Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018).

5(6): 29-37

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences

ISSN: 2348-8069
www.ijarbs.com
DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG(USA) Volume 5, Issue 6 - 2018
Research Article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2018.05.06.003

Assess the adoption rate of micro-irrigation technologies on

apple and grape orchards: A case study of district Quetta
Balochistan, Pakistan

*Muhammad Waqar Akhtar Tareen, **Ahmed Ali Mengal,

**Wahid Bakhsh Baloch, *Khalil Ahmed Shahwani. ***Naseer Ahmed Alizai,
*Muhammad Aslam Khawajakhal, *Muhammad Azam Tareen,
****Akhtar Ahmed Siddiqui
*Agriculture Extension Wing, Quetta Balochistan
**Directorate of Agribusiness Agriculture Research Institute, ARI Quetta Balochistan
***Department of Agricultural Extension, Balochistan Agriculture College, Quetta,
****Agricultural Extension Wing Hyderabad Sindh
**Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract
In order to determine the perceived perceptions of the farmers regarding assess the adoption rate of micro-irrigation technologies
on apple and grape orchards at district Quetta Balochistan present study was carried out. One 100 growers who adopted the
modern irrigation technique were purposively picked by utilizing the sample random sampling. The result reveals that most
(50%) of the growers were fall in age category (19 to 30). Most (50%) of the growers were illiterate. Most of the growers were
male. Most of the growers were viewed that the water saved at 39%, enhancement of yield 23%, and improvement of irrigation
efficiency 12% respectively. Most of the growers were perceived that they had problem in following areas such as quality of the
material 46%, insufficient after sale/installation service 20%, and damage of plastic material 20% respectively. Most of growers
were perceived that micro-irrigation input cost / acre of apple and grape orchards had increased 12%, and water requirement
application 18%. The ratio of adoption of micro-irrigation on apple and grape orchards in Quetta District had enhanced (14%),
and number of apple and grape orchards installed/connected with micro-irrigation 9% respectively. Most of the growers were
perceived that they adopted the drip-irrigation technology (70%).So as to improve water use efficacy farmers have to plan their
cropping pattern well in advance on the basis of water availability. Based on achieved results following recommendations put
forward. The farm mechanization and type of irrigation must be modernized. Instead of flooding system of irrigation the drip
irrigation for apple and grapes should be recommended.The farmers must plan well in advance about the cropping pattern for the
agricultural year.The government subsidies in purchasing these irrigation implements will help the farmers to buy them at
affordable prices and institutional financingshould also be available to purchase these implements so that increase the food
security options for the masses.

Keywords: micro-irrigation, measure, adoption rate, apple, grape, Quetta Balochistan.

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

Overview

Agriculture is the life saver and income generation Water part's as a sector present and future
figure of as massive aspect of Pakistan's economy that systems/procedures are away to meet the expanding
representing the nineteen point five or (19.5%) of the pit amongst request and supply. It bases on two
total GDP, contributing 42.3% percent of the work dimensional procedures; an) ask for organization and
forces and giving crude as raw material for a few b) overhauling the water availability. The frameworks
value-added as divisions/ sectors. It in this way the are to begin promote forces to change over water from
agriculture sector plays a focal or dominant starring social elements to budgetary elements. The specific
role in nation-wide improvement poverty eradication course of action will be established on Integrated
and nutrition safety. The present administration is Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach. A
centring toward build profit for cultivators from side measure of Rs.31.716 billion was distributed for water
to side significant framework speculations counting area's improvement ventures/programs amid the FY
dependable means of transport systems as well as 2016-17, out of which more than Rs.24.00 billion (76
other structure hinders for present day source as the percent) are required to be used before the finish 2017
supply chains. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (GoP, 2016-17).
(CPEC)will go far in the improvement of agroindustry
profits by rhythm the value-added invention Irrigation practice dynamics
modernization items, development in additionto
supply chain network as reported by economy Survey Water system progressions inside the most recent
of Pakistan (GoP, 2016-17). decade have been dumbfounding. Miniaturized scale
water system is one of the most recent developments
Throughout the year of (2016-17) execution of the for applying water and it speaks to a clear progression
agriculture sector as the farming part stayed up to in water system innovation. It can be characterized as
mould and accomplished target of 3.46% against the the continuous use of little amounts of water on or
objective of 3.5% and the last year the minor beneath the dirt surface as drops, minor streams or
development occurred (0.27%). This was conceivable smaller than expected splashes through producers or
by better collecting of tangible products as the major instruments put along a water conveyance sidelong
crops (wheat, rice, cotton sorghum, corn etc.) through line. It contrasts from sprinkler water system by the
more prominent accessibility of horticulture inputs way that lone piece of the dirt surface is wetted. Small
like water, agribusiness credit and concentrated scale water system envelops various techniques or
manures off take. The development in produces was ideas, for example, bubblers, dribble, stream, fog or
itemised at 3.02% in contradiction of the adverse splash and subsurface water system.
development of 4.97% in a similar period a year ago
(GoP, 2016-17). Surface Drip Irrigation

Irrigation ailment Utilization of water to the dirt surface as drops or

small streams through producers with release rate for
Monsoon and rainstorm period (July-August- point – source producers under 8 l/h for single outlet
September) in the year of 2016, the typical usual producer and for line-source producers under 4 l/h.
precipitation or torrential rain is 140.9 mm, whereas Frequently the terms dribble and stream water system
real precipitation got was and rained in 176.2 mm, are viewed as synonymous.
which is decreased as the 25.1 percent upstairs
ordinary precipitation. For duration of winter period Subsurface Drip Irrigation
(October-November-December) in the year of 2016,
typical precipitation is 26.4 mm, despite the fact that The use of water beneath the dirt surface through
the unpretentious precipitation got was remained as producers, with release rate for the most part in the
3.0 mm, beneath ordinary precipitation. Throughout scope of 0.6 to 4 l/h. This strategy for water
winter time or season in the year of 2017 (January- application is not the same as and not to be mistaken
Feb-March), typical usual precipitation is 74.3 mm in for the technique where the root zone is inundated by
addition the average precipitation got was 1.6% over water table control, in this alluded to as sub water
ordinary usual precipitation (GoP, 2016-17). system.

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

Spray Irrigation consequently the immoderate water utilize rate

diminishes. This diminishment in water utilize joined
The use of water by a little shower or fog to the dirt by a lessening in development of the plants brings
surface, water travel through the air ends up about decreased yields. In a perfect world to
instrumental in the appropriation of water. In this class accomplish most extreme yields the dirt dampness
two sorts of gear are in viz., miniaturized scale level ought to be somewhat beneath field limit. The
sprayers and smaller scale sprinklers. Small scale trickle water system framework with its controlled
sprayers and static miniaturized scale planes are non- utilization of water makes conceivable the undertaking
pivoting type with stream rates extending from 20 to of keeping up the dirt dampness near the field limit,
150 l/h, while, smaller scale sprinklers are turning therefore bringing about recognizable increment in
compose with stream rates running from 100 to 300 development and yield.
l/h.
There is a general understanding that water system
Bubbler Irrigation water prerequisites can be less with dribble water
system than with traditional surface and sprinkler
The use of water to the surface at a little stream or water system techniques (Aljibury et al., 1974; Davis
wellspring where the release rate for point source et al., 1975; Shoji, 1977; Bresler, 1977; Hillel, 1980;
bubbler producers are more prominent than the dribble Howell et al., 1980). The investment funds, obviously,
or subsurface producers however by and large under rely upon the harvest, soil, ecological conditions and
225 l/h. Since the producer release rate for the most the achievable on-cultivate water system effectiveness.
part surpasses the rate of the dirt, a little bowl is Essential reasons given for the water investment funds
generally required to contain or control the water. incorporate water system of a little bit of the dirt
volume, diminished direct soil surface dissipation,
Enhanced plant development, yield and quality decreased water take-up by weeds because of dry
surfaces between columns/trees (Lemon, 1956),
The dirt water content in a segment of the plant root lessened water system spill over from the field (the dry
zone remains genuinely steady since water system soil between lines could likewise store more
water can be provided and as often as possible at a precipitation), avoidance of overflow from soak slopes
foreordained rate utilizing trickle water system. For and especially for low porousness or crusted soils
the most part, the aggregate soil water potential (Kemper and Noonan, 1970) and controlled profound
expands (the dirt water suction diminishes) with end permeation misfortunes (Rawlins, 1973) particularly
of the wide changes in the dirt water content, which on sandy soils (Reddy et al., 2004) underneath the
regularly result from traditional sprinkler and surface yield root zone. Sprinkler water system is liable to
water system techniques (Bresler, 1977). Under water misfortune by wind float, expanded dissipation,
customary water system strategies plants remove or poor application consistency, particularly with solid
water from the dirt from Field Capacity down towards breezes (Seginer, 1969). Encourage the expansion in
permanent shrivelling point. Amid this progress in the yields joined with water investment funds brings about
dirt dampness, it turns out to be progressively higher water utilize productivity (WUE).
troublesome for the plant to remove water and

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

Table-1, Drip irrigation with the term of yield improvement

Crops Yield (t/ha)

Conventional Drip % yield increased
Banana 57.5 87.5 52
Grape 26.4 32.5 23
Sweet lime 100.0 150.0 50
Pomegranate 55.0 109.0 98
Papaya 13.4 23.5 75
Tomato 32.0 48.0 50
Water Melon 24.0 45.0 88
Okra 15.3 17.7 16
Chillies 4.2 6.1 44
Sweet potato 4.2 5.9 39
Sugarcane 128.0 170.0 33
Cotton 2.3 2.9 26
Source: INCID. 1994. Drip Irrigation in India. Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage,
New Delhi.

Problem statement apple and grape orchards at district Quetta,

Balochistan.
Balochistan province was viewed as the
underprivileged province of Pakistan and having has Objective
the inferior Human Index (HI) such as absence of
safety and security, not as good as communication 1. To discover the perceived perception of growers as
configurations, thrilling poverty, low education demographic characteristics.
opportunity for the female in rustic areas, gender bias, 2. To measure the adoption rate of micro-irrigation
tribalism, inferior infrastructure, political preference, technologies on apple and grape orchards growers in
eliminate the female part in the decision-making Quetta district.
process. Agriculture sector is the prime standing as 3. To develop the material suggestion for the policy-
eminence figure for livelihood options for the rural makers and stakeholders regarding modern-micro-
masses. The department of agriculture provide the irrigation technologies.
advisory services for the stakeholders like farmers but
unsuccessful fruits of these effort did not ingathered as Methodology
yet (Mengal et al., 2012; Mengal et al., 2014).. That
indicate there was gap between technology Philosophy of research methodology one of the basic
dissemination and adoption process. Hereafter, part of any research enquiry either qualitative or
keeping in the view or opinion, present study was quantitative perspective.
carried out so as to elicit those areas whereby the
support with the term of adoption rate as dependent Target population
variable was determined. Therefore, present research
was concentrated to assess the adoption rate of micro- It is imperative to have an outline of the investigation
irrigation technologies on apple and grape orchards at step together with its demography measurements and
district Quetta Balochistan. wide range confirmation of the shared traits. This
examination was carried out in Quetta city. 100
Purpose of study respondents who adopted the modern irrigation
technique were purposively picked by utilizing the
Overall concentration of present study was to assess sample random sampling. The target population was
the adoption rate of micro-irrigation technologies on determine the table of Wunsch, (1986) for "sample
size form given population".

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

Questionnaire advancement was calculated so as to detect the perception

variations.
A comprehensive questionnaire was developed so as
to gather the data at field level. Results
Present study was determine the perceived perceptions
Data gathering
of the micro-irrigation techniques in purposively
district of Quetta due to the facts most of the modern
Face–to-face communication or process was deemed
irrigation techniques were install at field in the
to fit. Open ended interview as preferred to obtain the
respective district. In this regard, demographic
orchard grower shaving modern irrigation technique
information was also obtained and analysis with the
perceptions.
help of SPSS, so as to examine the perception of the
respondents about socio-economic condition, their
Analysis of information
profile and other pertinent information.
The data was analysis by utilizing the (SPSS)
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and t-test,

Table-1,Distribution of sample according to age.

S. No Educational level Frequency %

1. Up to 18 13 13.0
2. 19 to 30 19 19.0
3. 31 to 40 50 50.0
4. 41 and above 18 18.0
Total 100 100.0

Age composition was the imperative aspect of the 30. While 19-18% of the adoption of micro-irrigation
present study. In this regard, the data was collected at techniques (farmers) were having 19 to 30 and 41 and
field level. The results of table-1 shows that most above years of age respectively.
(50%) of the growers were fall in age category 19 to

Table-2,Distribution of sample according to educational profile.

S. No Educational level Frequency %

1. Illiterate 50 50.0
2. Matriculation 18 18.0
3. Intermediate 12 12.0
4. Graduation 9 9.0
5. Master 7 7.0
6. Others 4 4.0
Total 100 100.0

Education as encouragement tool was to bringing growers were perceived that they have matriculation
about desirable modification of human attitude. The certificate. While most (12%) of the growers were
outcome of the present study reveals that most (50%) perceived that they have Intermediate certificate. Only
of the growers were illiterate. Followed by 18% of the 7% of the growers having master degree.

Table-3,Distribution of sample according gender.

S. No Educational level Frequency %

1. Male 100 100.0
2. Female 00 00.0
Total 100 100.0
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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37
Most of the growers were of the view that they were
male as shown in table -3. In this regard, there were no
any female growers were go-out in the study area.
Table-4, Distribution of sample according to effectiveness of irrigation system.
S. No Educational level Frequency %
1. Water saving 39 39.0
2. Control of weeds 5 5.0
3. Enhanced yield 23 23.0
4. Reduction in plant protection measures 8 8.0
5. Improvement of irrigation efficiency 12 12.0
6. Saving in labour 5 5.0
7. Improvement in fertilizer use efficiency 8 8.0
Total 100 100.0
The growers were asked to deliver their perception 23%, improvement of irrigation efficiency 12%,
about the effectiveness of the irrigation system as reduction in plant protection measures 8%,
shown in table-4. Most of the growers were viewed improvement in fertilizer use efficiency 8%, control
that the water saved at 39%, enhancement of yield weed 5% and labour saving % separately.
Table-5,Distribution of sample according to their problem.
S. No Educational level Frequency %
1. Extension wing services 2 2.0
2. Insufficient after sale/installation service 20 20.0
3. Quality of the material 46 46.0
4. Lack of adequate technical knowledge 8 8.0
5. Clogging of drippers 5 5.0
6. Damage of plastic material 9 9.0
7. Life of the system 10 10.0
Total 100 100.0

Perceived perception regarding problem of system after sale/installation service 20%, damage of plastic
irrigation was determine by using the comprehensive material 20%, life of the system 10%, lack of adequate
questionnaire as shown in table-5. Most of the growers technical knowledge 8%, clogging of drippers 5% and
were perceived that they had problem in following extension services 2% respectively.
areas such as quality of the material 46%, insufficient

Figure-1, Distribution of sample according adopter and non- adopter growers

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

The results of figure-1 shows that majority (65%) of technology the remaining were 35% who did not
the growers were adopted the modern irrigation adopted the modern irrigation technology.

Table-6, Distribution of sample according different variables as items.

S. No Educational level Frequency %
1. Number of apple and grape orchards installed/connected with
9 9.0
micro-irrigation
2. Water requirement application of apple and grape orchards. 18 18.0
3. Water saving percentage of apple and grape orchards. 7 7.0
4. Ratio of adoption of micro-irrigation on apple and grape orchards
10 10.0
in Quetta District.
5. Micro-irrigation input cost / acre of apple and grape orchards. 12 12.0
6. Farmer’s views percentage of adoption of micro-irrigation. 8 8.0
7. Efficient ratio of micro-irrigated apple and grape orchards. 5 5.0
8. Yield/hectare of micro-irrigation adopted apple and grape
14 14.0
orchards.
9. Total area (in hectares) cultivated under micro-irrigation of apple
8 8.0
and grape orchard in Quetta District.
10. Total production (in tonnes) of apple and grape orchards
9 9.0
cultivated under micro-irrigation in District Quetta.
Total 100 100.0

Perceived perception regarding problem of system irrigation 9%, total production (in tonnes) of apple and
irrigation was determine by using the comprehensive grape orchards cultivated under micro-irrigation in
questionnaire as shown in table-6. Most of the growers District Quetta 9%, total area (in hectares) cultivated
were perceived that they various concepts about under micro-irrigation of apple and grape orchard in
irrigation related variables such as micro irrigation Quetta District 8%, farmer’s views percentage of
input cost / acre of apple and grape orchards.12%, adoption of micro-irrigation 8%, water saving
water requirement application of apple and grape percentage of apple and grape orchards 7% and
orchards.18%, yield/hectare of micro-irrigation efficient ratio of micro-irrigated apple and grape
adopted apple and grape orchards. 14%, ratio of orchards 5%.Life of the system 10%, lack of adequate
adoption of micro-irrigation on apple and grape technical knowledge 8%, clogging of drippers 5% and
orchards in Quetta District 14%, number of apple and extension services 2% respectively.
grape orchards installed/connected with micro-
Figure-2, Distribution of sample according adopter of modern irrigation growers

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 29-37

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DOI:10.22192/ijarbs.2018.05.06.003

How to cite this article:

Muhammad Waqar Akhtar Tareen, Ahmed Ali Mengal, Wahid Bakhsh Baloch, Khalil Ahmed Shahwani.
Naseer Ahmed Alizai, Muhammad Aslam Khawajakhal, Muhammad Azam Tareen, Akhtar Ahmed
Siddiqui. (2018). Assess the adoption rate of micro-irrigation technologies on apple and grape orchards: A
case study of district Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 5(6): 29-37.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2018.05.06.003

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