released VB 3.0. Now Visual Basic is very popular in the programming field. Most of the Windows based applications are developed in Visual Basic, It means that GUL applications are developed sn this language. JAVA Java was developed by Sun Microsystems. It was. specially designed to control microprocessors used in cable receivers, VCRs and also for PDA (Personal Data Assistants). This language has powerful capabilities of network programming [mternet applications and GUI. :EXAMPLE Q4 1BM-PC is an example of micro computers, What is computer language? Explain its different types. COMPUTRE LANGUAGE A computer ianguage is a means of communication between a user and the computer. ‘These languages are use to develop computer software. TYPES OF COMPUTER LANUGAGES “There are two types of languages 1, LOW LEVEL LANUGUAGE 2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE Low level language is close to computer but far from the human beings. A computer can easily understand these languages. These languages are difficult to understand for human beings only experienced programmers can understand these languages. There are two types of low level language, TYPES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE 2 i. MACHINE LANGUAGE ii, ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE MACHINE LANGUAGE Machine language is consist of binary numbers 0 and |. It is a fundamental language of the computer. Computer understand this language easily without translation. The program instructions are written in machine language by using the series of binary numbers, It is very difficult and complex as well as time consuming to write a program. If there is any error in program then it become very difficult to detect it. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Assembly language is used to make the programming casier. In assembly language special symbols.are used for instructions. These codes are called mnemonic codes. So that's why assembly language is also called symbolic language. For example ADD is a mnemonic code which is used for add the numbers or HLT code is used to stop processing. A computer can not understand these codes so assembler is used to convert the assembly language into machine code. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE A language which is close to human beings but far froin the computer is called the high evel language. It consists on English like words. We can learn and understand these languages easily. Special type of software’s compiler and interpreter is required to translate high level language into machine language. FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C and VB is an example of high level languages. Briefly describe the different high Jevel languages. Some common high level languages are 1. FORTRAN 2. BASIC 3. COBOL 4. LISP 5. PASCAL 6. C& CH 7. VISUAL BASIC 8 JAVA.Q6 Describe the applications of computers in different fields. EDUCATION Educational institutes, from primary to university level, are using, ‘computers for various learning activities, A large number of learning, programs (tutorials) are available on almost every subject. The trend of conducting online ‘examinations is getting popular e.g. GRE, GMAT, SAT ete, are conducted onfine through out the world. questions are marked by the computer, which minimize the chance of committing mistakes, It also makes it possible to announce results in time, Distance learning is a new learning methodology. Computer plays the key role in this type of learning, Hundreds of institutes are offering distance-learning programs. The students are not required to come to the institute whereas they are provided reading material and attend classes via virtual classroom. In a virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own ‘workplace while the students, connected to a network, may listen to him at their homes. They may put questions and answers are sent to them via email. BUSINESS Computer is now being used in business and industry. Computer information systems are used to keep track of huge transactions. These are also used to control machines which manufacture products, keep track of customers bills, analyze sales of various products in different localities on monthly and yearly basis; calculating and recording employ pays and performs various other tasks. ONLINE BANKING Today banks are the largest users of computers. In banks, powerful computers are used to perform millions of transactions, All branches of banks are connected through computer network. Nowadays, ATMs are installed everywhere; these are all computerized and connected together. These can be used to draw money from any branch of that bank at any ‘time of the day. Customers are now also connected to the bank via personal computers, which allows them to see their bank account status at home. ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE BANKING Fotlowing are some of the advantages of online banking Convenience Computerized online banking sites never close; they're available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and they can be accessed from a computer. Ubiquity If you're out of the country and a money problem arises, you can draw money to your online bank. "Transaction speed The online banks transactions speed is very high. Efficiency You can access and manage all of your bank accounts, from one site, ‘APPLICATION IN RETAILING APPLICATIONS ‘Modem stores are quickly incorporating computer system for a number of reasons. Firstly these systems allow the billing of items to be done at great speed. They accept credit cards, allowing customer to purchase goods without cash, ‘The items at store are marked with ‘Bar Code’. This is called as ‘Universal Production Code’, This is sequence of line, which is read by a ‘Bar Code Reader”. the price of the item is stored in this code and these are automatically added to the bill. The computer generated the receipt and the customer pays the bill.I : i 1971 619 Figure iii Universal Production Code ENTERTAINMENT The advancement of computer science has also helped entertainment industry. 1. Now a days computer can be used to watch television shows being broadcasted on internet, watch movies, listen to music and play games. 2. Computers.are also used to create animations and special effects for television shows, commercials, movies and cartoons. These allow them to add graphics and colorful displays in their shows. 3. Computer games also becoming a big attraction for children and kids ‘Computer is also being used by music industry to create high quality music and sounds in Jess amount of time. . Use Of Computer Simulation Computer Simulation is the use of computer to represent the dynamic responses of a system by the change in behaviors of another system modeled after it. Computer simulations are widely used in educational institutes to make clear the understanding of the working of various systems ¢.g. 1. Simulation of aero plane is a part of taining of the pilot. It makes him /her clear the working of various parts of aero plane. 2 Simulation of river systems can be manipulated to determine the potential effects of dams, and irrigation network before any actual construction has taken place. 3. Inedueational institute's, simulations also have advantages over hands-on laboratory ‘work such as allowing students to do more complicated and hazardous experiments, obtain results more quickly, and get a deeper understanding of the experiments. OTHER AREAS . Today computers are being used in many other areas to save time and eost. These include publishing where documents can be written and saved on a computer. ‘This is accomplished by a word-processing application such as Microsoft Word. These applications allow the writers to, correct and print the document in very short time, ‘These documents can also be sent from one place to anther via Internet, EXERCISE QA Describe Charles Babbage work in the history of computers? Charles Babbage was British Mathematician at Cambridge University. In 1822, he design an automatic calculating machine which he called difference engine. It was intended to be steam . powered and fully automatic including the printing of the results. In 1833, Charles Babbage designed the first programmable machine called Analytical Engine, He could not construct this engine in his life, But his design gave ideas for the research in the field of computers. The most of modem computers are made on the principle of Babbage. That is why he is called the father of modern computei.Q2 Describe the advancements in the computers during 1950s and 1960's? Advancement in 1950's - 1960's In early 1950's, two important engineering inventions changed the image of the computer field. These inventions were the magnetic core memories and the Transistor Circuit Elements. This quickly found its way into new models of digital compiaters. These machines were very expensive and were also complicated to operate, Such computers were mostly found in large computer centers, government, and research and development laboratories. Those computers mostly worked on a single problem at a time. COPUTER ACCESSORIES During this period, the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of computer equipment with different prices, as well as accessories such as + Card Readers + Printers + Cathode-Ray-Tube COMPUTER IN BUSINESS ‘These were widely used in businesses for such things as * Accounting + Payroll + Inventory Control + Ordering Supplies + Billing Q3 Write a note on different computer generations. Briefly explaining their features. There are five computer generations. These are 1. First Generation 2. Second Generation 3. Third Generation 4. Pourth Generation 3. Fifth Generation 1. FIRST GENERATION First generation computers vacuum tubes technology was use, Vacuum tube was a device that could control and amplify electronic signals, FEATURES 1, Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available 2. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computer. 3. “These computers were the fastest calculating device of their time. EXAMPLE ENIAC and UNIVAC is an example of first generation computers. 2, SECOND GENERATION . Transistor technology was used in second generation computers. Transistors were developed by William Shockely, John Bardeen and William Brattain. These computers ‘were smaller in size, faster and more reliable as compared to first generation computers. FEATURES: 1. 200 transistors are about the same size as one vacuum tube in a computer. 2. Less expensive 3. 40 times faster than a vacuum tube 4. More reliable 5. Less electricity consumed 6. Less heat is generatedEXAMPLE, IBM 7694 series, IBM 1400 series, CDC 164 is an example of second generation computer 3. THIRD GENERATION IC technology was used in third generation computers. The concept of IC was developed by Jack St. Clair Kilby in 1958 and it was developed in 1961. The size of IC was 4 square inch, FEATURES 1, Smaller in size a3 compared to previous generation computers. 2. More reliable than second generation computers 3. Easily portable 4. Less electricity consumed . Lower in price EXAMPLE _ IBM system 360, DEC, PDP is an of third generation computers. 4. FOURTH GENERATION In this generation 1C’s were replaced with microprocessor chip. The first microprocessor chip was developed in 1971 by Ted Hoff for Intel, which was named as Intel 4004. The size of modem microprocessor is less than one inch square and can contain million of electronic circuits. FEATURES 1. Small in size 2. Lewin cost 3. Very high processing speed 4, Heat generated is small 5. Easily portable 6. Large storage memory 7. Very reliable EXAMPLE Apple Macintosh and IBM PC is an example of fourth generation computers. & FIFTH GENERATION Fifth generation computer devices are based on artificial intelligence, are still in development. Some applications such as voice recognition that are being used today. The in will be able 10 think and-to make decisions like human FEATURES L. Ability to think 2. Ability to make decisions 3. Parallel processing Extremely high speed Very large memory +Q.4. What is the difference between Analog and Digital computers? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTERS _ __ BIGtTAL These provide us discrete formation information. _ 2. These computers have no state two states ON and | 3. These computers are unreliable ‘These computers are reliable 4, ‘These computers are easy to use 3. These computers are «difficult to 4._These computers are difficult 5. ‘These computers are easy to de es tl veloped. z| ('G.. These computers have small memory. | 6. “These computers have large memor 7. ‘Thermometer, weight - machine, |7. These computers have fast speed: Digital speedometer is an example of analog! — watch, petro! station is an example of devices. digital devices. QS Write short notes on the following? a, Pocket Computers b. Laptop Computers ¢. Micro Computers POCKET COMPUTERS Pocket computers ate small in size and itis designed to keep a lot of information close to hand, Pocket computer has small batteries and a special operating system. Special pens or touch sensitive screen is used to enter the data. LAPTOP COMPUTERS Lapiop computer is also called a note book. It is small in size, due to its size it can be easily move from one place (0 another. Like desktop computer laptop computers also used the same operating system and all software’s which are used in desktop computers. It also have CD-ROM, DVD drives ete. It is more expensive than desktop computers. MICRO COMPUTERS & Microcomputers are also referred to as personal computers (PCs). These are typical developed for individual users. These are less powerful machines as compared to minicomputers. The microcomputers are very popular due to its low price. PCs are becoming powerful day by day because of the improvement in technology. Microcomputers are commonly used in almost every field of life such as at homes, small offices, business, education ete Q.6 _ Deseribe the impact of computers and internet on society, ~ OR Q.7_ Briefly name and describe some of applications of computers. EDUCATION Educational institutes, from primary to university level, are using computers for various fearing activities. A large number of learning programs (tutorials) are available on almost every subject, The trend of conducting online examinations is getting popular e.g. GRE, GMAT, SAT ete. are conducted online through out the world, questions are marked by thecomputer, which minintize the chance of committing mistakes. tt also makes it possible to announce results in time, Distance leaming is a new leaming methodology. Computer plays the key role in this type of leaming. Hundreds of institutes are offering distance-leaming programs, The students are not required to come to the institute whereas they are provided reading material and attend elasses via virtual classroom. In a virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own workplace while the students, comected to a network, may listen to him at their homes. They ‘may put questions and answers are sent to them viz email, BUSINESS Computer is now being used in business and industry. Computer information systems are used to keep track of huge transactions. These are also used to control machines which manufacture products, keep track of customer's bills, analyze sales of various produets in different localities on monthly and yearly basis; ealeulating and recording employ pays and performs various ther tasks. ONLINE BANKING Today banks are the largest users of computers. I banks, powerful computers are used to perform millions of transactions. All branches of banks are connected through computer network. Nowadays, ATMs ate installed everywhere; these are all computerized and connected together. These can be used to draw money from any branch of that bank at any time of the day. Customers are now also connected to the bank via personal computers, which allows them to see their bank account stafus at home, ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE BANKING Following are some of the advantages of online banking, + Convenience Computerized online banking sites never close; they're available 24 hours 4 day, scven days a week, and they can be accessed! Irom a computer: + Ubiquity If you're out of the country and a money problem arises, you can draw money to your online bank + ‘Transaetion speed The online banks transactions speed is very high. + Efficieney You can access and manage all of your bank accounts, from one site. APPLICATION IN RETAILING APPLICATIONS Modern stores are quickly incorporating computer system for a number of reasons, Firstly thesv systems allow the billing of items to be done at great speed. They accept credit cards, allowing customer to purchase goods without cash, ‘The items at store are marked with *Bar Code’. This is called as ‘Universal Production Code’. This js sequence of line, which is read by a ‘Bar Code Reader”. the price of the item is stored in this code and these are automatically added to the bill, The computer generated the receipt and the customer pays the bill il 1971 619 Figure. Universal Production CodeENTERTAINMENT ‘She advancement of computer science has also helped entertainment industry. 4. Now a days computer can be used to watch television shows being broadcasted on internet, watch movies, listen to music and play games. 2. Computers are also used to create animations and special effects for television shows, commercials, movies and cartoons. These allow them to add graphics and colorful displays in their shows. 3. Computer games aiso becoming a big attraction for children and kids, 4, Computer is also being used by music industry to create high quality music and sounds in less amount of time. Use Of Computer Simulation Computer Simulation is the use of computer to represent the dynamic responses of a system by the change in behaviors of another system modeled after it. Computer simulations are widely used in educational institutes to make clear the understanding of the working of various systems e.g. 1. Simulation of aero plane is a part of training of the pilot. it makes him /her clear the working of various parts of aero plane. 2. Simulation of river systems can be manipulated to determine the potential effects of dams, and irrigation network before any actual construction has taken place, 3. In educational institute's, simulations also have. advantages over hands-on laboratory work such as allowing sttidents to do more complicated and hazardous experiments, obtain results more quickly, and get a deeper understanding of the experiments, OTHER AREAS Q7 Today computers are being used in many other areas to save time and cost. These include publishing where documents can be written and saved on a computer. This is accomplished by word-processing application such as Microsoft Word. These applications allow the writers to, conect and print the document in very short time. These documents can also be sent from cone place to anther via Internet . Define computer. Briefly describe classification of computers? DEFINITION “Computer is an electronic device which is used to store, retrieve and process the data according to the instructions given to it.” CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ‘Computers are divided in four classes according to their size 1. Super Computers 2. Mainframe Computers 3, Mini Computers 4. Micro Computers SUPER COMPUTERS Super computers are the largest, fastest and most expensive computer system in the world. These computers are used to perform complex processing tasks. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPER COMPUTER ‘The characteristics of super computer are 1. It can perform 1 trillion esteutations per second, 2. Itcan house thousands of processors. 3. Supercomputers can cost tens of millions of dollars. 4. It consumes electricity which can consume by dozens of home.AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of supercomputers are 1. Weather forecasting 2. Nuclear research EXAMPLE CRAY 190, CRAY |, ETA is an example of supercomputer 2, MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers are the largest type of computers: These computers are used in large organizations, These computers generally supports 500 to 2000 local and remote users. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAINFRAME COMPUTER The characteristics of mainframe computers are 1, A large number of peoples can use the same computer at the same time. 2. Aircondition and dust free room is required. 3. Qualified operators and programmers are required 4, They have targe storage capacity. 3. It can support thousand of terminals. AREAS OF APPLICATION ‘Major areas of Mainframe computers are 1, Banks 2. Airlines 3. Insurance companies 4. Government organizations EXAMPLE IBM S/390, IBM 370 is an example of mainframe computers. 3. MINI COMPUTERS Mini computers are small in size. Mini computers have less processing power than ‘mainframe computers but have high processing power than microcomputers. CHARACTERISTICS OF MINI COMPUTER The characteristics of mini computers are . 1. Mini computers are used in network environment as server machine, 2. Mini computers can support number of users, input and output requirements. 3. Aircondition room is not necessary 4.10 to 200 persons can work on it simultaneously. AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of Mini computers ate 1, Engineering and scientific research 2. Time sharing services EXAMPLE HP 3000 is an example of mini computers. 4. MICRO COMPUTERS ‘These computers are used now a days commonly, These computers have revolutionized the computer industry because of their size and cost.CHARACTERISTICS OF MICRO COMPUTER ‘The characteristics of micro computers are 1. Micro computers are less expensive 2. Low storage capacity 3. Only one person can be used 4. Hard disk and floppy disk is used to store the data 5. Monitor and printer is used to produce the output AREAS OF APPLICATION Major areas of Micro computers are 1. Business 2. Education 3. Industry 4. Homes EXAMPLE IBM-PC is an example of micro computers. Q8 Modern computers are based on stored program concept? Who introduces the concept? Discuss his/ her contribution in the history of computers. Von Neumann's Idea About Stored Program In 1945, John Von Neumann, a mathematician gave an idea that a computer should have a very simple, fixed physical structure, and yet be able to perform any kind of computation without the need for any physical change in the unit, He also gave idea how practical and fast computers should be built. Von Neumann idea usually referred to as the stored-program technique. According to’ Von Neumann theory “data and program can be stored in the same memory. Thus the machine can itself alter either its program or data’. The Von Neumann theory was universally adopted. So the computing and programming became much faster and efficient. This theory also became essential for future generation of high-speed digital computers. ‘The first commercially available computers that used the Von Neumann's idea of stored programs were EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). Q.10 What is the difference between Low level and High level language? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGL LEVEL AND LOW LEVEL LANAUGAGE High Level Language ___ Low Level Language 7. High level language is close wo] 1. Low level language is close to human computer. 2” High level language is easy t0| 2. Low level’ language is difficult to understand understand BHigh level language is machine| 3. Low level language is machine independent __|___ independent. High level language consist English | 4. Low level language consist binary like words __|___numbers 0°s and 1’s _4Q.11 Discuss some negative aspects of the use of the internet in out society? J. There are many negative aspects of using intemet, Some one of them are given below. 2. Most of children’s use different web sites without knowing the moral values. That’s why it crates an immoral aspect of life and become corrupt. 3. Many peoples hack the computer and send meaning less messages. 4. Many peoples sell their low quality products with high prices. 5. Many students do not give proper time to their studies. They waste their time on intemet. Compiler is a program to translate the source code into machine language as a whole before executing it. INTERPRETER Interpreter is a program which is used to convert the source code into machine language line by Tine. Q.U3_ Write a note on the following a) Visual Basic b) LISP 9 C/CH VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic was the first visual development tool developed by Microsoft. At the beginning, it was not so popular. It became popular in market when Microsoft released VB 3.0. Now Visual Basic is very popular in the. programming field, Most of the Windows based applications are developed in Visual Basic. It-means. that GUI applications are developed in this language, LISP LISP stands for List Programming. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence research. The programming rules of this language are different from ordinary high level language. Ithas the ability to modify itself. It is used to develop computer games. c C language was developed by Dennis Ritche in 1972 while working at Bell Labs. It is commonly used in system programming and compiler writing. A very popular operating ca YMSMUNIX was developed in C language. H+ C++ was an extension of C. The syntax of C++ is similar to C language. The main feature of C+ is that it is an object oriented language, It is most popular language in the field of computer science, Qu4 Fill 1 2. Digital 3. Stored Program 4. IBM 5. Hybrid 6. Personal Computer 7. IC 8. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator 9. Supercomputer 10. High level language QUS True or False )T iiyF i) i)T vy F iy F vii) T viii) T ix) F nT xi) F Q16 Choose the correct answer )D ic iii) B ivyB yDy 2 3) 4) 5) 6) n 8) » 10) 1) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 2) Microcomputers have basic components. (a) Three (6) Two (©) Four (One Is the most commonly used input device. (a) Mouse (b) Joystick » (©) Keyboard (d) Speaker Keyboard and mouse is examples of devices. (a) input Devices (b) Output Devices (c) Control Devices (d) Storage Printers & Monitor are example of devices. (a) input Devices (b) Output Devices (c) Control Devices (4) Storage ‘The backbone of the computer is () Computer Bus (b) Control Panel (c) Computer Ports. (d) CPU ‘The unit inside the CPU that controls the execution of instructions given to the computer is called. (@) Control Unit (b) Memory Unit. (¢) ALU (2) Buses ‘The input / output operations of the CPU are controlled by the. (a) Control Unit (6) ALU (©) MU (@ None ALU consists of section. (a) Two (b) Control (©) Memory @ One Arithmetic operations in the ALU are performed by Section. (@) Arithmetic (b) Control (©) Memory (MU Section of the ALU performs logical operation. (a) Controt (b) Memory (©) Logical (d) None The computer bus that carry data is éalled. (@) Data Bus (b) Address Bus (c) Control Bus ~ (4) All Bus is used to transfer data from on device to another device in the computer, (@) Data Bus (b) Address Bus (€) Control Bus (d) None ALU perform. (@) Arithmetic Function (b) Control Function (©) Botha &b (@) None CPU stands for. (a) Central Processing Unit (b) Control Panel Unit (©) Control Processing Unit (@) Central Power Unit EDP stands for. (@) Electronic data Projector (b) Electronic Data Processing (€) Electronie Data Projection (@) None In the computer generates electrical pulses. {a) Computer Bus (6) Computer Clock (¢) Computer Ports (d) All Controls and supervises all the units of a computer, (@) CPU (6) ALU cu - (MU Addition, subtraction is done by the. {@) CPU (6) ALU (cu @ Mu Logical operations are done by the. (a) CPU (b) ALU (cu ju Is like the traffic policeman, (@) CPU (b) ALU (cu (@u ‘The physically components of a computer are called. (@) Hardware (b) Software (©) Firmware @ Shareware