Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Mathematics 21

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 1 / 25
For today

1 Hyperbolic Functions

2 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

3 Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions

4 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

5 Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 2 / 25
Hyperbolic Functions

Definition
1 The hyperbolic sine function, denoted sinh, is defined by

e x − e− x
sinh x = .
2
2 The hyperbolic cosine function, denoted cosh, is defined by

e x + e− x
cosh x = .
2

e 0 − e −0 1−1
sinh 0 = = =0
2 2

1
eln 2 + e− ln 2 eln 2 + eln 2 2+ 1
2 5
cosh(ln 2) = = = =
2 2 2 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 4 / 25
Hyperbolic Functions

Definition
The other hyperbolic functions are defined as:

e x − e− x
(hyperbolic tangent) tanh x =
e x + e− x

e x + e− x
(hyperbolic cotangent) coth x =
e x − e− x

2
(hyperbolic secant) sech x =
e x + e− x

2
(hyperbolic cosecant) csch x = .
e x − e− x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 5 / 25
Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = sinh x

(0, 1) f ( x ) = cosh x

5
lim sinh x = + ∞ lim cosh x = cosh(ln 2) =
x → +∞ x → ln 2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 7 / 25
Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = coth x

y=1
y=1

y = −1
f ( x ) = tanh x

y = −1

lim tanh x = 1, lim coth x = − 1

x → +∞ x → −∞

lim tanh x = − 1, lim coth x = + ∞.

x → −∞ x → 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 8 / 25
Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = csch x

f ( x ) = sech x
(0, 1)

lim sech x = 0, lim csch x = − ∞

x → +∞ x → 0−

lim sech x = 0, lim csch x = 0.

x → −∞ x → −∞

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 9 / 25
Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem (Quotient Identities)

Theorem (Reciprocal sinh x
1 tanh x =
Identities) cosh x
cosh x
1 2 coth x =
1 sech x = sinh x
cosh x
1
2 csch x =
sinh x Theorem
1
3 coth x = 1 cosh x + sinh x = e x
tanh x
2 cosh x − sinh x = e− x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 11 / 25
Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem Theorem (“Double Measure”)

("Pythagorean") 1 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
2 2
1 cosh x − sinh x = 1 2 cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
2
cos2 x + sin x = 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
2 2
1 − tanh x = sech x 2
= 2 cosh2 x − 1
3 1 − coth2 x = − csch2 x cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x

Theorem (Sum and Difference)

1 cosh( x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
cos( x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y
2 sinh( x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 12 / 25
(3) cosh x + sinh x = e x (5) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1

Proof.
e x + e− x e x − e− x
cosh x + sinh x = +
2 2
e x + e− x + e x − e− x
=
2
= ex

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = (cosh x + sinh x )(cosh x − sinh x )

= e x · e− x
=1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 13 / 25
Example
12
If tanh x = , find the values of the other hyperbolic functions of x.
13

13
coth x =
12 s  2
p
2 12 5
sech x = 1 − tanh x = 1 − = (why?)
13 13
13
cosh x =
5
12 13 12
sinh x = tanh x cosh x = · =
13 5 5
5
csch x =
12

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 14 / 25
Why are they called Hyperbolic Functions?

(cos t, sin t)

(cosh t, sinh t)

x 2 − y2 = 1

x 2 + y2 = 1

x 2 + y2 = 1 x 2 − y2 = 1
Unit Circle Unit Hyperbola

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 15 / 25
Among the hyperbolic functions, only cosh and sech are not one-to-one.

We restrict the domain of these functions to [0, +∞), where they are one-to-one.

f ( x ) = sech x
(0, 1)
(0, 1) f ( x ) = cosh x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 17 / 25
Inverse Hyperbolic and Logarithms

Theorem

 √ 
1

x+1

1 sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 4 coth−1 x = ln
2 x−1

√ √ !
1 − x2
 
2 cosh−1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 −1 1+
5 sech x = ln
x

1

1+x
 √ !
tanh −1
x = ln 1 1 + x2
csch−1 x = ln
3
2 1−x
6 +
x |x|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 18 / 25
Proof.
We show the proof of the first statement only and leave the rest as exercises.
p
y (−2x )2 − 4(1)(−1)
2x ±
y = sinh−1 x e =
√ 2
x = sinh y 2x ± 4x 2+4
ey =
ey − e−y 2
√
x= 2x ± 2 x2 + 1
2 ey =
2x = ey − y
1 p2
e ey = x ± x2 + 1
2xey = e2y − 1
p
ey = x + x2 + 1, since ey > 0
0 = (ey )2 − 2x (ey ) − 1  p 
y = ln x + x2 + 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 19 / 25
Theorem
 √  1

x+1

1 sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 4 coth−1 x = ln
2 x−1
√ !
 √  1 + 1 − x2
2 cosh−1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 5 sech−1 x = ln
x
√ !
1 + x2
 
1 1+x 1
3 tanh−1 x = ln 6 csch−1 x = ln +
2 1−x x |x|

Examples. Evaluate the following.

√ !
−1 1+ 1 − 12
1. sech 1 = ln = ln 1 = 0
1
! !
5 9
1 +1 1 1
2. coth−1 ( 45 ) = ln 4
5
= ln 4
1
= ln 9 = ln 3
2 4 −1 2 4
2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 20 / 25
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = cosh−1 x

f ( x ) = sinh−1 x

(1, 0)

lim sinh−1 x = + ∞, lim cosh−1 x = 0.

x → +∞ x → 1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 22 / 25
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = tanh−1 x f ( x ) = coth−1 x

x = −1 x=1 x = −1 x=1

lim tanh−1 x = + ∞, lim coth−1 x = − ∞.

x → 1− x → −1−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 23 / 25
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

f ( x ) = csch−1 x

f ( x ) = sech−1 x

(1, 0)

lim sech−1 x = 0, lim csch−1 x = 0.

x → 1− x → −∞

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 24 / 25
Exercises

Determine the exact value of sech(2 ln 2).

Find the value of x for which

13
cosh x = 5
expressing your answer as natural logarithm.

Evaluate the following limits:

1 lim (cosh x − sinh x ) tan−1 ( x + 1)

x →+∞ 2 lim
x → 0+ sech−1 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Mathematics 21 25 / 25