Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Philippines is an island republic in the Western Pacific ocean. It is located in Southeast Asia

and is composed of 7,107 islands with the land area of 300, 000 sq.km. And 32, 400 km. Of

discontinuous coastline. Moreover, the country is located just north of the equator which gives it

a moderate tropical climate for the cultivation of crops such as coconut and pineapple, making

agriculture the backbone of the country’s economy.

The strikes of changing climate in the Philippine affects the economies of the various sectors of

the Filipino community. The aim of this paper is to provide an informative context to climate

change and to raise awareness on the impact of climate change, mitigation and adaptation

strategies.

In response to the global phenomena of climate change, the Philippine Government enacted the

Climate Change Act of 2009 ( Republic Act 9729 ) that provides the policy framework in

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addressing the growing treats of climate change to community life and environment through the

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change ( NFSCC ). This framework has been

translated into a National Climate Change Action Plan ( NCCAP ) 2011-2028 with strategic

priorities along the following thematic outcomes: food securities, water sufficiency, ecosystem,

environmental stability, human security, climate-smart industries and services, sustainable energy

and capacity development.

Climate change, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming

scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil

fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat

within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising sea

levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more susceptible to wildfires.

The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, which

emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—primarily carbon dioxide. Other human activities,

such as agriculture and deforestation, also contribute to the proliferation of greenhouse gases that

cause climate change.

According to the IPCC (2007), climate change is the primary concern of international

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organizations and government institutions because of it's great impacts on the different sectors

such as agriculture , health, ecosystems and biodiversity. Researchers consider the Philippines as

a subject to the adverse impacts of climate change. It is one of the world’s most natural

disaster-prone countries due to a combination of high incidence typhoons, floods, landslides,

droughts, volcanoes, earthquakes and the country’s considerable vulnerability to these hazards.

In their recent study Jabines and Inventor ( 2007) , consider the Philippines as one of climate

hotspot because of it's geographical features, slow economic development and un proper use of

natural resources. Study made by Amodore ( 2005 ) sum up the impacts of climate change that

have occured in the Philippines. These are the extreme climate events such as frequent occurance

of severe El Niño and La Niña, deadly typhoons, floods, landslides , drought , etc. All of these

extreme climate events have one thing in common – the persistent and heavy rains, landslides

and flash floods, killing large number of people and destroying properties and environment.

Because of this alarming threat of the adverse effects of climate change in people’s lives

warrants a comprehensive strategic planning on the part of policy and decision makers. Climate

change is a very serious problem not only in the Philippines but in the whole world. This suggest

that we should act to minimize or to prevent the effect of climate change.

Also, according to the Fifth Assessment Report ( 2014 ) of IPCC“...effects on natural and human

systems primarily of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. It generally

refers to effects on lives, livelihoods, health ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services,

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and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate changes or hazardous climate events

occurring within the specific time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system.

Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts of climate change on

geophysical systems, including floods, droughts, and sea level rise, are a subset of impacts called

physical impacts”

The impacts of climate change are a chain of interrelated events that affect the overall resiliency

of the natural ecosystem and people defending on their environmental services.

Many harmful gases cause different health problems to human beings. Gases such as carbon

dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed from exhaust gases by different

methods. Greenhouse gases allow shortwave radiations to pass through the earth’s atmosphere

and heat the land and oceans. The long wave radiations emitted from earth surface cannot pass

through atmosphere due to these greenhouse gases. This phenomenon leads to greenhouse effect.

Many investigators have carried out studies on greenhouse gases, their effect and control.

Current review summarizes research and studies and greenhouse gases. The greenhouse effect

often gets a bad rap because of its association with global warming, but the truth is we couldn't

live without it. The greenhouse effect was discovered by French mathematician Joseph Fourier in

1824 and reliably experimented on by Irish physicist John Tyndall in 1858 and reported by

Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius 1896 quantitatively. Life on earth depends on energy from
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the sun. About 30 per cent of the sunlight that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer

atmosphere and scattered back into space. The rest 70 per cent reaches the earth's surface and is

reflected back again as a type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation. Most of that heat

caused by infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases. They can capture outgoing

infrared energy from the earth because these gases having the molecules with three or more

atoms.

Hence, when that energy/heat in the atmosphere warms up the surroundings, it is known as the

Greenhouse Effect. Thus the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process by which thermal

radiation from a planetary earth’s surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is

re-radiated in all directions. In fact, the greenhouse gases make up only about 1 per cent of the

Earth's atmosphere, which regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a kind of

warm-air blanket that surrounds the planet. This phenomenon is actually the greenhouse effect.

The concentrations of greenhouse gases are varied in atmosphere and determined by the balance

between sources (emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems) and sinks (the

removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound).

The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time (normally a

year) is the airborne fraction (AF). More precisely that is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in

a given year to that year’s total emissions. For example airborne fraction of CO2 emissions in the

past 50 years (1959–2008) that remains in the atmosphere each year. As per carbon cycle models

it is concluded that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO2 by the carbon sinks

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in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO2 sinks are highly uncertain, but

they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO2 levels. It is therefore crucial

to reduce the uncertainties.(Zulfequar Ahmad Khan (2011)).

Subsequently, the fact is that the greenhouse gases having three atoms, such as water vapor,

ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO), and also trace quantities

of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) can have a disproportionately large effect on the average

temperature of the earth. Anyhow earth’s natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it

possible. However, human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and deforestations,

have greatly intensified the natural greenhouse effect, causing global warming.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to gather data that will be using to the formulation of the

climate change action plan in Brgy. Apolong in Valencia, Brgy. Butong in Manjuyod, and Brgy.

Gincalaban in Tayasan, Negros Oriental.

1. Population density of each Barangay:

1.1 Total population

1.2 Total residential area

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 1.3 Number of household

2. Residential Status

2.1 Percentage of informal settler households or families

2.2 Percentage of families, living in poverty

3. Livestock

4. Electricity consumption

5. Transportation

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers want to know the total amount of greenhouse gas emission of the various

factors from the different barangays in the Province of Negros Oriental. They want to identify

which among the factors greatly contributes to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and to make

a satisfactory climate change action plan. The barangays included in the study are Brgy. Apolong,

Valencia, Brgy. Butong, Manjuyod, Brgy. Gincalaban, Tayasan Negros Oriental.

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 Barangay Officials. As a leader in there barangay, they should be aware of the problems

occurs within the community. They must plan and implement rules that can solve with regards to

the concerns of the citizens in order to ensure their welfare.

Residents. It is important to educate people in terms of the causes of different calamities

that we experienced today, due to the environmental activities which greatly affects climate

change specifically those who are living in the Brgy. Apolong in Valencia, Brgy. Butong in

Manjuyod and Brgy. Gincalaban in Tayasan, Negros Oriental, which are under study.

Other researchers. The outcomes of this study may help to address the problem of climate

change, to further develop other relevant studies about climate change. Also the outcomes can

help other researchers who want to pursue a research relevant to this studies.

1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is focused on the factors that contribute to the formulation of an action plan. As

climate change greatly affects people and its environment. The respondents are the people who

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 live in the barangays under study. A survey questionnaire where given to 100 households in

every barangay to answer the given question relevant to the study. The variables that the

researchers want to identify are on the use of gasoline per day, consumed electricity on the

months of January and June, and the number of livestock present. Also the survey instrument ask

for the every households monthly income.

1.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Climate Change

Factors that Influences to the Impacts of Climate Change:

Emission of Greenhouse Gas: 1. Extreme Flooding
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1. Population 2. Storms
2. Number of Livestock 3. Lesser Extent heat-waves
3. Electricity Consumption 4. Drought
 Integrated Plan Approaches to
Climate Change and Disaster Risks:

1. Adaptation

2. Mitigation

3. Disaster Risks Reduction

1.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

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Adaptation - is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected

climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits benefit opportunities.

Carbon Dioxide - is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon

dioxide (CO2) came from burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas from industries and

cars.

Climate - is the statistics of weather over long periods of time. It is measured by assessing the

patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation,

atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods

of time.

Climate change - is a long-term changes temperature and precipitation. Also the change in the

statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.

Methane - is a powerful greenhouse gas that is found in small quantities in Earth's

atmosphere. Methane (CH4) is come from natural sources such as wetlands and from man-made

sources such as agriculture, and landfills and waste from homes and business establishments.

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Domestic livestock such as cattle, sheep, swine, goats and etc. that produce large amounts of CH4

as part of their normal digestive process.

Mitigation (CH4) - is an action that will reduce man-made climate change.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N ₂O. At

room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At

elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.

Population Density - is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume.

Weather - is an atmospheric condition at a particular place in terms of air temperature, pressure,

humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. Weather varies from place to place and across the globe

and is measured in short time periods.

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 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This section introduce a related studies acquired from preceding studies. This will give

support and concrete evidences that would explain further the scope of this research.

2.1 Related Literature

2.1.1 Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Cities

Many of the decisions relating to future urban development require information on climate

change risks to cities. This review of the academic and “grey” literature provides an overview

assessment of the state of the art in the quantification and valuation of climate risks at the

city-scale. We find that whilst a small number of cities, mostly in OECD countries, have derived

quantitative estimates of the costs of climate change risks under alternative scenarios, this form

of analysis is in its infancy. The climate risks most frequently addressed in existing studies are

associated with sea-level rise, health and water resources. Other sectors such as energy, transport,

and built infrastructure remain less studied. The review has also undertaken a case study to

examine the progress in two cities – London and New York – which are relatively advanced in

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the assessment of climate risks and adaptation. The case studies show that these cities have

benefited from stakeholder engagement at an early stage in their risk assessments. They have

also benefited from the development of specific institutional responsibilities for co-ordinating

such research from the outset. This involvement has been critical in creating momentum and

obtaining resources for subsequent in-depth analysis of sectoral impacts and adaptation needs..

While low cost climate down-scaling applications would be useful in future research, the greatest

priority is to develop responses that can work within the high future uncertainty of future climate

change, to build resilience and maintain flexibility. This can best be used within the context of

established risk management practices.

Built Environment and Infrastructure

The main potential vulnerability of the built environment to climate change is from extreme

events; including floods and storms, and to a lesser extent heat-waves and drought (Jollands et. al.

2005). Storms are currently the costliest weather events in the developed world and some

research, undertaken principally by the insurance sector, quantifies the potential future costs of

climate change. For example, ABI (2005) estimated that by the 2080s there would be a 75%

increase in costs of insured damage in a severe hurricane season in the USA, a 65% increase in

costs of insured damage in a severe hurricane season in Japan, and a 5% increase in wind-related

insured losses from extreme European storms, considering only climate change. Nordhaus (2006)
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assessed the economic impacts of U.S. hurricanes (on the Miami coast and New Orleans) and

estimated that the average annual hurricane damage could increase by $8 billion at 2005 incomes

(0.06 percent of GDP) due to the intensification effect of a CO 2 -equivalent doubling alone, in a

future, non-specified, time period.

Energy

Energy demand is linked to climatic conditions; with climate change there is likely to be a

decrease in the demand for winter heating, but an increase is summer cooling, though the scale of

these effects is strongly determined by the climatic zone and socio-economic conditions. Indeed,

some integrated assessment models (se Downing et al 2005) find that energy demand is the most

important economic impact at the global aggregated scale. However, the net effects vary

significantly at continental and even country level. For example, in Europe, there are projected to

be strong increases in cooling demand in summer particularly in the south, but reduced heating

demand in winter, particularly in the north (EEA, 2007b). Similar results are reported for the US,

(Hadley et al 2006) and Japan (IPCC, 2001). Moreover, these changes may be exacerbated by the

types of energy sources used, since whilst winter heating demand is more associated with

primary fossil fuel use, summer cooling is associated with electricity demand, which may lead to

additional GHG emissions, depending upon the fuel type for generation.

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Health

Climate change is likely to affect human health, either directly from the physiological effects

of heat and cold, or indirectly, through, for example, the increased transmission of food-borne or

vector-borne pathogens, or effects on well being from flooding. There are estimates of the global

effects on health

from climate change by world region, notably the WHO global burden of disease (McMichael,

2005). However, whilst there are likely to be increases in heat related mortality, these need to be

balanced against the reduction in cold related mortality that will also occur with climate change.

Indeed, there is some uncertainty over the net effects - the sum of heat and cold effects - for

developed countries, and the distribution of costs and benefits across more temperate world

regions (Confalonieri et al, 2007).

Water

Climate change has the potential to affect water demand, as well as water availability and

water quality. Increases in average atmospheric temperature will accelerate the rate of

evaporation and potential the demand for cooling water in human settlements (IPCC, 2001),

which could increase overall per capital water demand. However, water supplies may increase or

decrease - depending on the change in precipitation and the level of temperature change

projected. It will also depend on future socio-economic development and whether any additional

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supply can be captured or produced, for example, through desalinisation treatment, noting the

latter’s high energy requirement.

Changes in water demand have, to date, depended strongly on economic growth and societal

development. Economic sectors which are projected to be most affected in relation to climate

change are: agriculture (changes in demand for irrigation), energy (changes in hydropower

potential and issues of cooling water availability), health (changes in water quality), recreation

(changes to water-linked tourism), fisheries and navigation, and potential effects on biodiversity

(EEA, 2007c). Wilbanks et. al. (2007) highlight that any change in climate that reduces

precipitation and impairs underground water resource replenishment would be a very serious

concern for many settlements, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, in regions dependent on

snow pack and glaciers, and in settlements with human-induced water scarcity. Water quality

may also deteriorate in areas where river flow decreases.

Other Impacts

With projected increases in income and leisure time, the global tourism industry is

anticipated to continue to grow. There are existing studies of changes in regional and global

tourist flows resulting from climate change. Hamilton and Tol, (2006), using a temperature-based

index of attractiveness, report that under a range of socio-economic and climate scenarios, the

number of inbound tourists increases for most developed countries. Population growth and

economic growth in the rest of the world are projected to bring about this shift in balance whilst
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climate change acts to increase the rate of growth for in-bound tourism in developed countries,

where temperatures are likely to be less extreme. There are also projected to be changes in

domestic tourism particularly in developed countries. Other factors are also likely to play a role

in influencing visitor number in practice. For example, water shortages due to extended droughts

may act with other effects, notably high summer temperatures, to affect tourism flows in the

southeast Mediterranean where the largest demand from tourism coincides with the least

availability of water resources in absolute terms. More frequent and intense heat-wave conditions

may also dissuade visitors away from parts of southern Europe during the summer. Coastal-based

tourism may also be negatively affected by increased coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise.

There are also potential impacts on urban ecosystems or biodiversity, as well as nearby natural

resources which could affect recreational opportunities and other ecosystem services. Such

effects, however, have received relatively little attention in the literature and few city based

studies have been undertaken. An exception is that for Singapore (Ng and Mendelsohn, 2006)

which estimated the economic impact of sea-level rise on land that bears no market prices,

including beaches, marshes and mangroves, using non-market monetary valuation techniques.

They find that local inhabitants attach considerable value to beaches and natural resources, and

that protecting such land, whilst found to have sizeable costs, and being potentially harmful to

some natural resources, is justified on the grounds of economic efficiency. Wilby and Perry

(2006) provide a more comprehensive though qualitative overview of the potential impacts of

climate change on urban biodiversity in London. They highlight the importance of four threats to

the biodiversity in the city: competition from exotic species; the squeeze on salt marsh habitats
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from rising sea levels; the effect of drought on wetlands, and; the changing phenology of

different species as earlier springs occur more frequently.

2.1.2 Mitigating Climate Change by Planting Trees: Tree Facts

Trees helps our soil remain healthy by reducing soil erosion and by creating a soil climate

suitable for microorganism to grow. Also trees helps to improve our air quality. Heat from the

earth is trapped in the atmosphere due to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other

heat-trapping gases that prohibit it from releasing the heat into space. This creates a phenomenon

known today as the “greenhouse effect.” Therefore, trees help by removing (sequestering) CO2

from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to form carbohydrates that are used in plant

structure/function and return oxygen back into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Roughly half of

the greenhouse effect is caused by CO2. Therefore, trees act as carbon sinks, alleviating the

greenhouse effect. On average, one acre of new forest can sequester about 2.5 tons (2267.96

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kilograms) of carbon annually. Young trees absorb CO2 at a rate of 13 pounds (5.8967 kilograms)

per tree each year. Trees reach their most productive stage of carbon storage at about 10 years at

which point they are estimated to absorb 48 pounds (21.7724 kilograms) of CO2 per year. At that

rate, they release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support two human beings.

Planting 100 million trees could reduce an estimated 18 million tons of carbon per year. Trees

also reduce the greenhouse effect by shading houses and office buildings. This reduces the need

for air conditioning by up to 30 percent which in turn reduces the amount of fossil fuels burned

to produce electricity. The combination of CO2 removal from the atmosphere, carbon storage in

wood and the cooling effect makes trees extremely efficient tools in fighting the greenhouse

effect. Planting trees remains one of the most cost-effective means of drawing excess CO2 from

the atmosphere.

If every American family planted one tree, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would be

reduced by one billion pounds annually. This equates to almost 5 percent of the amount that

human activity pumps into the atmosphere each year. It is estimated by the U.S. Forest Service

that all the forests in the United States, combined, sequestered approximately 309 million tons of

carbon each year from 1952 - 1992, offsetting approximately 25 percent of human-caused

emissions of carbon during that period.

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The Worldwatch Institute, in its Reforesting the Earth paper, estimated that the earth needs at

least 321 million acres of trees planted just to restore and maintain the productivity of soil and

water resources, annually remove 780 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere and meet

industrial and fuel wood needs in the third world. For every ton of new-wood growth, about 1.5

tons of CO2 are removed from the air and 1.07 tons of life-giving oxygen is produced.

Trees also remove other gaseous pollutants through the stomata in the leaf surface by absorbing

them with normal air components. Some of the other major air pollutants and their primary

sources are:

• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) – Sixty percent of sulfur dioxide comes from coal burning

for electricity and home heating while 21 percent comes from refining and the

combustion of petroleum products.

• Ozone (O3) – Ozone is a naturally occurring oxidant that exists in the upper

atmosphere. O3 may be brought to Earth by turbulence during severe storms. Also,

small amounts are formed by lightning. Automobile emissions and industrial

emissions mix in the air and undergo photochemical reactions in sunlight

releasing ozone and another oxidant, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN). Naturally, high

concentrations of these two oxidants build up where there are many automobiles.

• Nitrogen Oxides (NO) – Probably the largest producer of nitrogen oxide is

automotive exhaust. These are also formed by high temperature combustion when

two natural air components are present; nitrogen and oxygen.

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2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 Greenhouse Gasses

As stated in Article II of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC), the goal is to ensure stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the

atmosphere at a level that would prevent “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the

climate system”. “Such a level,” it mandates, “should be achieved within a time-frame

sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food

production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable

manner.“ Agriculture, rural livelihoods, sustainable management of natural resources and food

security are inextricably linked within the development and climate change challenges of the

twenty-first century. Indeed, not only is food security an explicit concern under climate change;

successful adaptation and mitigation responses in agriculture can only be achieved within the

ecologic, economic and social sustainability goals set forth by the World Food Summit, the

Millennium Development Goals and the UNFCCC.

The scope of this paper is to identify a strategy for climate change responses in agriculture that
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are consistent with safeguarding food security, rural livelihoods and the provision of

environmental services. Special focus is given to existing and potential future mechanisms

necessary to support adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer and financing at national,

regional and international levels. The most important challenge for agriculture in the twenty-first

century is the need to feed increasing numbers of people – most of whom are in developing

countries – while at the same time, conserving the local and global environment in the face of

limited soil and water resources and growing pressures associated with socio-economic

development and climate change. Projected population and socio-economic growth will double

current food demand by 2050. To meet this challenge in developing countries, cereal yields need

to increase by 40 percent, net irrigation water requirements by 40-50 percent, and 100-200

million ha of additional land may be needed, largely in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.

Global warming. Early decades of the twenty-first century will see a moderate warming of

1-20C, resulting in reduced crop yields in seasonally dry and tropical regions, while crop and

pasture yields in temperate regions may benefit. Further warming in the second half of the

century will negatively affect all regions, although agriculture in many developing countries in

semi-tropical and tropical regions will bear the brunt of the effects.

Extreme climate events. Increased frequency and severity of extreme climate events, such as

more heat stress, droughts and flooding, is expected in coming decades due to climate change. It

will increase negative impacts on agriculture, forestry and fisheries in all regions. In particular, it
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will modify the risks of fires, and pest and pathogen outbreaks, with negative consequences for

food, fiber and forestry. Undernourishment. The number of undernourished is likely to increase

by 5-170 million people by 2080, with respect to a baseline with no climate change. Even small

amounts of warming will increase risk of hunger in poor developing countries, due to negative

impacts on food production and availability. Most of the increases are projected in sub-Saharan

Africa. Food stability, utilization and access. Additional negative impacts of climate change on

food security, with the potential of reducing access to and utilization of food in many regions

already vulnerable today, are expected but have not been quantified. In particular, stability of

food supply is likely to be disrupted by more frequent and severe climate extremes.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Affirms by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 2010 that

climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time we should share a vision for a

long-term cooperative action to achieve a global goal to minimize greenhouse gas emission

factor and reduces the effects of climate change. On the basis of equity and in accordance with

common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Addresses mitigation,

adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in a balanced,

integrated and comprehensive manner to enhance and achieve the full, effective and sustained

implementation of goals. Further affirms that:

(a) Scaled-up overall mitigation efforts that allow for the achievement of desired
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stabilization levels are necessary, with developed country Parties showing leadership by

undertaking ambitious emission reductions and in providing technology, capacity-building and

financial resources to developing country Parties;

(b) Adaptation must be addressed with the same priority as mitigation and requires

appropriate institutional arrangements to enhance adaptation action and support;

(c) Mobilization and provision of scaled up, new, additional, adequate and predictable

financial resources is necessary to address the adaptation and mitigation needs of developing

countries;

(d) Capacity-building is essential to enable developing country Parties to participate fully in,

and to implement effectively, and that the goal is to enhance the capacity of developing country

Parties in all areas.

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 Chapter 3

Methodology

This part presents the research design, research environment, research respondents, the

instruments used for the data analysis.

Research Design. This research study used the quantitative method of research. It involves

collection of quantitative information that can be tabulated. The researchers select 100

respondents from each barangay. This type of research is used to identify the amount of

greenhouse gas emission from the factors of climate change in Brgy. Apolong in Valencia, Brgy.

Butong in Manjuyod and Brgy. Gincalaban in Tayasan, Negros Oriental.

Research Respondents. The respondents of this study are the residents of Brgy. Apolong in

Valencia, Brgy. Butong in Manjuyod and Brgy. Gincalaban in Tayasan, Negros Oriental. They

are the ones who have substantial knowledge about the effects of climate change in their

environment.

Research Environment. The research environment of this study is conducted in the Brgy.

Apolong in Valencia, Brgy. Butong in Manjuyod and Brgy. Gincalaban in Tayasan, Negros

26
Oriental. Also the results of this studies our greatly relies on the responses of the inhabitants of

the stated barangays.

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Figure 1. Map of Barangay Apolong in Valencia

Figure 2. Map of Barangay Butong in Manjuyod

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Figure 3. Map of Barangay Guincalaban in Tayasan

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 Research Instrument. The researchers design a survey questionnaire for the data gatherings.

A research questionnaire is a basic techniques which can allow to gather data and a series of

written question which respondents should provide answer for each questions. It can gathered

large amount of data and information in a short period of time. The results are can easily be

quantified. (Bell (1999)).

Data Gathering Procedure. The survey questionnaire were serve to the residents of each

barangays and let them answer the question based on their knowledge. The questionnaire was

also revise and modify to easily answered by the respondents. Also, before the researchers give

the questionnaire , they give first instruction and explain why and for what are they doing and

how should it done by guiding the respondents.

Statistical Treatment. For the analysis of the gathered data, reliable statistical analysis

were used such as software and statistical formulas will be utilized. The researchers used the

formulas as follows:

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A. CH4 emissions factors due to enteric fermentation, Tier 1 method

Emission factors
Types of livestock GWP
(kgCH4/head)
Swine 1 21
Cow 47 21
Poultry -- 21
Goat 5 21
Buffalo 55 21
Source: IPCC 2006 national inventory guidelines

Formula: Activity data x Emission factor x GWP = GHG emission

Example: 100 heads x 55 kgCH4/head x 21 = 115,500 kg CO2e

B. CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions using the appropriate emission factors

Global Warming Potential Emission Factor / Fuel Type

Greenhouse Gas
(GWP) Gasoline Diesel
Carbon dioxide (CO2) --- 2.30 kg/L 2.71 kg/L
Methane (CH4) 21 0.001090 kg/L 0.000140 kg/L
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310 0.000106 kg/L 0.000143 kg/L
Sources: Volume 2, Table 3.2.2 IPCC (Mobile Combustion)
International Energy Agency, Energy Statistics Manual

Formula:
Activity data x CO2 Emission Factor = GHG emission
Activity data x Emission Factor x GWP = GHG emission

Example: 20 L of gas x 2.30 kgCO2/liter = 46.00 kg CO2

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 20 L of diesel x 2.71 kgCO2/liter = 54.20 kg CO2

Example: 20 L of gas x 0.001090 kgCH4/liter x 21 = 0.4578 kg CO2e

20 L of gas x 0.000106 kgN2O/liter x 310 = 0.6572 kg CO2e

20 L of diesel x 0.000140 kgCH4/liter x 21 = 0.0588 kg CO2e
20 L of diesel x 0.000143 kgN2O/liter x 310 = 0.8866 kg CO2e

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 TOTAL GHG emission factor due to MOBLE COMBUSTION
E
A B C D
(B+C+D)
Fuel Gasoline kgCH4 in kgN2O in Total in
Kg CO2
type Diesel kg CO2e kg CO2e kg CO2e

Formula:
Kg CO2 + kgCH4 in kg CO2e + kgN2O in kg CO2e = Total in kg CO2e

Example:
kgCH4 Total
Volume Kg Kg kgN2O in
Fuel type Kg CH4 in in
(liters) CO2 N2O kg CO2e
kg CO2e kg CO2e
(4000x0.001090) (4.36x21)
GAS 4000 9200 0.424 131.44 9423
4.36 91.56
DIESEL 6000 16260 4.36 1764 0.858 265.98 16543.62

C. GHG emissions due to PURCHASED ELECTRICITY

Electricity Grid Emission factor (kgCO2/kWh)

Luzon and Visayas 0.519
Mindanao 0.700

FORMULA: Activity data x Emission factor = GHG emission

Example: 100 kWh x 0.700 kgCO2/kWh = 70.0 kg CO2

D. Computation for the number of trees needed to sequester kg CO2

kg CO2/tree Number of Trees

21.7724 1

33
 Chapter 4
Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendation

4.1 Results and Discussion

TOTAL TOTAL NO. OF TOTAL NO. OF

BARANGAY POPULATION HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD
(2015) (2018) (2018)

APOLONG in
1, 623 1, 816 407
VALENCIA

BUTONG in
1, 987 2,185 472
MANJUYOD

GUINCALABAN in
2, 154 2, 354 51O
TAYASAN

Table 1. Shows the Total Land Area, the Total number of Population of each Barangays, the
Total number of Households in the year 2018 CENCUS and the Total Population Density.

From the Table 1, the results shows that the barangay Guincalaban in Tayasan has the
highest number of residents and also has the highest number of households with respect to the
number of residents. Meanwhile, barangay Apolong in Valencia has the lowest number of
residents among the other barangay and has few households.

34
 NO. OF 60
NO. OF NO. OF 5
NO.OF MALE NO. OF FEMALE YRS. OLD
BARANGAY NATIVE YRS.OLD
(RESPONDENTS) (RESPONDENTS) AND
SETTLERS BELOW
ABOVE
APOLONG in
76 265 317 90 10
VALENCIA
BUTONG in
93 231 205 20 24
MANJUYOD
GUINCALABAN
99 180 175 13 10
in TAYASAN

Table 2. Shows the number of Native Settlers, number of Male and Female respondents, the
number of 5 years old below and 60 years old above lives.

The Table 2 shows that Barangay Apolong in Valencia has the highest number of female

residents and also has the highest number of 5 years old below residents. While the Barangay

Guincalaban in Tayasan has the highest number of Native Settlers.

NO. TOTAL NO.

NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF
BARANGAY OF OF
SWINES COWS POULTRY BUFFALO
GOAT LIVESTOCK
APOLONG in
176 22 1, 295 34 0 1, 527
VALENCIA

BUTONG in
227 102 572 38 10 949
MANJUYOD

GUINCALABAN
229 187 1, 543 103 54 2, 116
in TAYASAN

Table 3. Shows the numbers of livestock in each Barangays. The number of swines, cows,
poultry, goats, and buffalo present.

35
 From the Table 3, barangay Guincalaban in Tayasan has the highest number of livestock and

in the barangay Butong in Manjuyod has the lowest number of livestock. Among all the livestock,

its shows that the poultry livestock has the highest number of raise in each barangay.

TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION

NO. OF Liter/DAY
BARANGAY NO. OF CARS
MOTORCYCLES
Gasoline Diesel

APOLONG in
132 6 64.22 16.60
VALENCIA

BUTONG in
108 8 61.20 21.40
MANJUYOD

GUINCALABAN in
84 6 56.58 18.30
TAYASAN

Table 4. Shows the total number of motorcycles and cars in each, also shows the total fuel
consumption per day.

Table 4 shows that the Brgy. Apolong in Valencia consume the high amount of gasoline per

day given that the number of motorcycle in the barangay were more than the other barangay.

While in the consumption of diesel, the Barangay Butong in Manjuyod comsume the high

amount of diesel per day.

36
 TOTAL ELECTRICITY BILL/kWh AVERAGE MONTHLY
BARANGAY
INCOME (Php)
JANUARY JUNE
APOLONG in
31, 844.50 32, 833.00 9, 928.00
VALENCIA
BUTONG in
13, 944.10 14, 573.20 10, 382.29
MANJUYOD
GUINCALABAN
5, 670.00 7, 254.00 7, 582.10
in TAYASAN

Table 5. Shows the total electricity bill/kWh in the month of January which is the coldest
month and in the month of June which is the hottest month. Also shows the average monthly
income of each barangays.

From the table 5, it shows that the Barangay Apolong in Valencia has the highest amount of

Electricity Bill/kWh consumption. On the other hand, Barangay Butong in Manjuyod has the

highest average monthly income.

37
 GHG GHG GHG GHG GHG
BARANGAY Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions TOTAL kg NUMBER OF
(kg CO2e) of (kg CO2e) of (kg CO2e) of (kg CO2e) of (kg CO2e) of CO2e TREES
SWINES COW POULTRY GOAT BUFFALLO Emission NEEDED
(per Year)
APOLONG in
3, 696 21, 714 --- 3, 570 0.0 28, 980 1, 331
VALENCIA

BUTONG in
4, 767 100, 674 --- 3, 990 11, 550 120, 981 5, 557
MANJUYOD

GUINCALABAN
4, 809 184, 569 --- 10, 815 62, 370 262, 563 12, 059
in TAYASAN

TOTAL 412, 524 18, 947

Table 6. Shows the GHG emissions (kg CO2e) of each livestock and the total kg CO2e emission, also shows the number of trees
needed.

Table 6 shows that the Brgy. Guincalaban in Tayasan has the highest amount of total kg CO2e of their livestock. Also the number of
trees needed are high to absorb all the enough GHG emits by the livestock.

38
 Nitrous oxide Methane Carbon Total Total NUMBER OF
Barangay
Liters of (N2O) kg CO2 (CH4) dioxide kg CO2 Average TREES
FUEL kg CO2 (CO2) Emission kg CO2e NEEDED
kg CO2 (per Year)
Gasoline 2.1103 1.4699 147.706 151.2826
APOLONG in
98.5267 1, 652
VALENCIA
Diesel 0.7359 0.0488 44.986 45.7707

Gasoline 2.0110 1.4009 140.760 144.1719

BUTONG in
101.5887 1, 703
MANJUYOD
Diesel 0.9487 0.0629 57.994 59.0056

Gasoline 1.8592 1.2951 130.134 133.2883

GUINCALABAN
91.8731 1, 540
in TAYASAN
Diesel 0.8112 0.0538 49.593 50.4580

TOTAL 291.9885 4, 895

Table 7. Shows the amount of Nitrous oxide (N2O), Methane (CH4), and Carbon dioxide (CO2) per kg CO2 in Gasoline and Diesel.
Also shows the CO2 Emissions per kg, the total average kg CO2 of the types of fuel and the number of trees needed to absorb the CO2
emissions per year.

The table shows that Barangay Butong in Manjuyod has the highest amount of kg CO2 emission from fuel consumption, also
shows that there is high number of trees needed every year in all the barangays to absorb the CO2 emits by mobile combustion.

39
 Emission Total NUMBER OF
GHG Emissions
Barangay Total Electricity Bill Factors (kg Average of GHG TREES
(kWh) CO2/kWh) (kg CO2) Emissions NEEDED (per
(kg CO2) Year)
APOLONG in January 31, 844.50 0.519 16, 527.2955
16, 783.8113 9, 251
VALENCIA June 32, 833.00 0.519 17, 040.3270

BUTONG in January 13, 944.10 0.519 9, 760.8700

9, 981.0550 5, 501
MANJUYOD June 14, 573.20 0.519 10, 201.2400

GUINCALABAN January 5, 670.00 0.519 2, 942.7300

3, 353.7780 1, 849
in TAYASAN June 7, 254.00 0.519 3, 764.8260

TOTAL 30, 118.6443 16, 601

Table 8. Shows the electric bill of each barangay in the month of January and July. Shows the GHG Emissions (kg CO 2) of the
month of January and June. And also shows the total average of GHG emissions of the months and the number of trees needed to
absorb the CO2 emissions per year.

The Barangay Apolong in Valencia indicate the highest total average amount of GHG Emissions in Electricity consumption and

needed more number of trees to absorb the emission factors of electricity consumption. In the three barangays, its shows that in the

month of June was the highest electricity consumption and also has the highest amount of GHG emission factors.

40
 300,000
GHG Emissions Amount of CO2 Emissions by the
Livestock
262,563
Amount of CO2 Emissions by the Fuel
250,000 Consumption
Amount of CO2 Emissions by the Electric
Consumption
Number of Trees Needed
GHG EMISSIONS KG CO2

200,000

150,000

120,981

100,000

50,000
28,980
16,783.81
9,981.06
98.5267 12,234 101.5887 12,761 91.8731 3,353.78 15,448
0
Brgy. Apolong, Valencia Brgy. Butong, Manjuyod Brgy. Guincalaban, Tayasan

Figure 4. Amount of kg CO2 form livestock, fuel, electric consumption, and the amount of trees needed.

The graph shows the total amount of GHG emission in each barangays. Its show that the Brgy. Guincalaban in Tayasan has greatly

contribute GHG form the Livestock. While the Brgy. Apolong in Valencia contribute the highest amount of GHG from the Electric

Consumption. And Brgy. Butong in Manjuyod contribute the highest amount of GHG form the Fuel Consumption.

41
4.2 Conclusion

This paper presents an issues that addresses to climate change impacts. The study of

potential climate change impacts, and responses to these risks, is a relatively new phenomenon,

though it fits within a general trend in climate impact and adaptation assessment towards a more

local scale analysis. This study show to us that the Barangay Apolong in Valencia, Barangay

Butong in Manjuyod and Barangay Guincalaban in Tayasan also contributing to the cause of

climate change. Its also because of human activities.

The researchers conclude that because of human activities that contribute a great amount of

GHG emission. Residents are advice to become resilience and must do an action to minimize the

activities that contributing to the increasing temperature of the Earth. Based on the allocated data,

the livestock GHG emissions are the one who are greatly contribute to the climate change.

Therefore, we human who cause of climate change, we are also the ones who should find a

solution to address the issues affecting the climate change.

The researcher encourage the barangay unit and official to action the issues concerning to

the climate change like having a tree planting to reduce the release of CO2 on the atmosphere.

Also the residents must be mindful about the cause of climate change and its effect to the

humanity.

42
4.3 Recommendation

There is now increasing evidence to indicate the serious impact of climate change to the

health, agricultural sector etc.. The researcher recommend that local government, barangay

official and most especially the residents that they should prepare for mitigation of anticipated

effects of climate change, i.e. through emergency preparedness for disasters; and measures for

prevention and control of impacts to human health, agricultural sector etc.. Community of every

barangay should monitor and document the health effects from climate change.

The researchers wants to add that local unit must have an action plan concerning on how to

minimize the CO2 emission by planting more trees that capable of absorbing CO2 release by

different factors.

43
References

Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) GHG Inventory Handbook (NAI) Agriculture Sector –

Simulation of Inventory Elaboration.

Hunt, A & Watkiss, P 2011, 'Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of

the literature' Climatic Change, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 13-49.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

(10 December 2010)Preparation of an outcome to be presented to the Conference of

the Parties for adoption at its sixteenth session to enable the full, effective and sustained

implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action now, up to and

beyond 2012.

Urban Forestry Network - Trees Improve Our Air Quality;

http://urbanforestrynetwork.org/benefits/air%20quality.htm;

Retrieved March 18, 2019.

World Health Organization, 25th Meeting of Ministers of Health Thimphu,

Bhutan, 31 August – 1 September 2007. (24 July 2007) Climate Change and Health.

44
 APENDIX A: Survey Questionnaire

Pahimangno: Isulat ang kinahanglan nga datos alang sa pagtubag sa

kwestyonair.

Lumad: Oo Dili

Factors of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Myembro sa Pamilya (no.)

Lalake
Babaye

(no.) 5 anyos paubos: ____________

(no.) 60 anyos pataas: ____________
Binuhi (no.)
Baboy
Baka
Manok
Pato
Ug uban pa

Salakyan (no.)
Kotse
Motor
Ug uban pa

Gasolina sa kada adlaw

Bayad sa Kuryente

January
June

Binulan nga suweldo

________________________

45
 APPENDIX B: Researcher’s Profile

Profile

Name: Marvin M. Eringe

Age: 20 years old

Gender: Male

Birthdate: November 29, 1998

Birthplace: Taplacon, Camalig, Albay

Contact Number: 09268346504

E-mail: [email protected]

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Vicente I. Villa Memorial School

High School: Valencia National High School

46
College: Negros Oriental State University- Main Campus 1

Program Course: BSED- Biological Sciences (On-going)

47
 Appendix C: Researcher’s Profile

Profile

Name: Jossin B. Abril

Age: 22 years old

Gender: Female

Birthdate: August 24, 1996

Birthplace: Malbog, Butong Manjuyod, Negros Oriental

Contact Number: 09058911144

E-mail: [email protected]

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Butong Elementary School

High School: Manjuyod National Highschool

48
College: Negros Oriental State University- Main Campus 1

Program Course: BSED- Biological Sciences (On-going)

49
 Appendix D: Researchers Profile

Profile

Name: Jovelyn T. Casillo

Age: 25 years old

Gender: Female

Birthdate: August 10, 1993

Birthplace: Gincalaban, Tayasan Negros Oriental

Contact Number: 09652043484

E-mail: [email protected]

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Guincalaban Elementary School

50
High School: Pinalubngan National High School

College: Negros Oriental State University- Main Campus 1

Program Course: BSED- Biological Sciences (On-going)

51