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The Institution of Engineers (India)

AN ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED ORGANISATION
(ESTABLISHED 1920, INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1935)
8 GOKHALE ROAD, KOLKATA 700 020

“97 Years of Relentless Journey Towards

Engineering Advancement for Nation-building”

PROJECT REPORT ON
SOLAR CELL

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
AMIE IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

HIMANSHU CHAUHAN SHRI SURESH CHANDRA
(ST 632528-4) SUNDRANI, FIE
F-117265-0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No SUBJECT PAGE No

1. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF THE PROJECT WORK 5

2. CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE 7
SYNOPSIS, CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF THE OF THE
3. 8
PROJECT WORK
4. TITLE OF THE PROJECT 12

5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 12

6. INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR CELL 13

 PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELL 13

7. HISTORY OF SOLAR CELLS 15

 PV-HISTORY TIMELINE 17

8. SOLAR CELL PRINCIPLE 18

9. TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS 20

 MARKET SHARE OF VARIOUS SOLAR CELLS 24

10. LIGHT ABSORBING MATERIALS 25

11. EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELLS 28

 EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS SEMICOMDUCTOR
29
MATERIALS
12. COST OF SOLAR ENERGY 30

13. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR CELLS 32

14. ADVANTAGES OF SOALR CELLS 34

15. PRESENT SCENARIO OF SOLAR POWER IN INDIA 35

16. FUTURE ASPECT 37

 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLAR CELLS 38

17. FINAL THOUGHT 42

18. CONCLUSION 43

19. REFRENCES 44

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PREFACE

Now the world is moving towards the new era, the new era of non-conventional

energy such as Solar Energy, where the world is supposed to get rid of fossil fuels.

Ever since Becquerel discovered the first photovoltaic effect in 1839, harvesting

Solar Energy has been a goal in the scientific world. The earth’s atmosphere absorbs

more energy in one hour from the sun than the amount of energy consumed in one year

for the entire world. For this reason, research in the last few decades has exploded to

find the most efficient and cost effective solar cell so the world does not remain oil

dependant.

This project is one-step towards the study and analysis of solar cells.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank all Almighty God for giving me this opportunity to express gratitude to all those
who helped me in the successful completion of this project.

First of all, I pay my immense gratitude to Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE,
F-117265-0, who shows right way to complete this project and contributes a lot because
of which I stand a stage of successful completion of my project SOLAR CELL.

I am also thankful to my parents and family , for their love and affection and for
my friends who gave me initiative force to do better.

Ravi Kumar Sharma

(ST 632528-4)

Address: H.No.-337/1
Solani Puram, Roorkee
Distt- Haridwar
Uttrakhand-247667

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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project report entitled “SOLAR CELL” submitted by Mr.

Ravi Kumar Sharma, ST 632528-4 is a bonafide work done by him under my

supervision and guidance. He has satisfactorily completed the project work as

prescribed by The IEI, Kolkata for fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of

AMIE in Mechanical Engineering. The matter embodied in this project is genuine work

done by the student and has not been submitted to any other institute.

I wish him success in all his future endeavors.

Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE

(F-117265-0)

Address: Param Engineers Pvt Ltd

Clutterbuckganj,

Bareilly-243502

Uttar Pradesh

Date: July, 2017

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COMMENTS OF PROJECT GUIDE

Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE

(F-117265-0)

[Project Guide]

Date: July, 2017

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CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I hereby declare that project work entitled “SOLAR CELL” is an authentic work

carried out by me under the guidance of Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE in partial

fulfillment for the degree of AMIE and completion of Section B Examinations. This

project has not been submitted by me or anybody /anywhere else.

Ravi Kumar Sharma

(ST-632528-4)

Place: Roorkee

Date: July, 2017

COUNTERSIGNED BY

Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE

(F-117265-0)

[Project Guide]

Date: July, 2017

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SYNOPSIS

1. Title of the Project: - SOLAR CELL

2. Objectives of the study: - The project “SOLAR CELL” will serve the following

objectives:-

 Study of principle of solar cell.

 Study various types of solar cells

 Study of construction/manufacturing of solar cells

 Introduction to efficiency of various solar cells.

 .Applications of solar cells technology

 Introduction of ongoing research on solar cells.

 Future aspects of solar cells technology.

3. Rationale for the study:-

 Carry out a detailed study on solar cells.

 Study of existing system of photovoltaic conversion.

 Studying the future scenario for solar energy.

4. Detailed Methodology to be used for carrying out the study:-

 Collection of data and preparation of data flow diagrams.

 Getting idea about the existing system/types/materials.

 Find out the future possibility in the solar cell’s field.

 Preparing brief notes on the available information.

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5. The expected contribution from the project study:-

 Details of various phase of solar cell development.

 Understanding about the principle of energy generation through solar cells.

 Data on efficiency of various solar cells.

 Detailed note on materials used in manufacturing of solar cells.

 Knowledge of ongoing research & projects on solar cells

6. List of activities required to complete the project:-

 Project guidance.

 Synopsis preparation.

 Data Collection.

 Study of existing types of solar cells.

 Site Visits and observation of existing system.

 Study about future development in the field of solar cells.

 Detailed review of collected information.

 Views and help of project guide.

 Review of collected information.

 Final report preparation.

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Bar Chart:-

No of Days

Project Guidance

Synopsis
Preparation

Data Collection

Study of existing
system

Site visits &

oobservation

Study of future
development

Detailed review
of data

Help of project
guide

Review of data
collected

Final report
preparation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0

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7. Places/labs/equipment required and planning of arrangements:-

 A visit at Tata power solar facility Raigad, Maharashtra.

 A visit at World institute of sustainable energy, Pune.

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.google.com

8. Problems envisaged in carrying out the project, if any:-

 Nil

Synopsis Prepared By Synopsis Guided By

RAVI KUMAR SHARMA Shri Suresh Chandra Sundrani, FIE,

Membership No. ST 632528-4 F-117265-0

Signature:_________________ Signature:_________________

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CHAPTER - 01

TITLE OF THE PROJECT:

The title of this project is SOLAR CELL.

CHAPTER – 02

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The project “SOLAR CELL” will serve the following objectives:-

 Study of principle of solar cell.

 Study various types of solar cells

 Study of construction/manufacturing of solar cells

 Introduction to efficiency of various solar cells.

 .Applications of solar cells technology

 Introduction of ongoing research on solar cells.

 Future aspects of solar cells technology.

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CHAPTER – 03

INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR CELL:

A SOALR CELL is a solid sate electrical device that converts energy of lights directly
into electrical energy by photoelectric effect.

 A solar cell is also known as photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell.

SOLAR CELL

3.1 – PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELL:

A photovoltaic cell works by capturing a photon from the sun using special metals called
semiconductors. By using semiconductors to build solar cells, we can produce electricity
from sunlight.

FREE ELECTRON

HIMANSHU CHAUHAN METAL

MECHANICAL SURFACE
ENGINEERING ST 632528-4
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Silicon is a common semiconductor in a photovoltaic cell. When a photon hits silicon, it

will sometimes release an electron. The solar cell traps all the electrons released by the
silicon and pushes them in one direction, which creates an electric current .

n-type
semiconductor

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Depletion zone
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

p-type
semiconductor

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CHAPTER – 04

HISTORY OF SOLAR CELLS:

 The term “Photo” comes from the Greek meaning “Light” and “Voltaic” from the
name of Italian physicist “Volta” after whom the measurement unit volts is
named.

 PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT was first recognized in 1839 by French physicist

A.E. BECQUEREL.

 ALBERT EINSTEIN explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he

received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

 Modern photovoltaic cell was developed by BELL LABORATORIES, USA.

 Solar cells were first used in Vanguard- І satellite, launched in 1958.

4.1 – PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT:

First Generation Solar Cell:-

The first generation photovoltaic, consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction

diode, which is capable of generating usable electrical energy from light sources with

the wavelengths of sunlight. These cells are typically made using a silicon wafer. First

generation photovoltaic cells (also known as silicon wafer-based solar cells) are the

dominant technology in the commercial production of solar cells, accounting for more

than 86% of the solar cell market.

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Second Generation Solar Cell:-

The second generation of photovoltaic materials is based on the use of thin-film

deposits of semiconductors. These devices were initially designed to be high-efficiency,

multiple junction photovoltaic cells. Later, the advantage of using a thin-film of material

was noted, reducing the mass of material required for cell design. This contributed to a

prediction of greatly reduced costs for thin film solar cells.

Typically, the efficiencies of thin-film solar cells are lower compared with silicon (wafer-

based) solar cells, but manufacturing costs are also lower, so that a lower price in terms

of electrical output can be achieved. Another advantage of the reduced mass is that

less support is needed when placing panels on rooftops and it allows fitting panels on

light materials or flexible materials, even textiles.

Third Generation Solar Cell:-

Third generation photovoltaic cell is very different from the other two, broadly defined as

semiconductor devices which do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photo-

generated charge carriers. These new devices include photo electrochemical cells,

Polymer solar cells, and nanocrystal solar cells.

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4.2- P-V HISTORY TIMELINE:-

VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL ZONE

PV effect was first observed by Henri

1839
Becquerel in solution

1870 Discovery of PV effect in solids

Selenium PV produced with 1-2 %

1880
efficiency

1940-50 Single crystal PV breakthrough

1954 PV cell produced with 14 % efficiency

Vanguard space satellite uses PV array to

1958 power radio. Commercial space
applications begins

Energy crisis- Interest in terrestrial

1970’s
applications of PV begins

1980 to 90’s Explosion of PV for telecom use

Late 1990’s Emergence of grid connected applications

After 2000 Present

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CHAPTER – 05

PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR CELL:

In its simplest form, the solar cell consists of a junction formed between n-type and p-
type semiconductors, either of the same material (homojunction) or different materials
(heterojunction).

Band Structure of Differently-Doped Semiconductors

When the two halves are brought together, the Fermi levels on either side are forced in
to coincidence, causing the valence and conduction band to bend.

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 These bent bands represent a built-in electric field over the depletion region.

When a photon, with energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor,

passes through the solar cell, it may be absorbed by the material. This

absorption takes the form of a band-to-band electronic transition, so an

electron/hole pair is produced. If these carriers can diffuse to the depletion

region before they recombine, then they are separated by the electric field,

causing one quantum of charge to flow through an external load. This is the

origin of the solar cell's photocurrent called as electric current.

Principle of a Solar Cell

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CHAPTER – 06

TYPES OF SOLAR CELL

SOLAR CELL

Silicon Chemical compound

Crystalline Amorphous

Thin Film Spherical

CIGS / CdTe
Single Crystalline
Dye-sensitizes

Multiple Crystalline

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6.1 – SILICON CRYSTALLINE TCHNOLOGY:

 It is very stable with module efficiency 10 % to 20 %.

 Now a days it cover upto 80% to 85% of PV market.

SINGLE CRYSTALLINE PV CELL-

 It is formed by single cylinder of Si.

 Its operating efficiency lies between 10% to 15%.

MULTI CRYSTALLINE PV CELL

 It is formed by cast ignot of melted and recrystallised silicon.

 Its efficiency is 20%.

6.2 – THIN FILM TCHNOLOGY:

 Thin film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10µm thick as compare

with 200-300µm layers for crystalline solar cells.

 Silicon deposited on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers.

PROS-

 Low cost fabrication process.

CONS-

 Poor stability.

Solar Panel made by Thin Film Solar cells

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6.3 – AMORPHOUS SILICON PV CELLS:

 This type of cells are made by most advanced thin film technology.

 Their operating efficiency is 6%.

 They contribute about 13% of the total solar cell market.

PROS-

 Matured manufacturing process available.

CONS-

 Initially 20-40% loss in efficiency.

Solar Panel made by Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

6.4 – POLY CRYSTALLINE SOALR CELLS:

(Non Silicon Based Technology)

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells-

 Unlike most other material CdTe exhibits direct band gap of 1.4 EV and

high absorption coefficient.

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PROS-

 6-9% module efficiency.

 16% laboratory efficiency.

 Excellent performance under low light.

CONS-

 Immature manufacturing process.

Solar Panel made by Poly-crystalline Solar Cells

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6.5-GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF VARIOUS SOLAR CELLS:

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CHAPTER – 07

LIGHT-ABSORBING MATERIALS

Materials which are used to manufacture solar cells are called Light Absorbing

Materials. All solar cells require a light absorbing material contained within the cell

structure to absorb photons and generate electrons via the photovoltaic effect. The

materials used in solar cells tend to have the property of preferentially absorbing the

wavelengths of solar light that reach the earth surface. Silicon remains the only material

that is well-researched in both bulk and thin-film configurations.

7.1-SILICON-

By far, the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon also known as

"solar grade silicon".

Bulk silicon is separated into multiple categories according to crystallinity and crystal

size in the resulting ingot, ribbon, or wafer-

 Mono-Crystalline Silicon (c-Si):

These are often made using the Czochralski process. Single-crystal wafer cells tend to

be expensive, and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots, do not completely cover

a square solar cell module without a substantial waste of refined silicon. Hence most c-

Si panels have uncovered gaps at the corners of four cells.

 Poly- or Multi-Crystalline Silicon (poly-Si or mc-Si):

Made from cast square ingots-large blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and

solidified. These cells are less expensive to produce than single crystal cells but are

less efficient.

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 Ribbon Silicon:

Formed by drawing flat thin films from molten silicon and having a multi-crystalline

structure. These cells have lower efficiencies than poly-Si, but save on production costs

due to a great reduction in silicon waste, as this approach does not require sawing from

ingots.

 New Structures:

These new compounds are special arrangements of silicon that can dramatically

improve efficiency such as ormosil.

7.2-THIN FILMS-

The various thin-film technologies currently being developed reduce the amount (or

mass) of light absorbing material required in creating a solar cell. This can lead to

reduced processing costs from that of bulk materials but also tends to reduce energy

conversion efficiency.

Thin films solar cells are produced by using following materials-

 CdTe:

Cadmium telluride is an efficient light-absorbing material for thin-film solar cells.

Compared to other thin-film materials, CdTe is easier to deposit and more suitable for

large-scale production. Despite much discussion of the toxicity of CdTe-based solar

cells, this is the only technology (apart from amorphous silicon) that can be delivered on

a large scale. Germany is building a 100 MW plant based on CdTe solar cells.

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 CIGS:

CIGS are multi-layered thin-film composites. The abbreviation stands for copper

indium gallium selenide. Unlike the basic silicon solar cell, which can be modeled

as a simple p-n junction . These cells are best described by a more complex

heterojunction model. The best efficiency of a thin-film solar cell as of December

2005 was 19.5% with CIGS. Higher efficiencies (around 30%) can be obtained by

using optics to concentrate the incident light.

 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs):

This material is used for high efficiency cells developed for special applications such as

satellites and space exploration. A triple-junction cell may consist: GaAs, Ge, and

GaInP2. Each type of semiconductor will have a characteristic band gap energy which

causes it to absorb the Sun light most efficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to

absorb electromagnetic radiation over a portion of the spectrum. The semiconductors

are carefully chosen to absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum, thus generating

electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. GaAs multi-junction devices are

the most efficient solar cells to date, reaching as high as 39% efficiency. They are also

some of the most expensive cells per unit area.

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CHAPTER – 08

SOLAR CELLS EFFICIENCY

The ability of a cell to convert the maximum amount of light into electricity is known as

the cell’s efficiency.

The amount of power available from a solar cell is determined by-

 Type and area of the material

 The intensity of the sunlight

 The wavelength of the sunlight

QUANTUM EFFICIENCY (Q.E.) =

Number of Photon – Generated Carrier

Number of Photon

EXTERNAL QUANTUM EFFICIENCY (E.Q.E.) =

Number of Photon – Generated Carrier

Number of Photon From Outside

INTERNAL QUANTUM EFFICIENCY (I.Q.E.) =

Number of Photon – Generated Carrier

Number of Photon From Inside

Currently, average solar cell efficiency in the world is around 15%. This efficiency is

sufficient enough such that a typical house can be powered using 350 – 450 square feet

of roof space according to varying estimates based on typical usage in a family home.

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8.1-EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS SOLAR CELLS:

 Single crystalline solar cells – 25%

 Polycrystalline silicon solar cells – less than 20%
 Amorphous silicon solar cells – less than 10%
 CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) solar cells – 6 to 9%

Semiconductor Material Efficiency

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CHAPTER – 09

COST OF SOLAR ENERGY

 The cost of solar energy is given by price per peak watt (WP).

 Peak watt is the amount of power output , a PV module produce at standard test

conditions at a operating temperature of 25ºC in full noon time sunshine of 1000

watts per square meter.

 A typical 2000 watt peak (2KWP) solar energy system costing Rs 440000

(Including installation) will correspond to a price of 220 per peak watt.

 There has been a six fold decline in price per peak watt for PV module from 1980

to year 2000.

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9.1-COST OF POWER BY DIESEL/ ELECTRICITY GRID/ SOLAR IN INDIA:

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CHAPTER – 10

APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR CELLS

 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION:

The provision of electricity to rural areas derives important social and economic

benefits to remote communities throughout the world like- power supply to

remote houses, electrification to the health care facilities, irrigation and water

supply.

(Over 500,000 homes worldwide use solar power as their only source of electricity)

 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS:

Solar power watches, calculators, cameras and cell phone are all everyday

applications of solar power.

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 TELECOMMUNICATIONS:

Wireless system and devices, Radio system, Microwave stations are often solar

powered.

 APPLICATIONS IN FARMING:

Solar power can be used in farming to power irrigation system, auto feeding

system, and spray system.

Solar Water pump Solar Powered Tractor

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CHAPTER – 11

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

 The very first benefit of using this technology is that solar energy is renewable.

 This is 100% environment friendly.

 This technology is not going to release any green house gases, harmful agents,
volatile material or carbon dioxide into the environment as in the case of fossil
fuels.

 Solar cells are highly reliable and durable. This system doesn’t have any moving
parts, hence don’t require any replacement.

 We can use solar cell technology to generate thousands of hours of electricity

with minimal maintenance.

 Almost all the energy source creates noise, but this is not the case with solar
energy.

 Solar power systems have high power to weight ratio as compared to other
energy systems.

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CHAPTER – 12

PRESENT SCENARIO OF SOLAR POWER IN INDIA

 India today is the second largest

manufacturer in the world of
crystalline solar cells.

 In terms of overall installed

capacity India comes fourth after
Japan, Germany & US with
installed PV capacity of 110 MW

 Ministry of new and

renewable energy
has planned to setup
25 solar parks in the
next five years.
 IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency) has planned to
electrify 18,000 villages by year 2020
mainly through solar power.

 A major drive has been initiated by

Govt. of India to export Indian Solar
products, equipments, technologies
to Middle East and Africa.

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12.1- TOP SOLAR CELLS MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA:

Sr. No. COMPANY NAME CELL TECHNOLOGY

1. Indo Solar Solutions Pvt Ltd Mono crystalline, Polycrystalline

2. Tata Power Solar Mono crystalline, Polycrystalline

3. USL Mono crystalline, Polycrystalline

4. Central Electronics Ltd Mono crystalline

5. XL Energy Ltd Polycrystalline

6. NEPC India Ltd Mono crystalline, Polycrystalline

7. UPV Solar Mono crystalline

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CHAPTER – 13

FUTURE ASPECTS

 At present solar photovoltaic is not the prime contributor to the electrical

capacities but the pace at which advancement of the PV technology and with the

rising demand of cleaner source of energy, it is expected by the end of 2030,

solar PV will have a leading role in electricity generation.

 Solar Electric Energy demand has grown consistently by 20-25% per annum over

the past 20 years.

 Research is underway for new fabrication techniques for solar cells, alternative

materials like Cadmium Sulphide and thin films cell are in development.

EXPECTED FUTURE OF GLOBAL SOLAR PV OUTPUT

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13.1-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIELD OF SOLAR CELLS:

Silicon while plentiful and efficient is expensive to manufacture into solar cells. This is

why the new technologies hold such great promise.

 PERVOSKITE CELLS-

This cell currently is under development. If achieved, it could make solar power

Dirt Cheap to use. The appeal lies in its potential to be produced easily at a very

low cost.

 SOLAR WINDOWS-

 A common consideration is that, how can solar panel put to use in the high

rising cities such as New York and Hong Kong, when there is lack of

sufficient roof space compare to high power demand . The answer lies in

solar windows. In order for solar windows to be feasible, the solar cells

need to be transparent.

 Scientist Michael Gratzel invented the dye-sensitized PV cells, which

won him the 2010 Millennium Technology award.

 Dye –sensitized PV cells have very distinctive advantage- they are

manufactured in any color and they can also be made transparent

therefore can be used in Solar Windows applications.

 Currently this technology is in early stage and is being used in consumer

products such as backpacks and phone covers.

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 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE:

A solar power satellite is a proposed satellite built in high Earth orbit that uses

microwave power transmission to beam solar power to a very large antenna on

Earth where it can be used in place of conventional power sources. The

advantage of placing the solar panels in space is the unobstructed view of

the sun, unaffected by the day/night cycle, weather, or seasons. However,

the costs of construction are very high, and these satellites will not be able to

compete with conventional sources unless low launch costs can be achieved.

CONCEPT OF SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

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 PRINTED SOLAR CELLS:

 The plastic formulations open the possibilities of printing of solar cells

onto various surfaces, much like ink is printed on a newspaper.

 Because of this property, they can be printed anywhere and can be used

as solar cells for converting sun light into electricity.

 The painted screen can be used to power portable electronics devices

like cell phones, laptops and pocket calculators

 Ultra high efficient plastic solar cells can even work under low light

conditions and also with the artificial light.

SOLAR PANEL MADE BY PRINTED SOALR CELLS

 Researches are underway to produce more flexible solar cells in future to make

solar power more attractive and competitive.

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13.2-“THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL”:

 By 2020 global solar output could be 276 Terawatt hours, which would equal to

30% of Africa’s power demand or 1% of global demand.

 This would replace the need of the 75 new coal fired power plants.

 The global solar infrastructure would have an investment value of US 75 billion

dollar a year.

 By 2040 global solar output could be more than 9000 Terawatt hours or 26% of

the expected global demand.

“BY THE YEAR 2030 INDIA SHOULD ACHIEVE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE

THROUGH SOLAR POWER AND OTHER FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY”

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Former President of India

Independence Day Speech, 2005

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CHAPTER – 14

FINAL THOUGHT

 Argument that sun provides power only during the day time is countered by the
fact that 70% of energy demands is during daytime hours.

 Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.

 Solar cell light absorbing materials can be used to take advantage of different
light absorption mechanism.

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CHAPTER – 15

CONCLUSION

 SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY IS A SIGNIFICANT NEED IN SUPPLYING

ELECTRICITY, CREATING LOCAL JOBS AND PROMOTING ECONOMICAL

DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS, AVOIDING THE EXTERNAL

ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH TRADITIONAL ELECTRICITY

GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES.

 The key to successful solar energy installation is to use quality components that

have long life time and minimal maintenance.

 The future is bright for continued Solar Cell PV technology dissemination.

 Major power policy reforms by governments and administrations and tax

incentives will play a major role if all the above said is to be effectively realized.

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REFRENCES

 National Renewable Energy Laboratory

www.nrel.gov

 Indo Solar Pvt Ltd.

www.indosolar.co.in

 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

www.mnre.gov.in

 Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)

www.ireda.gov.in

 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

www.cercind.gov.in

 National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.

www.ntpc.co.in

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HIMANSHU CHAUHAN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ST 632528-4