A SPECIFIER’S

GUIDE TO STRUCTURAL
STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

www.promat.com.au
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, steel framed construction has steadily gained momentum across Australia. Numerous large scale, multi-storey
projects employing structural steel have already been completed around the country, and the University of Wollongong reports that
we have only just begun to scratch the surface of steel frame technology.i The increasing popularity of the construction method is
the result of many factors, but is mainly attributable to its durability, design flexibility, speed of construction, and resistance to rust,
rot, and degradation over time.ii

As steel framed construction continues to gain ground, it is crucial that specifiers follow best practice with regard to its usage,
particularly in terms of fire protection. As a consequence of the recent high profile Grenfell and Lacrosse tower disasters, the
construction industry is acutely aware of the risk of fire in multi-storey developments. Although in both instances aluminium
composite cladding panels were ultimately responsible for the fire, the cases nonetheless highlight the importance of ensuring
that where required, all construction materials offer adequate protection against fire.

Where required in this whitepaper, we set out the fire protection considerations that must be taken into account when specifying
steel for use in steel framed systems. We also provide an overview of three key passive fire protection systems: spray applied
vermiculite sprays, board encasement systems, and intumescent coatings.

In practical terms, failure to

ensure the adequate fire protection
of steel may lead to the collapse of
a building in the event of a fire.

UNDERSTANDING THE RISKS

In accordance with the Deemed to Satisfy provisions of
Specification C1.1 of the National Construction Code (NCC),
steel must meet the Fire Resistance Level (FRL) corresponding
with the type and class of construction. The NCC divides
construction into “Class 1” through to “Class 10” dependent
on use, and Types A, B, and C dependent on height. FRLs
may vary significantly between buildings of different classes
and types. If you are unsure of the FRL required for your
project, consult your building certifier or Authority Having
Jurisdiction (AHJ).

The inclusion of fire performance requirements for steel in

the NCC reflects the very real risk that fire presents to steel.
Steel softens at temperatures of 1000OCiii and begins to lose
its design margin of safety at temperatures of around 550OC
– this is problematic, since most high-rise fires tend to burn
at around 593OCiv.

As temperatures increase, the strength of steel decreases

significantly. At 600OC, it has an effective yield strength
factor of 0.47, whereas at 800OC it has an effective yield
strength factor of 0.11. In practical terms, this means that
failure to ensure the adequate fire protection of steel may
lead to the collapse of a building in the event of a fire.
BEST PRACTICE FOR STEEL MINIMUM INFORMATION
PROTECTION SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFICATION
While it is important to work closely with an experienced Before specifying fire protection for steel,
supplier who can provide guidance and, if necessary, a fit- it is necessary to ascertain the following:
for-purpose system that meets the relevant building code
requirements, it is important to understand the basic • The steel serial size, or the designated profile
principles entailed in specifying steel. and dimensions of the member in question.

Key Considerations • The number of exposed sides that the member

will have. For example, a freestanding column will have
The critical temperature, or ‘default limiting temperature’, four exposed sides, whereas a beam topped by a
of steel is the temperature at which the structural member concrete slab or abutted against a wall will have three sides.
will collapse due to the effects of fire.v In Australia, the most
commonly used default limiting temperatures are 550OC for • The FRL that must be met, in accordance with
4-sided applications and 620OC for three-sided composite the classifications provided by the NCC.
structures.vi The higher the critical temperature, the lower the
requirement for additional fire protection. • If available, the critical temperature or design
load used by the structural engineer in their design.
The sizing of structural members must also be taken into
account. As a rule of thumb, larger steel members will require
less protection than their smaller counterparts, offering
significant cost and labour savings in terms of fire protection
measures. For example, a 100 x 100 x 4mm steel hollow section
will require an estimated 75% more protection than a steel
hollow section with the dimensions 100 x 100 x 9mm.

The section factor of the steel must be calculated to facilitate

specification of the correct material thickness required to
achieve the given FRL. Essentially, it measures the speed
at which a steel section heats up when exposed to flames
and heat. Section factor can be calculated using one of two
equations: Exposed Surface Area to Mass ratio (ESA/m) or
Heated Perimeter over Area (Hp/A). The fire protection thickness
requirement increases as ESA/m and Hp/A values rise.vii
PASSIVE FIRE STEEL PROTECTION
There are three main types of passive fire steel protection, They are more costly than vermiculite sprays, but can be
a category of fire protection that contains a fire at its point of used to meet FRL requirements up to 240/-/-.
origin and prevents it from spreading. The three types, which
are given below, may be used separately, though certain Intumescent coating systems are fire-rated coating systems
environments will require a combination of two or more. that can be applied directly to properly prepared steel structural
members. The systems comprises a primer, intumescent,
Spray applied vermiculite sprays are cost effective protective and top coat and all three layers need to be compatible with
coatings that can be applied rapidly by specialist applicators. each other and with the final environment in which they will be
The coatings have a low grade, off-the-gun finish and are located. They can be used to achieve a high degree of finish
thus ideal for situations that do not require an architectural where the exposure of structural steel is required. Extremely cost
finish and where cost and speed are critical. Spray applied efficient, intumescent paint can achieve an FRL up to 60/-/- in
vermiculite sprays can meet FRL requirements up to 240/-/-. just one or two coats, depending on the accuracy of calculations
and the exposure of the member in question. Higher FRLs up to
Board encasement systems are a type of fireproof cladding 120/-/- can also be achieved with the application of extra coats.
that completely encloses structural steel members and
allows for the installation of windows, doors, and walls Intumescent coatings work by expanding when heat is
directly adjacent to encased members. Ideal for achieving applied to them. The expanding paint forms an insulating
a high quality, architectural grade finish, board encasement layer of fire resistant char which in turn keeps the temperature
systems facilitate perfect colour matching with surrounding of the steel down. This expansion is critical to the performance
ceiling and wall surfaces. As they are factory manufactured, of the system, so while the initial installation of the product is
fireproof boards ensure uniform thickness and thus adequate very thin, there does need to be space around the member to
protection, unlike intumescent paints and vermiculite sprays, allow for this expansion. This can mean that for certain types of
which may be susceptible to user error in terms of uneven installation – such as where window frames or walls will abut
or inadequate application of product. the member – an intumescent coating will not be suitable.
CONCLUSION
For over six decades, Promat has been a global leader in efficient when correctly applied. Choose CAFCO® 300 for
sophisticated fire science technologies. In Australia, the Promat internal applications and CAFCO FENDOLITE® MII for outdoor
brand is synonymous with reliable, outstanding fire performance use or other harsh environments that are exposed to moisture,
for a breadth of sectors and project types and is considered an chemicals, blasts, or jetfire.
expert in passive fire protection. Promat’s drive for innovation
is paired with a world-leading research and development PROMATECT board encasement systems are ideal for
department that harnesses design expertise and the latest maximising space in compact installation environments.
technology to develop cutting edge solutions for protection Offering a sleek single layer, frameless system, PROMATECT®
against fire, smoke, fumes, and heat. 250 combines a streamlined contemporary style with high
functionality.
A strong focus on environmental, health, and safety (EHS)
has endured throughout the company’s history, and informs PROMATECT’s smooth surface finish can be skimmed and
everything from creating a safe working environment for all painted to the highest level of finish, granting designers a
employees to measuring, monitoring, and improving on EHS degree of flexibility unmatched by other fire protection methods.
performance. The economical board significantly reduces material and labour
costs compared with competing products, and is suitable for
Promat has developed solutions in each of the three major achieving FRLs up to 120/-/-. For higher FRLs, PROMATECT® L
passive fire steel protection categories, and has processes is recommended.
for seamlessly interfacing two or more into one project.
CAFCO SPRAYFILM intumescent coatings have a proven
CAFCO vermiculite sprays are favoured around the world for track record around the world. A popular choice thanks to
their reliability and durability. Globally, they have protected its cost efficiency and versatility, CAFCO SPRAYFILM® WB3
more than 4 million square metres of steel from fire, and are a combined with Dulux Protective Coatings provide a fully
popular and well-established system in Australia for their rapid, warranted and compatible system with enhanced performance
straightforward application process. The low-density sprays and aesthetic characteristics by way of corrosion protection
add minimal load to steel structures and are highly cost and decorative and protective topcoats.
REFERENCES
i
McPherson, Tahlia. “The future of housing: building with steel.” University of Wollongong’s The Stand. November 21, 2017.
Accessed February 13, 2018. http://stand.uow.edu.au/building-with-steel/.
ii
Leimac Building Company. “Why the timber and steel frame building is the best option.” Leimac Building Company. August 12, 2015.
Accessed February 13, 2018. http://leimacbuilding.com.au/why-the-timber-and-steel-frame-building-is-a-great-option/.
iii
National Institute of Standards and Technology. “National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Federal Building and Fire Safety
Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (August 30, 2006).” NIST. September 21, 2016.
Accessed February 13, 2018. https://www.nist.gov/pba/national-institute-standards-and-technology-nist-federal-building-and-fire-safety-
investigation.
iv
SkySaver. “How Hot Can Fire Get?” How Hot Can Fire Get? | SkySaver Rescue Backpacks. December 1, 2015.
Accessed February 13, 2018. https://skysaver.com/blog/how-hot-is-fire/.
v
BCSA, Steel for Life, and SCI. “Design using structural fire standards.” Steelconstruction.info.
Accessed February 13, 2018. https://www.steelconstruction.info/Design_using_structural_fire_standards#Steelwork_strength_in_fire.
vi
Promat UK. The Passive Fire Protection Handbook. Bristol: Etex Building Performance Limited, 2017.
vii
Promat Middle East. Structural Steel Section Factor: General Guidelines. Dubai: Etex Building Performance Limited, n.d.

www.promat.com.au