ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

Vice-Chancellor: Prof. Muhammad Ahmad P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi

AbdulAzeez, Bauchi State, Nigeria
B.Tech (Hons) Physics FUTY,
M.Sc (Unilbadan), FAX 077-542065
TELEGRAM: TELVARSITY
Ph.D (ATBU,Bauchi),
FNIP, MSESN Tel: 08063226489

HOD: Engr. DR. M. A. Bawa E-Mail:

MNSE, MNIMechE

Our Ref: ATBU/DMPE/IT/069

Date: 19th August , 2019.

Dear Sir/Madam,

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES II)

I shall be most delighted by your kind consideration for industrial training in your ultra-modern
and reputable organization for the bearer SEGUN JOSEPH OPAYEMI with registration number
15/39935D/2 who is a 400 level student of the Mechanical and Production Engineering
Department.

He is academically proficient, trustworthy and can work with superiors and colleagues, showing
mutual respect at all times.

It is the requirement of the University and Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria
(COREN) that all students in higher institutions of learning must of necessity undergo a
compulsory period of industrial training with a reputable and accredited organization in order to
satisfy the university requirements.

It is in furtherance of this objective that a place is sought with your organization. The period of
training is six (6) months commencing from October, 2019.

We rely very much on your kind assistance and cooperation.Abstract— One of the most important
component in

mechanical is Gear for the transmission of power with ease

and with less friction. Its main aim is to transfer torque from
one shaft to other. There are different kinds of gears namely

spur gear, helical gears, worm gears etc. Gear drives are

used for different kinds of machines like automobiles, metal

cutting tools, material handling equipment’s, rolling mills,

marine power plants etc. The friction and other losses in this

type of power transmission equipment is comparatively very

low. In this work a software called “MATLAB” is used to

design a Spur Gear. MATLAB is widely used for lot of

research purposes for obtaining accurate results and it has

got a lot of built in functions which makes it versatile. It is a

user friendly one and when executed it ask the inputs and

performs the necessary design calculations and gives

necessary output values. As computers are used to perform

the task of gear design becomes simple, friendly and error

free.

Key words: MATLAB, Spur Gear

I. INTRODUCTION

A Gear defined as the mechanical element used for

transmitting power and rotary motion from one shaft to

another by means of progressive engagement of projections

called teeth. Spur Gears use no intermediate link or

connector and transmit the motion by direct contact. The

two bodies have either a rolling or a sliding motion along

the tangent at the point of contact. No motion is possible

along the common normal as that will either break the

contact or one body will tend to penetrate into the other.

Thus, the load application is gradual which results in low

impact stresses and reduction in noise. Therefore, the spur

gears are used in transmitting power with very less friction

losses.

A. Gears

Imagine two disks are placed side by side, tangent to each

other (both touching), if one disk was rotated, due to friction

(caused by surface roughness) the other disk would also

rotate (in the opposite direction) however, slippage would be

introduced due to variation in the surface roughness. Now if

we were to increase that surface roughness by cutting the

disks and forming teeth on the circumference (circular outer

part) then slippage would be eliminated. As a result, we

would have one of the most important fundamental

mechanical devices, which can manipulate speed, torque and

rotational axis. Almost all machines that involve rotation

have gears. Gears are found in everything from cars to

clocks.

B. Requirement of Gear:

Gears have neat characteristics which aid in the

development of complex machineries: Gears can transmit

power with very less friction loss. Gears can reverse the

direction of rotation. It can change the speed or torque

(turning force) of rotation. It can transfer rotation to a

different axis or translate rotational into linear motion or

vice versa

C. Classification of Gears
The basic classification of gears includes the following

types, they are

 Spur gear

 Helical gear

 Worm gear etc.

1) Spur Gear

Gear having straight teeth cut on the rim, parallel to the axis

of rotation. Most common & cost-effective type of gear.

Designed to transmit motion & power between parallel

shafts, which rotates in the opposite direction. Plastic, brass,

steel, & aluminum are the materials generally used for

manufacturing. Electric screwdrivers, oscillating sprinklers,

windup alarm clocks, washing machines, clothe dryers &

conveyors are just a few everyday machines where spur

gears are used. Spur gears are also used in construction

equipment's machine tools, marine hoists, turbine drives,

multi-spindle drives, indexing equipment’s& roller feeds.

II. ABOUT MATLAB

MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is an interactive system for

matrix-based computation, designed for scientific and

engineering use. MATLAB is a high performance language

for technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in

familiar mathematical notations

1) Typically uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development

 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

 Data analyzing, exploration and visualization

 Scientific and engineering graphics

 Application development including graphical user

interface building.

MATLAB is a software package for high-performance

numerical computation and visualization. It provides an

interactive environment with hundreds of built-in functions

for technical computation, graphics, and animation. Best of

all, it also provides easy extensibility with its own high-level

programming language. MATLAB is an interactive system

whose basic data element is an array that does not requires

dimensioning. This allows solving many technical

computing problems especially those with matrix and

vectoring foundation.

Thank you,

Yours faithfully,
GEAR NOMENCLATURE

Fig. 1: Gear Nomenclature

IV. MATRIX OPERATORS

MATLAB has several operators for our use.

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Matrix multiplication

/ Division

^ Exponentiation

.* term-by-term multiplication.

. / term-by term division

. Term-by term exponentiation

>> MATLAB prompt

A. Spur Gear Design Procedure:

1) From the statement of problem, note down the power to

be transmitted, pinion, speed, gear ratio, life of gear drive

and other working conditions.

2) Based on the transmitting power and gear ratio, select a

suitable material. Usually the pinion is subjected to more

loading cycles then gear and hence the material selected for

pinion should be strong than gear material.

3) Note the design surface compressive stress and bending

stress for the selected material from design data book (or)

find them by using the formula.

Or

And

for rotation in one direction only.

for rotation in both directions.

4) Based on Surface Compressive Stress, Determine the

Minimum Center Distance Required for the Gear Drive As

√{

For 20 degree pressure angle

√{

For 14.5 degree pressure angle

In the above expression

a= Center distance

i= Gear ratio=
(i+1) for external gearing and (i-1) for internal gearing

= Design torque

Where

is the normal twisting moment and is obtained

from the power as,

P=

P = power in Watts.

= speed in rpm of pinion.

= Normal twisting moment in N-m.

Initially may be assumed as 1.3.

And

E = Equivalent young’s modules

The design stress

to be substituted in the above

expression should be the minimum value, and usually

formula based on 20 degrees pressure angle is preferred.

5) Based on Beam Strength or Bending Stress, Determine

the Minimum Module As

Where

= Design bending stress which should be the minimum

value.

(Initially assumed)

= Number of teeth on pinion (usually selected from 14 to

20 initially)

y = from factor corresponding to (PSG).

6) After calculating the minimum module, select the next

standard module from table (PSG).

7) Then correct the number of teeth on pinion using the

standard module and minimum Centre distance as

8) Similarly finalize the Centre distance using standard

module and corrected number of pinion teeth as

9) Find out the pitch circle diameters for pinion and gear

as and where

Also the Centre distance “a” is equal to

10) Find the face width “b” as b= (or)

and Adopt the higher value.

11) Calculate the pitch line velocity using

m/s

and also note the values of load concentration factor (k) and

the dynamic load factor from PSG based on (

) ratio

and pitch line velocity and evaluate the actual transmitted

torque as

12) Then determine the induced surface compressive stress

and bending stress as

)√

For 20 degrees pressure angle

And

(Here y=form factor for corrected

13) Evaluate the other parameters of gear such as

addendum, dedendum, tip circle diameter, root circle

diameter, circular pitch etc… as follows

Addendum =

Dedendum=

Where =Height factor

=1 for full depth teeth

=0.8 for stub teeth

C= clearance factor

= 0.25 for full depth

= 0.3 for stub teeth

Tip circle diameter= Pitchcirclediameter+(2*Addendum)

Root circle diameter=Pitch circle diameter-(2*Dedendum)

Tooth height= Addendum+Dedendum

Working depth=2*Addendum

Clearance= Dedendum- Addendum

Circular pitch=

B. Design of Spur Gear using Matlab

In this present work we designed a matlab code and a matlab

script file is developed to design a spur gear and its involute

profile. Inputs used in this work are Speed, Power, Gear

ratio, Life and we get the outputs as Number of teeth, pitch

circle diameter, Face width, Module, Tip circle diameter etc.

C. Matlab Simulation Program:

P=input('Enter the value for power in Watts =')

N=input('Enter the value of input speed =')

i=input('Enter the value of gear ratio =')

L=input('Enter the value for life =')

T=(P*60)/(2*pi*N)

sprintf('The normal twisting moment is T =%f',T)

KKd=1.3

Mt=T*KKd*1000

sprintf('The value of for design torque is Mt =%f',Mt)

Z1=input('Enter the no of teeth on gear =')% Assume Z1>17

Z2=i*Z1
sprintf('The no of teeth on pinion is Z2 =%f',Z2)

Eeq=input('Enter the equivalent Young's modulus from

design data book pg 8.14 = ')

Sc=input('enter the value of design surface compressive

stress from design data book =')

Sb=input('enter the value of design bending stress from

design data book =')

Q=0.3

a=(i+1)*((0.74/Sc)^2*((Eeq*Mt)/(i*Q)))^(1/3)

sprintf('The centre distance is %f=',a)

m=(2*a)/(Z1+Z2)

sprintf('The value of module m =%f',m)

M=input('enter the standard module from design data book

pg 8.1 = ')

sprintf('The standard module M =%f',M)

A=M*(Z1+Z2)/2

sprintf('The Revised centre distance A =%f',A)

B=10*M

sprintf('The value of facewidth B =%f',B)

D1=M*Z1

sprintf('The pitch circle diameter of wheel D1 =%f',D1)

D2=M*Z2

sprintf('The pitch circle diameter of wheel D2 =%f',D2)

sprintf('THE BASIC DIMENSIONS OF SPUR GEARS')

sprintf('The no of tooth on wheel Z1 =%f',Z1)

sprintf('The no of tooth on piniomZ2 =%f',Z2)

sprintf('The standard module M =%f',M)

sprintf('The pitch circle diameter of wheel D1 =%f',D1)

sprintf('The pitch circle diameter of pinion D2 =%f',D2)

sprintf('The value of centre distance A =%f',A)

sprintf('The value of facewidth B =%f',B)The output gear parameters obtained through this
software

are as follows

Number of tooth on pinion Z1.

Number of tooth on wheel Z2.

Standard module M.

Pitch circle diameter on pinion D1.

Pitch circle diameter on wheel D2.

Face width B.

Center distance A.

VI. CONCLUSION

The basic dimensions required for designing a Spur Gear

were obtained with help of Matlab software and the given

outputs also suggest that the designed Spur Gear is safe or

not.

REFERENCES

[1] Shigley, J.E. and Uicker,J.J.,Theory of machines and

mechanisms,McGraw-Hill, 1986.

[2] R.S. KHURMI and J.K. GUPTA, Theory of machine‟,

S. Chand publications, Edition 16 reprint (2008),

pp.382-397.
[3] RudraPratap,’Getting started with MATLAB, Oxford

university Press, updated for Version 7.8 (2009).

[4] “Machine Design” by S.Md.Jalaludeen,

AnuradhaPublications(2009).

[5] “Design Data Hand Book for Mechanical Engineers”

By K.Mahadevan&K.Balaveera Reddy
Engr. A U. BABUJE

IT Placement Officer DMPE