Scribd
Upload
268 views10 pages

Chapter 2 Orthographic Projections

The document describes orthographic projection and the glass box method for descriptive geometry. Orthographic projection uses planes perpendicular to the object to represent views. The glass box method imagines enclosing the object in a transparent box, with each view projected onto a box face. Views include elevations, plans, and sections generated by unfolding the box. Dimensioning adds numerical values to communicate object sizes and locations according to standard practices using extension lines, dimension lines, and other elements.

Uploaded by

Eugene
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
268 views10 pages

Chapter 2 Orthographic Projections

The document describes orthographic projection and the glass box method for descriptive geometry. Orthographic projection uses planes perpendicular to the object to represent views. The glass box method imagines enclosing the object in a transparent box, with each view projected onto a box face. Views include elevations, plans, and sections generated by unfolding the box. Dimensioning adds numerical values to communicate object sizes and locations according to standard practices using extension lines, dimension lines, and other elements.

Uploaded by

Eugene
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Chapter 2. Orthographic projections.

Basically, Orthographic projection could be defined as any single projection made by dropping
perpendiculars to a plane. In short, orthographic projection is the method of representing the
exact shape of an object by dropping perpendiculars from two or more sides of the object to planes,
generally at right angles to each other; collectively, the views on these planes describe the object
completely. Descriptive geometry is basically the use of orthographic projection in order to solve
for advanced technical data involving the spatial relationship of points, lines, planes, and solid
shapes.

The Glass Box method, used primarily for descriptive geometry problems, requires that the user
imagine that the object, points, lines, planes etc are enclosed in a transparent “box”. Each view of
the object is established on its corresponding glass box surface by means of perpendicular
projectors originating at each point of the object and extending to the related box surface. The box
is hinged so that it can be unfolded on to one flat plane (the paper).

Glass box method step 1

20
Glass box method step2

Glass box method step 3


In general, when the glass box is opened, its six sides are revolved outward so that they lie in the
plane of the paper. And each image plane is perpendicular to its adjacent image plane and parallel
to the image plane across from it. Before it is revolved around its hinged fold line (reference line).
A fold line is the line of intersection between any hinged (adjacent) image planes. The left side,

21
front, right side, and back are all elevation views. Each is vertical. The top and bottom planes are
in the horizontal plane. But in most cases the top, front, and right sides are required.

2.1 Types of Orthographic views


Orthographic projections uses two main principles planes of projection: the frontal plane and the
vertical plane. These lanes intersect to produce four quadrants or angles as shown in figure below.
The object to be drawn is imagined to be placed in one of these quadrants and orthographic views
of the object are projected onto these planes. In practice, only the first and third angles are used
since views in the second and fourth quadrant may overlap.

Projection Planes

2.1.1 First angle orthographic projection


The object is placed in the first quadrant and it is assumed to be a wire frame such that the
observer is positioned in front of the object and sees through the object. The views are projected
as shadows of the wire frame onto the planes To obtain the view the horizontal and profile planes
are opened about the lines of intersection with the profile plane.

22
2.1.2 Third angle orthographic projection
The object is placed in the third quadrant and it is assumed to be solid (opaque). The projection
planes are assumed to be transparent and positioned between the viewer and the object.
Projectors originate from the object to the plane

23
24
2.1.3 Projection Symbols

First angle prjection symbol

Third angle prjection symbol

2.1.4 Comparison Between first angle and third angle


The difference between first and third angle projection is inthe arrangement of views. Study the
solid object below and observe the different presentation in first and third angle

25
First angle Third Angle

2.2 Drawing procedure


1. Estimate the space required for each of the views from the overall dimensions in each
plane, and position the views on the available drawing sheet so that the spaces between
the three drawings are roughly the same.

26
2. In each view, mark out the main center-lines. Position any complete circles, in any view,
and line them from the start, if possible. Measure the height of cylindrical features
measured in the front view and projected over to the end view.
3. Complete the plan view and project up into the front view the sides of the cylindrical parts.
4. Complete the front and end views. Add dimensions, and check that the drawing (mental
check) can be redrawn from the dimensions given; otherwise the drawing paper overall
space for front.
Note: Do not complete one view on a drawing before starting the next, but rather work on all
views together.

2.3 Inclined Surfaces


An edge appears in true length when it is parallel to the plane of projection, as a point when it is
perpendicular to the plane and shorter than true length when it is inclined to the plane. Similarly,
a surface appears in trey shape when it is parallel to the planes of projection, as alien when it is
perpendicular to the plane, and fore shortened when it inclined to the plane.

2.4 Oblique Surfaces


A line that is not parallel to any plane of projection is called an oblique skew line and it does not
show in true shape in any of the views, but each of the bounding edges shows interval length in
one view and is fore shortened in the other two views.

27
2.5 Hidden Surfaces
To describe an object with complex internal features completely, a drawing should contain lines
representing all the edges, intersections, and surface limits of the objects. In any view there will
be some parts of the object that cannot be seen from the position of the observer, as they will be
covered by station of the object closer to the observer’s eye. The edges, intersections, and surface
limits of these hidden parts are indicated by a discontinuous line called a dashed line.

2.6 Curved Surfaces


To represent curved surfaces in orthographic projections, center lines are commonly utilized. All
the center lines, which are the axes of symmetry, for all symmetrical views are a part of views.
1. Every part with an axis, such as a cylinder will have the axis drawn as center line before
the part is drawn.

28
2. Every circle will have its center at the intersection of two mutually perpendicular center
lines.

2.7 Dimensioning
Before an object can be built, complete information about both the size and shape of the object
must be available. The exact shape of an object is communicated through orthographic drawings,
which are developed following standard drawing practices. The process of adding information
regarding size and location of features to a drawing is known as dimensioning the drawing. In
order that size information is communicated as clearly as possible, standard dimension practices
have been established.

2.7.1 Terminologies
1. Extension line: thin solid line perpendicular to a dimension line indicating which feature
is associated with the dimension. There is a visible gap between the feature and the end
of an extension line.
2. Dimension line: thin solid line which shows the extent and direction of a dimension.
3. Dimension: numerical value that defines the size or geometric characteristic of a feature.
4. Arrows: are placed at the ends of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension.
Arrows are uniform in size and style no matter what the size of the drawing.
5. Leader line is the thin solid line used to indicate the feature with which a dimension, note,
or symbol is associated. A leader line is commonly used for diameters and radii, the leader
lines should be radial. The leader should be outside the limits of the view, but as close as
possible to the feature it dimensions.
6. Diameter symbol, Ø: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value
indicating that the associated dimension shows the diameter of a circle.
7. Radius symbol, R: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating
that the associated dimension shows the radius of a circle, arc fillet etc.

29

You might also like