Numerical Methods 2
Numerical Methods 2
Numerical Methods
Krzysztof Tesch
Contents
Description of fluid at different scales
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence modelling Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference method Finite difference
method
Finite element method Finite element
method
Finite volume method Finite volume
method
Other methods
Other methods References
References
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
The force exerted on a molecule consists of the
external force such as gravity Gi and the
intermolecular force fij = −∇V usually described by
mans of the Lennard-Jones potential
Other methods
microscopic variable. The disadvantage of molecular
References
dynamics method is that the total number of
molecules even in small volume is too large –
proportional to 1023 .
Contents
t ← 0; Description of fluid
at different scales
Calculate initial molecule position r; Turbulence
while not the end of calculations do modelling
Finite difference
fij ← −∇V ; method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
References
The total number of molecules within the infinitesimal
phase space is then
Other methods
defined as
References
Fs (q1 , . . . , qs , p1 , . . . , ps ) =
Z Z
f (N ) (q1 , . . . , qN , p1 , . . . , pN ) dq N −s dpN −s .
R3(N −s) R3(N −s)
References
f (r, v, t) = mN F1 (q1 , p1 , t) (6)
for binary collisions with uncorrelated velocities before
that collision.
Contents
The DPD (Dissipative Particle Dynamics) method Description of fluid
simulate only a reduced number of degrees of freedom at different scales
Turbulence
(coarse-grained models). The motion of particles is modelling
2 N Finite volume
d ri C
X
D R
method
m 2 = Gi + fij + fij + fij Monte Carlo method
dt j=16=i Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
where the interaction forces are the sum of
References
dU Finite volume
ρ = ρf + ∇ · σ (8) method
Other methods
Another form of conservation of linear momentum
References
dU
ρ = ρf − ∇pt + ∇ · τ (9)
dt
Contents
Energy Equation Description of fluid
at different scales
Other methods
References
Contents
∂(ρf )
+ ∇ · (ρUf ) = Sf − ∇ · k (10) Description of fluid
at different scales
∂t Turbulence
Left hand side represents transient and convection modelling
Finite difference
effects. It expresses rate of change method
∂(ρf )
ρ df
dt
≡ ∂t
+ ∇ · (ρUf ). Right hand side represents Finite element
method
sources (positive and negative) and fluxes (transport Finite volume
method
due to other mechanism than convection). Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
mass conservation equation
Other methods
f := 1, Sf := 0, k := 0 References
linear momentum conservation equation
f ← U, Sf ← ρf, k ← −σ
energy conservation equation
f := ek , Sf := ρf · U, k := q − σ · U
References
de
ρ = τ : D − pt ∇ · U − ∇ · q. (13)
dt
Contents
■ Mechanical (rheological) constitutive equations Description of fluid
■ Equations of state at different scales
Turbulence
■ Fluxes modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
τ + λ1 τ̇ = 2µ D + λ2 Ḋ
τ0 := 0 n := 1
τ0 := 0
Newton
τ = kγ
µ=k
de ds pt dρ Turbulence
=T + 2 (14) modelling
dt dt ρ dt Finite difference
method
■ Thermal equation of state pt = f (T, ρ−1 ) Finite element
method
Finite volume
pt = ρRT (15) method
References
Contents
– Incompressible flow (ρ = const) Description of fluid
dU at different scales
ρ = ρf − ∇p + ∇ · (2µD) (21) Turbulence
dt modelling
Finite difference
µ = const method
dU Finite element
ρ = ρf − ∇p + µ∇2 U (22) method
dt Finite volume
method
– creeping flow Monte Carlo method
∂U Lattice Boltzmann
ρ = ρf − ∇p + ∇ · (2µD) (23) method
∂t Other methods
∇4 ψ = 0 (24)
Contents
– inviscid flow (µ = 0) Description of fluid
dU at different scales
ρ = ρf − ∇p (25) Turbulence
dt modelling
Finite difference
potential flows (∇ × U = 0) method
Finite element
method
∇2 ϕ = ∇2 ψ = 0 (26) Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
∂U D
ρ + ρU∞ · ∇U = ρf − ∇p + ∇ · 2µD (27)
∂t
– filtration Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
dU
ρ = ρf − ∇p + µ∇2 U − R1 U (28) Turbulence
modelling
dt Finite difference
method
– one-dimensional flows Finite element
method
Finite volume
2
∇ U =a (29) method
Other methods
References
References
boundary conditions, are discussed further such as
specified temperature, specified heat flux, specified
temperature and heat flux, adiabatic or specified heat
transfer coefficient.
Other methods
+
∂T References
ρ cv Sh + + U+ · ∇+ T + =
+ +
∂t
Ec + λ+
= φµ + ∇2+ T + (34)
Re P r Re
References
Da := KL
0
2
λ0
De := t0
W i := λ0 γ0
■ mixed: αT − λ ∂T
∂n
= f3 (P, t) Other methods
References
References
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U Turbulence
modelling
A(x, y) 2 + B(x, y) + C(x, y) 2 +
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y Finite difference
method
∂U ∂U Finite element
F x, y, U, , = 0 (36) method
∂x ∂y Finite volume
method
for all (x, y) over a domain Ω the above equation is: Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
■ hyperbolic if B 2 − 4A C > 0, Other methods
■ parabolic if B 2 − 4A C = 0, References
■ elliptic if B 2 − 4A C < 0.
2
+ 2
= 0. (37) modelling
∂x ∂y Finite difference
method
■ Poisson equation Finite element
method
∂ 2U ∂ 2U Finite volume
method
2
+ 2
= f (x, y). (38)
∂x ∂y Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
■ Helmholtz equation method
Other methods
2 2
∂ U ∂ U 2 References
2
+ 2
+ k U = 0. (39)
∂x ∂y
Other methods
References
2
−a 2
= 0. (42) modelling
∂t ∂x Finite difference
method
■ Telegraph equations Finite element
method
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂U Finite volume
method
2
−a 2 −b − c U = 0. (43)
∂x ∂t ∂t Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
2
− x 2 = 0. (44) modelling
∂x ∂y Finite difference
method
Finite element
It is of hyperbolic type for x > 0, parabolic at method
2
− f (x) 2 = 0. (45) Other methods
∂x ∂y References
Other methods
References
■ Irregularity Contents
Description of fluid
■ Unsteadiness at different scales
Turbulence
■ 3-D in terms of space and vortex structures modelling
Other methods
References
U2 U2 U3
ε∼ = = . (50) Contents
t L/U L Description of fluid
at different scales
It means that the energy U 2 of the large scales is Turbulence
modelling
dissipated proportionally to time L/U . Substituting Finite difference
the dissipation in equation for Lk with that for ε we method
Finite element
have 3 1/4 method
ν L Finite volume
LK = 3
. (51) method
U Monte Carlo method
the form of
3 1/4 3/4
L U UL 3/4
∼ 3
L = = Re L . (52)
LK ν L ν
References
■ DNS Contents
Description of fluid
■ LES at different scales
Turbulence
■ RANS modelling
Finite difference
◆ Models based on the Boussinesq hypothesis method
References
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
References
equation
dŪ
ρ = ρf̄ + ∇ · σ̄ (55)
dt
Other methods
components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The
References
averaged Fourier-Kirchhoff equations gives a further
three of the vector T ′ U′ .
References
solution must be physical.
Practically, however, it is difficult to achieve all these
requirements. This is because some parts of the exact
transport equations are modelled or even dropped.
Other methods
References
∂R
+ ∇ · ŪR = −∇Ū · (RT + R)+
Contents
∂t Description of fluid
at different scales
2 −1
2 Turbulence
+ ∇ · Ck ε + ν ∇R − Π + ρεδ (57) modelling
3 Finite difference
method
The left hand side represents unsteadiness and Finite element
method
convection. On the right hand side the two first terms Finite volume
represent production. The two terms under divergence method
Other methods
unknown tensor Π need to be modelled. The last
References
right hand side term 23 ρεδ is the so called dissipation
tensor for isotropic turbulence.
R 2 Lattice Boltzmann
a := − δ. (58) method
k 3 Other methods
References
Typically, relationships depend on average strain rate
and spin tensors
References
∂(ρŪ)
+ ∇ · ρŪŪ = ρf̄ − ∇pe + ∇ · 2µe D̄ (62)
∂t
where µe := µt + µ, pe := p̄ + 23 ρk.
2 −1
2 Finite element
+ ∇ · Ck ε + ν ∇R − Π + ρεδ (64) method
3 Finite volume
method
results in kinetic energy k transport equation which is
Monte Carlo method
used in the preceding one- and two-equation Lattice Boltzmann
turbulence models tr R = −2ρk for µt = Cµ ρk 2 ε−1 . method
Other methods
The traces of Π by definition tr Π = 0 and the References
transport equation for k takes the following form
∂(ρk) −1
+∇·(ρk Ū) = ∇Ū : R+∇· µt σk + µ ∇k −ρε
∂t
(65)
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 56
Zero-equation model
dt σk Finite element
method
and that for the dissipation ε is analogous to it Finite volume
method
2 Monte Carlo method
dε ε µ t ε
ρ = Cε1 2µt D̄2 + ∇ · + µ ∇ε − Cε2 ρ . Lattice Boltzmann
method
dt k σε k
Other methods
(68)
References
Both of them are transport equations for a scalar
function. The eddy viscosity depends on both k and ε
and is postulated, as previously, to have the form
k2
µt = Cµ ρ ε .
Other methods
References
Finite difference
∂(ρk) 2 µt method
2 ρ Other methods
−β2 ρω + 2 σω2 ∇k · ∇ω.
ω References
Other methods
2 2
−β3 ρω + (1 − F1 ) ρσω3 ∇k · ∇ω. References
ω
Constants marked with the subscript ‘3’, namely σk3 ,
σω3 , α3 , β3 are linear combinations of constants from
the component models C3 = F1 C1 + (1 − F1 )C2 .
10 10 method
5 5
■ 11 < y + < 250 turbu- Finite element
method
0 0
lent sublayer (log-law Finite volume
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200
layer) method
y+ Monte Carlo method
Friction velocity Uτ :=
q
τ̄0
ρ
■ y + < 250 inner turbu- Lattice Boltzmann
Characteristic length l := Uτ
ν lent boundary layer method
y
dimensionless distance y + := l ■ y + > 250 outer turbu- Other methods
Ūx References
dimensionless velocity U + := Uτ lent boundary layer
Z Z Z Z+∞ Turbulence
modelling
f¯(r, t) = f (r ′′ , t′′ )G(r − r ′′ , t − t′′ ) dt′′ dV ′′ Finite difference
method
R3 −∞ Finite element
method
where G is a filter. Typically it is a product Finite volume
method
3
Y Monte Carlo method
References
′′ −1 ′′
For Gt (t − t ) := τ H(t ) and
Gvi (xi − x′′i ) := δ(xi − x′′i ) we have time average
τ
f¯τ (r) := lim 1 f (r, t) dt.
R
τ →∞ τ 0
Other methods
tensor R (interactions among subgrid scales) and
References
Leonard tensor L (interactions among the large
scales).
For L = 0 and C = 0 we have Reynolds equations.
Other methods
References
Contents
The finite difference method (introduced by Euler in Description of fluid
XVIII century) replaces the region by a finite mesh of at different scales
Turbulence
points at which the dependent variable is modelling
Other methods
theorem. This
References
means that derivatives
at each point
are approximated by
difference quotients.
n=0
n! m! Finite element
method
Finite volume
where x := x0 + ∆x, c = x0 + θ∆x and θ ∈]0; 1[. method
1 ′′ Other methods
f (x0 + ∆x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )∆x + f (x0 )∆x2
′
References
2
1 ′′′ 3 1 (m)
+ f (x0 )∆x + . . . + f (c)∆xm . (78)
6 m!
Contents
Instead of f (m) at unknown point c it is rewritten in Description of fluid
terms of another unknown quantity of order ∆xm at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
2
∆x Finite difference
f (x0 + ∆x) = f (x0 ) + f ′ (x0 )∆x + f ′′ (x0 ) method
2 Finite element
method
(m−1) ∆xm−1
+ ... + f (x0 ) + O(∆xm ) (79) Finite volume
method
(m − 1)!
Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
m
Discarding (truncating) O(∆x ) one gets an method
References
Replacing ∆x by −∆x in Taylor expansion one gets
backward approximation
′ f (x0 ) − f (x0 − ∆x)
f (x0 ) ≈ . (82)
∆x
1 ′′ Finite difference
′
f (x0 + ∆x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )∆x + f (x0 )∆x2 method
2 Finite element
method
1 ′′′
+ f (x0 )∆x3 + O(∆x4 ). (85) Finite volume
method
6 Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
Replacing ∆x for −∆x and combing the results then method
Other methods
f (x0 +∆x)−f (x0 −∆x)
f ′ (x0 ) 2∆x
central 2nd References
Other methods
References
Other methods
fi −fi−1
fi′ h
backward 1st References
fi+1 −fi−1
fi′ 2h
central 2nd
fi+1 −2fi +fi−1
fi′′ h2
symmetric 2nd
References
surrounding variables
References
then discrete Poisson
equation gives a system
of linear equations for Uij .
Other methods
corresponds to the point-Gauss-Seidel method. One
References
can also consider under-relaxation method for
w ∈]0, 1[.
The best choice of w value needs numerical
experiments. It also depends on specific problems.
repeat Turbulence
modelling
R ← 0; Finite difference
method
for i ← 1 to imax do Finite element
for j ← 1 to jmax do method
Finite volume
if not boundary(Uijn ) then method
n+1 n+1
n
Ui+1j +Ui−1j n
+Uij+1 +Uij−1 −ah2 Monte Carlo method
Uijn+1 ← 4
; Lattice Boltzmann
R ← max |Uijn+1 − Uijn |, R ;
method
Other methods
Uijn+1 ← (1 − w)Uijn + w Uijn+1 ; References
n ← n + 1;
until n ≤ nmax and R > Rmin ;
10 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
8 Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
y
Finite element
method
6 4 Finite volume
method
3
10 Monte Carlo method
0 8 2
Lattice Boltzmann
2 6 method
4 4
6 2 4 6 8 10
8 2 Other methods
10 x
References
2
+ 2
= 0. Monte Carlo method
h h Lattice Boltzmann
Other methods
surrounding variables References
Other methods
∂ϕ
= n̂ · U = nx Ux + ny Uy . (99)
∂n
2
= 2
, Finite difference
∂x h method
∂f fi+1j − fi−1j Finite element
= = Nij . method
∂x 2h Finite volume
method
2 References
∂ f 2fi+1j − 2Nij h − 2fij
2
=
∂x h2
and
2fi+1j + fi+1j + fij−1 − 2Nij h
fij = .
4
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 86
Laplace FDM pseudocode
; Finite volume
n+1 method
2ϕn n
i+1j +ϕij+1 +ϕij−1 −2hNij
case 2: ϕn+1
←
ij 4
; Monte Carlo method
; Lattice Boltzmann
.. method
.
n+1 2ϕn n
i+1j +2ϕij+1 −2hNij Other methods
case 6: ϕij ← 4
;
; References
.
..
n+1 n
R ← max |ϕij − ϕij |, R ;
ϕn+1
ij ← (1 − w)ϕn n+1
ij + w ϕij ;
n ← n + 1;
Fluid nMechanics
K. Tesch; until ≤ nmax and R > Rmin ;and Numerical Methods
– Applications 87
Results - Laplace equation
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
0 method
−5 Monte Carlo method
−10 Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 4 10
6 8 8 Other methods
10 12 4 6
References
14 16 2
4
+ 2 2 2 + 4 = 0. (101) Finite difference
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y method
Finite element
It is a fourth-order elliptic partial differential equation method
Ux = ∂ψ ∂y
and U y = − ∂ψ
∂x
. Lattice Boltzmann
method
The Dirichlet boundary condition specifies both: a Other methods
2 2
=
∂x ∂y h4
4ψij − 2ψi+1j − 2ψi−1j − 2ψij+1 − 2ψij−1
+ 4
. (103)
h
Other methods
References
∂ψ Turbulence
∂l
= l̂ · ∇ψ = Un . For an impermeable boundary one modelling
gets Un = 0 ⇒ ∂ψ ∂l
= 0. The general relationship Finite difference
method
between volumetric flow rate and the stream functions Finite element
method
is Finite volume
method
∂ψ
Z Z Z
Monte Carlo method
V̇ = U · n̂ dL = dL = dψ = ψA − ψB . Lattice Boltzmann
∂l method
L L L Other methods
(105) References
R ← 0; Turbulence
modelling
for i ← 1 to imax do Finite difference
method
for j ← 1 to jmax do Finite element
if not boundary(Uijn ) then method
n
−Ui+2j n
−Ui−2j n
−Uij+2 n
−Uij−2 n
+4Uij Finite volume
n+1
Uij ← 20
+ method
n
Ui−1j n
+Uij+1 n
+Uij−1 n
+Ui+1j Monte Carlo method
8 20
− Lattice Boltzmann
n n n n
Ui+1j+1 +Ui−1j−1 +Ui−1j+1 +Ui+1j−1 method
2 20
; Other methods
R ← max |Uijn+1 − Uijn |, R ;
References
n ← n + 1;
until n ≤ nmax and R > Rmin ;
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 93
Results - biharmonic equation
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
1 method
0 Lattice Boltzmann
method
1 12
5 8 Other methods
10
15 4 References
20 1
Contents
Point 1 is located inside Description of fluid
at different scales
the Ω area Turbulence
modelling
h f0 + d f2 Finite difference
f1 = (106) method
h+d Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
h f0 − d f2
f1 = (107)
h−d
+ U · ∇U = − ∇p + ν∇2 Un . (109)
n n
Monte Carlo method
∆t ρ Lattice Boltzmann
method
References
∇ · Un+1 6= 0,
pn+1 =?
Other methods
References
Problems:
ρ
∇2 pn+1 = ∆t
∇ · (Un − ∆t Un · ∇Un + ∆t ν∇2 Un )
BCs?
∇ · Un+1 = 0. (115b)
pn+1 − pn References
β + ∇ · Un = 0. (117b)
∆t
Ut − Un Contents
2 n+1 ρ method
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
References
Ωn+1
z − Ω n
z
+ Un · ∇Ωnz = ν∇2 Ωnz , (123a)
∆t
∇2 ψ n+1 = −Ωn+1
z . (123b)
Other methods
References
References
The unknown Ci constant are determined for
i = 1, . . . N from
Z 1
Wi (x)R(x) dx = 0. (129)
0
N (x) := xr (x − 1)s .
Description of fluid
(133) at different scales
Turbulence
It is continuous and fulfils boundary conditions. Just modelling
References
References
and can be compared with the exact solution
10 3
y(x) := − (x − x). (139)
3
Lattice Boltzmann
0.5 method
Other methods
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
Other methods
Residual may now be expressed as
References
C1 = C2 = − 10 3
. The approximate solution is now References
10
ŷ(x) = − x(x − 1)(x + 1). (143)
3
10 10 3 Finite element
method
− x(x − 1)(x + 1) = − (x − x). (144)
3 3 Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
xi −xi−1 xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi ,
ni (x) = xxi+1i+1 −x
−x i
xi ≤ x ≤ xi+1 , (146)
0 otherwise
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
x4 − x x − x3 Turbulence
ŷ(x) = y3 n3 (x) + y4 n4 (x) = y3 + y4 . modelling
x4 − x3 x4 − x3 Finite difference
method
(147) Finite element
The above definition arises from the equation of the method
Finite volume
line passing through two different points (x3 , y3 ) and method
Other methods
or knowing that ŷ = a + bx we solve for a and b from References
y3 = a + bx3 , (149a)
y4 = a + bx4 . (149b)
Other methods
integrating (Galerkin’s finite element method) References
Z xN +1 N +1
!
X
nj (x) (yi ni (x))′′ + 20x dx = 0
x1 i=1
j = 1, . . . , N + 1. (150)
Zx1 x3 method
Other methods
′′
n2 (x) ((y2 n2 (x) + y3 n3 (x)) + 20x) dx = 0 References
x2
Z x3
n3 (x) ((y2 n2 (x) + y3 n3 (x))′′ + 20x) dx = 0
x2
Other methods
(element) and suggest the so called ‘element’
References
formulation. It is also well known that
Z xN +1 XN Z xj+1
y(x) dx = y(x) dx. (152)
x1 j=1 xj
where the known local trial functions N and the Finite difference
method
unknown nodal values ye are collected as vectors Finite element
method
References
xj+1 − x
N1 := xj ≤ x ≤ xj+1 , (155a)
xj+1 − xj
x − xj
N2 := xj ≤ x ≤ xj+1 . (155b)
xj+1 − xj
xj dx
xj dx dx xj dx
xj References
j = 1, . . . , N.
xj dx dx method
Finite element
method
The above matrix is symmetric. The so called Finite volume
method
‘displacement’ vector is also introduced Monte Carlo method
the linear trial functions one gets the ‘stiffness’ matrix Description of fluid
at different scales
dx dx dx dx
1 1 −1 modelling
Ke := dN1 dN2 dN2 dN2 dx = Finite difference
xj dx dx dx dx xj+1 − xj −1 1 method
Finite element
method
and the ‘displacement vector’ Finite volume
method
dŷe xj+1
! Monte Carlo method
Z xj+1
N1 dx xj
N1 20x Lattice Boltzmann
Fe := dx + dŷe xj+1
. method
xj N2 20x N2 dx xj Other methods
References
If the gradients are dropped, as discussed further, we
have
10 2xj + xj+1
Fe = − (xj − xj+1 ) .
3 xj + 2xj+1
Other methods
results in References
3 −3 0 0
−3 6 −3 0
K= 0 −3 6 −3
.
0 0 −3 3
+ dx 50 + dx
27 27
+ dx 27
Finite element
method
Finite volume
After the global assembly process one finally gets method
Contents
The global (assembled) system of linear equations is Description of fluid
at different scales
10 dy(0) Turbulence
3 −3 0 0 y1 27
− dx modelling
−3 6 −3 0 y2 60 Finite difference
· = 12027 . method
0 −3 6 −3 y3 Finite element
27
80 dy(1) method
0 0 −3 3 y4 27
+ dx Finite volume
method
The second method does not change the layout of the Contents
Description of fluid
matrices. However, it involves modification of specific at different scales
Turbulence
elements by multiplying them by a ‘large’ number. modelling
0 0 −3 3 · 107 y3 0 References
Contents
Data: Read N elements, nodes and BCs Description of fluid
Create global matrix K and vectors F, y; at different scales
Turbulence
for e ← 1 Rto N do modelling
Ke ← R e dN dN
dx dx
dx; Finite difference
method
Fe ← e N20x dx; Finite element
method
Add Ke to K; Finite volume
method
Add Fe to F;
Monte Carlo method
References
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
1 modelling
Finite difference
y
method
Finite element
0.5 method
Finite volume
method
0 Monte Carlo method
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lattice Boltzmann
x method
References
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
1 modelling
Finite difference
y
method
Finite element
0.5 method
Finite volume
method
0 Monte Carlo method
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lattice Boltzmann
x method
References
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
1 modelling
Finite difference
y
method
Finite element
0.5 method
Finite volume
method
0 Monte Carlo method
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lattice Boltzmann
x method
References
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
1 modelling
Finite difference
y
method
Finite element
0.5 method
Finite volume
method
0 Monte Carlo method
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lattice Boltzmann
x method
References
Other methods
2
1 xj xj
yj a References
References
N3 := L2 (2L2 − 1)
0
xj dx dx 3(xj+1 − xj ) method
1 −8 7 Finite element
method
Finite volume
The ‘displacement’ vector is now method
Contents
Data: Read N linear elements, n nodes and BCs Description of fluid
x +x
Insert midpoints xj+ 1 ← j 2 j+1 ; at different scales
2 Turbulence
n ← 2n − 1 ; modelling
Finite difference
Create global matrix K and vectors F, y; method
y
0.5 0.5 Finite difference
method
Finite element
0 0 method
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x x Finite volume
method
6 elements, 7 nodes. 3 elements, 7 nodes. Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
References
sZ s
2 2
3 fj + fj+1
re := |Le | f (x)2 dx ≈ (xj+1 − xj ) 2 .
Le 2
The above approximation is used for mesh refinement.
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.50
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.50
0.75
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.87
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.87
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
1.5 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
y
Finite difference
0.5 method
Finite element
method
0
0.00
0.25
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.87
1.00
Finite volume
method
x Monte Carlo method
3
Lattice Boltzmann
method
2 Other methods
Residue
References
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
Let Contents
Description of fluid
the two dimensional form at different scales
Turbulence
of Poisson equation on Ω modelling
Finite difference
∂ 2U ∂ 2U method
2
+ 2
= −a (172) Finite element
∂x ∂y method
Finite volume
method
be subjected to the Dirichlet boundary condition Monte Carlo method
U (x, y) = 0 for every (x, y) ∈ ∂Ω. It is true that Lattice Boltzmann
method
ZZ X ZZ Other methods
Ω e Ωe
Other methods
For each element we have the Galerkin residual References
condition ZZ
N R dx = 0. (176)
Ωe
∂N ∂ Ûe ∂N ∂ Ûe
ZZ Finite difference
+ dx dy method
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Finite element
method
Finite volume
∂ Ûe
Z ZZ
method
− N dL − Na dx dy = 0. (179)
∂Ωe ∂n Ωe
Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
The matrix form of the Galerkin residual condition for Other methods
ZZ
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
ZZ
+ dx dy · Ue = Na dx dy.
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Ωe
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Finite difference
method
Finite element
and the ‘displacement’ vector method
Finite volume
method
ZZ
Fe := Na dx dy (181) Monte Carlo method
Ωe Lattice Boltzmann
method
one may obtain the Galerkin residual condition for Other methods
References
each element in the form
Ke · Ue = Fe . (182)
References
Other methods
for three different points (xi , yi ), (xj , yj ), (xk , yk ).
References
Solving these for a, b and c results in
U1 U2 U3
Ûe = (ai +bi x+ci y)+ (aj +bj x+cj y)+ (ak +bk x+ck y).
2Se 2Se 2Se
1 Finite volume
N3 = (ak + bk x + ck y) method
Other methods
ai = xj yk − xk yj ; aj = xk yi − xi yk ; ak = xi yj − xj yi ;
References
bi = yj − yk ; bj = yk − yi ; bk = yi − yj ;
ci = x k − x j ; cj = x i − x k ; ck = x j − x i ;
1
Se = |ck bj − cj bk |;
2
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 164
Linear interpolation
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 1
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
0.5 0.5
method
z
z
1 1
Finite element
method
0 0.5 0 0.5
0 0 Finite volume
0.5 y 0.5 y
1 0 1 0 method
x x
Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
1 1
Other methods
References
0.5 0.5
z
1 1
0 0.5 0 0.5
0 0
0.5 y 0.5 y
1 0 1 0
x x
References
α!β!γ!
ZZ
α β γ
N1 N2 N3 dx dy = 2Se . (188a)
Se (α + β + γ + 2)!
Other methods
a
Se i References
Fe = aj . (190)
3
ak
Contents
Description of fluid
∂Ω at different scales
4(0, 10) 3(10, 10)
Turbulence
U =0 modelling
3 Finite difference
method
U =0
U =0
Finite element
Ω 4 5(5, 5) 2 method
Finite volume
method
U =0
1 Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
1(0, 0) 2(10, 0) method
Other methods
References
References
Finally, the global ‘stiffness’ matrix is
1 0 0 0 −1
0 1 0 0 −1
K= 0 0 1 0 −1 .
0 0 0 1 −1
−1 −1 −1 −1 4
2 1 Other methods
F 1 + F2
1
50
References
2 1
F= F2 + F3 = 1 .
2 2
3
F3 + F4 1
F13 + F23 + F33 + F43 2
Contents
Data: Read N elements, nodes and BCs Description of fluid
Create global matrix K and vectors F, y; at different scales
Turbulence
for e ← 1 to Ndo modelling
Finite difference
Ke ← Ωe ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
RR
∂x ∂x
+ ∂y ∂y
dx dy; method
RR Finite element
Fe ← Ωe Na dx dy; method
Finite volume
Add Ke to K; method
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
6 Finite element
method
3 Finite volume
10 method
0 8 Monte Carlo method
6
2 4 Lattice Boltzmann
4 method
6 2
8 Other methods
10
References
4 elements, 5 nodes
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
6
2 4 Monte Carlo method
4
6 2 Lattice Boltzmann
8 method
10
Other methods
8 elements, 9 nodes
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
6
2 4 Monte Carlo method
4
6 2 Lattice Boltzmann
8 method
10
Other methods
50 elements, 36 nodes References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
6
Finite element
method
3
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
6 Monte Carlo method
2 4
4 Lattice Boltzmann
6 2 method
8
10 Other methods
200 elements, 121 nodes References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
6
Finite element
method
3
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
6 Monte Carlo method
2 4
4 Lattice Boltzmann
6 2 method
8
10 Other methods
800 elements, 441 nodes References
2
+ 2 =0 (191) modelling
∂x ∂y Finite difference
method
Finite element
or ∇2 ϕ = 0 on Ω be subjected to both boundary method
ϕ = const =: fD . (192)
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y method
Finite element
method
and the ‘displacement’ vector Finite volume
method
Ke · ϕe = Fe . (195)
Contents
Data: Read N elements, nodes and BCs Description of fluid
Create global matrix K and vectors F, y; at different scales
Turbulence
for e ← 1 to Ndo modelling
Finite difference
Ke ← Ωe ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
RR
∂x ∂x
+ ∂y ∂y
dx dy; method
R Finite element
Fe ← − ∂Ωe NfN dL; method
Finite volume
Add Ke to K; method
ϕ = const
= Ux
Turbulence
∂ϕ modelling
=0
∂n
Finite difference
∂ϕ
∂x
method
∂ϕ
=0 Finite element
∂y
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
1 Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
−2 method
Finite element
−1 method
0 1 Finite volume
1 method
2 Other methods
References
1
−1
0 1
1
2 0
ϕ = const
Turbulence
modelling
∂ϕ
∂x
Finite difference
∂ϕ method
∂ϕ =0 ∂ϕ
=0 ∂n =0 Finite element
∂y ∂y
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
1 Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
−2 Finite difference
−1 method
0 1 Finite element
method
1 Finite volume
2 0 method
References
0
−1
0 1
1
2 0
Contents
Re ≪ 1 Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
0 = ρg − ∇p + µ∇2 U, Finite difference
method
∇ · U = 0. Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
∂ 2 Ux ∂ 2 Ux
∂p
0 = ρgx − +µ 2
+ 2
, Monte Carlo method
∂x ∂x ∂y Lattice Boltzmann
2 method
2
∂p ∂ Uy ∂ Uy Other methods
0 = ρgy − +µ 2
+ 2
,
∂y ∂x ∂y References
∂Ux ∂Uy
+ = 0.
∂x ∂y
Ûe = N · Ue Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
where the quadratic trial functions N and the method
Finite element
unknown nodal values Ue are method
Finite volume
method
N := (N1 , N2 , N3 , N4 , N5 , N6 ), Monte Carlo method
Other methods
For each element we have the Galerkin residual References
condition ZZ
N R dx = 0.
Ωe
The quadratic
Contents
trial func- Description of fluid
tions can be at different scales
Turbulence
expressed in modelling
N5 := 4L2 L3 ,
N6 := 4L1 L3 .
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y 2 Finite difference
method
Finite element
by means of Green’s first identity method
Finite volume
method
ZZ 2 2
∂ ϕ ∂ ϕ ∂ϕ
Z
Monte Carlo method
ψ 2 + ψ 2 dx dy = ψ dL Lattice Boltzmann
S ∂x ∂y ∂S ∂n method
ZZ
∂ψ ∂ϕ ∂ψ ∂ϕ Other methods
− + dx dy References
S ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
is Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
∂N
ZZ ZZ
Turbulence
ρgx N dx dy − N dx dy · pe modelling
Ωe Ωe ∂x Finite difference
ZZ method
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N Finite element
−µ + dx dy · Uxe = 0 method
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Finite volume
method
or Monte Carlo method
Other methods
Similarly
References
Contents
∂N
ZZ
Kpxe := N dx dy Description of fluid
Ωe ∂x at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
∂N
ZZ
Finite difference
Kpye := N dx dy method
Ωe ∂y Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
ZZ
Kxye := µ + dx dy Monte Carlo method
Ωe ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Lattice Boltzmann
method
ZZ Other methods
Fe := ρ N dx dy References
Ωe
∂ Ûxe ∂ Ûye
ZZ
Turbulence
N + dx dy = 0. modelling
Ωe ∂x ∂y Finite difference
method
Finite element
The matrix form of the Galerkin residual condition for method
Finite volume
each element can now be expressed method
Ωe ∂x Ωe ∂y Other methods
References
or
Kuxe · Uxe + Kuye · Uye = 0.
Contents
∂N
ZZ
Kuxe := N dx dy Description of fluid
Ωe ∂x at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
∂N
ZZ
Finite difference
Kuye := N dx dy method
Ωe ∂y Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Kpxe · pe + Kxye · Uxe = gx Fe , Turbulence
modelling
Kpye · pe + Kxye · Uye = gy Fe ,
Finite difference
Kuxe · Uxe + Kuye · Uye = 0 method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
3×3 3×1
K3×6
uxe K3×6
uye 0 p3×1
e 0 Other methods
References
K15×15
e · u 15×1
e = fe
15×1
Other methods
References
Other methods
over Ωi
1
ZZ References
¯
fi := f dΩ. (205)
|Ωi | Ωi
The average value fi is typically located at the centre
of the volume Ωi .
There are at least three lines (triangle). The vector w Other methods
Finally, one gets the following discretised version of Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
transport equation (i.e. Finite Volume Scheme) method
f¯in+1 − f¯in
Other methods
X
ρ |Ωi | + ρ (f U)k · ∆Lk = References
∆t k
X
(Γ∇f )k · ∆Lk + S̄f i |Ωi |. (208)
k
|Ωi | stands for the area of control volume Ωi .
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 199
1D FVM diffusion problem
Contents
∆xi−1 ∆xi+1
Description of fluid
at different scales
xi− 1 xi+ 1 Turbulence
2 2
modelling
Finite difference
xi−1 xi xi+1 method
∆xi Finite element
method
Finite volume
∆x1 ∆xN method
2 2
Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
x0 xN +1 method
x1 x2 x3 = xN
Other methods
∆x1 ∆xN
References
References
or more precisely
d df
Γ + Sf = 0. (211)
dx dx
theorem. This is because the first term can be Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
integrated directly method
Other methods
df df References
Γ − Γ + S̄f i ∆xi = 0 (213)
dx i+ 1 dx i− 1
2 2
′′ Lattice Boltzmann
y (x) + 20x = 0 (215) method
Other methods
n ← 1; Turbulence
modelling
repeat Finite difference
method
R ← 0; Finite element
for i ← 2 to imax − 1 do method
n +∆x
∆xi+1 fi−1 n Finite volume
i−1 fi+1 +S̄f i ∆xi−1 ∆xi+1 ∆xi
fin+1 ← ∆xi−1 +∆x i+1
; method
modelling
References
y
0.5
0
0.13 0.38 0.63 0.88
x
References
6 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
4 Turbulence
y
modelling
2 Finite difference
method
Finite element
0 method
0.2 0.5 0.72 0.92 Finite volume
x method
4 Other methods
y
References
0
0.13 0.38 0.63 0.88
x
References
2
or ∇ f = −a which is Poisson equation.
For a structural and Cartesian mesh (next slide) the Finite volume
method
normal ∆Lk vectors are Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
∆LAB = |AB|ı̂ = ∆yi ı̂, (226a) Other methods
Contents
Description of fluid
fi−1j+1 fij+1 fi+1j+1 at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
~ BC
∆L Finite difference
method
C B Finite element
method
fi−1j fij fi+1j Finite volume
method
~ CD
∆L ~ AB
∆L Monte Carlo method
D A Lattice Boltzmann
method
~ DA
∆L Other methods
fi−1j−1 fi+1j−1
References
fij−1
References
∂fi+ 1 j ∂fij+ 1 ∂fi− 1 j
2 2 2
∆yi + ∆xi − ∆yi
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂fij− 1
2
− ∆xi + S̄f ij ∆xi ∆yi = 0. (228)
∂y
K. Tesch; Fluid Mechanics – Applications and Numerical Methods 213
2D FVM diffusion problem
Contents
Description of fluid
∂fi− 1 j fij − fi−1j fij − fi−1j at different scales
2
≈ = , (230a) Turbulence
∂x xij − xi−1j ∆xi−1 modelling
Finite difference
∂fij− 1 fij − fij−1 fij − fij−1 method
2
≈ = . (230b) Finite element
∂y yij − yij−1 ∆yj−1 method
Finite volume
method
The specific form of a finite volume scheme is now Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
fi−1j ∆yi fi+1j ∆yi fij−1 ∆xi fij+1 ∆xi method
S̄f ij ∆xi ∆yi + + + + − Other methods
∆xi−1 ∆xi+1 ∆yj−1 ∆yj+1 References
∆yi ∆yi ∆xi ∆xi
fij + + + = 0.
∆xi−1 ∆xi+1 ∆yj−1 ∆yj+1
References
n ← 1; Description of fluid
at different scales
repeat Turbulence
modelling
R ← 0;
Finite difference
for i ← 2 to imax − 1 do method
Other methods
R ← max |fijn+1 − fijn |, R ;
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
6 6
Finite difference
3 10 3 10 method
0 8 0 8 Finite element
0 6 0 6 method
2 4 2 4
4 4 Finite volume
6 2 6 2
8 8 method
10 0 10 0
Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
1 1 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
0.8 0.8
Turbulence
modelling
0.6 0.6 Finite difference
method
y
y
0.4 0.4 Finite element
method
Finite volume
0.2 0.2 method
References
Other methods
References
Contents
1
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
0.5
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
0
y
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
−1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
x
Contents
The area |D| = π of an unit circle Description of fluid
at different scales
2 2
D := (x, y) : x + y ≤ 1 (234) Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
is estimated as method
Finite element
method
n
4
ZZ X Finite volume
π= F (x) dx ≈ F (U , U ) (235) method
1 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
0.8
Turbulence
modelling
0.6 Finite difference
method
0.4 Finite element
method
0.2 Finite volume
method
0 Monte Carlo method
0 20 40 60 80 100 Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
References
0
Contents
If the Dirichlet boundary condition is g(x) = 0 then Description of fluid
at different scales
Z τ
Turbulence
U (x) = 12 E f (Wt ) dt . (240) modelling
0 Finite difference
method
Finite element
We can also estimate method
Finite volume
Z τ m m method
X X h
f (Wt ) dt ≈ fi (Wτ )∆t = fi (Wτ ) . Monte Carlo method
0 i=1 i=1
V (h) Lattice Boltzmann
method
(241) Other methods
Contents
Data: Read input variables Description of fluid
for i ← 1 to imax do at different scales
Turbulence
if not boundary(xi ) then modelling
S ← 0; Finite difference
method
for k ← 1 to n do Finite element
method
I ← 0; Finite volume
method
α ← i;
Monte Carlo method
while not boundary(xα ) do Lattice Boltzmann
α ← α + 2⌊U (0, 1) + 12 ⌋ − 1; method
Other methods
I ← I + 20f (xα ); References
S ← S + I;
h2 S
yi ← 2 n ;
n = 10 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
1.5
Finite difference
method
Finite element
1 method
Finite volume
y
method
Other methods
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 References
n = 100 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
1.5
Finite difference
method
Finite element
1 method
Finite volume
y
method
Other methods
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 References
n = 1000 Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
1.5
Finite difference
method
Finite element
1 method
Finite volume
y
method
Other methods
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 References
Other methods
β ← β + 2⌊U (0, 1) + 12 ⌋ − 1; References
S ← S + 1;
τn ← τn + S;
a h2 τn
Uij ← − 2 n ;
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
2 6 Monte Carlo method
4 4
6 Lattice Boltzmann
8 2 method
10
Other methods
n = 10 References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
2 6 Monte Carlo method
4 4
6 Lattice Boltzmann
8 2 method
10
Other methods
n = 50 References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
2 6 Monte Carlo method
4 4
6 Lattice Boltzmann
8 2 method
10
Other methods
n = 100 References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
2 6 Monte Carlo method
4 4
6 Lattice Boltzmann
8 2 method
10
Other methods
n = 500 References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
6 method
Finite element
3 method
10 Finite volume
0 8 method
2 6 Monte Carlo method
4 4
6 Lattice Boltzmann
8 2 method
10
Other methods
n = 5000 References
Other methods
References
References
Due to the large number of molecules a statistical
treatment is possible and necessary.
References
treated as a statistical approach in which a system is
represented by an ensemble of many copies.
RD RD
The above integrate represents the total mass of
molecules.
References
Ω(f ) dV dv dt
We can now expand the left hand side of the previous Contents
Description of fluid
equation by means of Taylor’s theorem at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
The two above equations give the Boltzmann equation Monte Carlo method
Lattice Boltzmann
method
∂f F
+ v · ∇f + · ∇v f = Ω(f ) (245) Other methods
∂t m References
dr
where v = dt
and m dv
dt
= F.
Contents
The BGK (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) approximation is Description of fluid
the most popular simplification of the collision at different scales
Turbulence
operator modelling
1 eq Finite difference
Ω = (f − f ) . (247) method
τ Finite element
method
It expresses relaxation to local equilibrium f eq with Finite volume
the relaxation time τ . Both conditions are fulfilled. method
effects like quantum effects and relativistic speeds are Finite difference
method
neglected. The distribution is Finite element
method
Finite volume
kv−Uk2
−D method
f eq = ρ (2πRT ) 2 e − 2RT
= Monte Carlo method
√ −D −
kck2 Lattice Boltzmann
ρ 2πcs e 2c2
s . (249) method
Other methods
References
This distribution is valid for freely moving molecules
without interacting with one another. The exceptions
are only elastic collisions.
as
∂
(ρhϕi) + ∇ · (ρhϕ vi) − ρf · h∇v ϕi = 0. (253)
∂t
must be
1
Z
U = hvi = v f dv. (256)
ρ
RD
Other methods
RD
References
Now, the averaged Boltzmann equations becomes the
macroscopic momentum conservation equation
∂
(ρU) + ∇ · (ρUU) = ρf + ∇ · σ. (260)
∂t
1 1 Finite volume
Z
2
q := ρhckck i = ckck2 f dv (262) method
References
∂ 1 2 1
ρ e + kUk +∇· ρ e + kUk2 U =
∂t 2 2
ρf · U + ∇ · (σ · U − q) . (263)
Contents
From the definition of the stress tensor σ := −ρhcci Description of fluid
and the internal energy e := 2−1 hc · ci we have at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
trhcci = 2e. (264) Finite difference
method
Finite element
Additionally, by means of the stress tensor we have method
Other methods
The above equation together with the equipartition of
References
energy for mono-atomic gases gives the equation of
state
p = ρRT = ρc2s . (266)
References
R P
ρ R RD f dv P n fn
ρU RD
v f dv n vn fn
1 2 1 2
R P
ρe 2 R D kv − Uk f dv 2 n kv n − Uk fn
∀
0≤m≤3
f eq v dv =
i=0
fn0 vn .
n
(269)
i=0
Finite difference
method
RD Finite element
method
The above may be reduced to Finite volume
method
kvk2 kv k2
Z
− 2 X − n2 Monte Carlo method
I := e 2cs ψ(v) dv ≈ Wn e 2cs ψ(vn ) (270) Lattice Boltzmann
n method
RD
Other methods
where √ References
kvn k2 D
Wn = e 2c2
s 2πcs wn (271)
and
D
−D
Y
wn = π 2 ωi . (272)
i=1
vn
en := . (274)
c
Other methods
From the two above one gets the Lattice Boltzmann References
equation
1 0
fn (r+vn ∆t, t+∆t)−fn (r, t) = fn (r, t) − fn (r, t) .
τ̂
τ
where dimensionless collision time is τ̂ := ∆t .
1 0
fn (r+vn ∆t, t+∆t)−fn (r, t) = fn (r, t) − fn (r, t)
τ̂
(279)
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
(
2
3
, n = 0;
wn = 1 Monte Carlo method
6
, n ∈ {1, 2}.
Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
4 Finite volume
9,
n = 0; method
wn = 91 , n ∈ {1, . . . , 4}; Monte Carlo method
1
36
, n ∈ {5, . . . , 8}. Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
8 method
27
, n = 0; Finite volume
2,
method
n ∈ {1, . . . , 6};
wn = 271 Monte Carlo method
54
, n ∈ {15, . . . , 26};
1 Lattice Boltzmann
216
, n ∈ {7, . . . , 14}; method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
1 Finite volume
3,
n = 0; method
2
wn = 18
, n ∈ {1, . . . , 6}; Monte Carlo method
1
36
, n ∈ {7, . . . , 18}; Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
2 Finite volume
9,
n = 0; method
wn = 91 , n ∈ {1, . . . , 6}; Monte Carlo method
1
72
, n ∈ {7, . . . , 14}; Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
References
f 0 := ρ 2πcs e 2c2s 1 + 2 + 4
− 2
. Monte Carlo method
cs 2cs 2cs Lattice Boltzmann
method
Other methods
This is valid for low Mach numbers References
3
eq 0 kUk 0 3
f =f +O 3
= f + O Ma . (281)
cs
References
!
2 2
vn · U (vn · U) kUk
fn0 := wn ρ 1 + 2
+ 4
− 2
.
cs 2cs 2cs
References
fn (r + vn ∆t, t + ∆t) = fnt (r, t + ∆t).
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
Description of fluid
at different scales
Turbulence
modelling
Finite difference
method
Finite element
method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
k ← 0; Contents
repeat Description of fluid
at different scales
R ←P 0; Turbulence
ρ ← nPfn ; modelling
Finite difference
U ← ρ1 n vn fn ; method
Finite element
Calculate residue;
method
2
kUk2 Finite volume
fn0 ← wn ρ 1 + vnc2·U + (vn2c·U)4 − 2c2 ; method
s s s
Monte Carlo method
fnt (r, t + ∆t) ← fn (r, t) + τ̂1 (fn0 (r, t) − fn (r, t)); Lattice Boltzmann
method
Apply Bounceback;
Other methods
fn (r + vn ∆t, t + ∆t) ← fnt (r, t + ∆t); References
Apply other BCs;
k ← k + 1;
until k < kmax and R > Rmin ;
References
For both cases the dynamic viscosity is defined as
1 2
µ := ρ τ̂ − cs ∆t. (287)
2
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
Other methods
References
References method
Finite volume
method
Other methods
References
Contents
[1] Ferziger J.H., Perić M., Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Description of fluid
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002 at different scales
Turbulence
[2] Pope S. B., Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, modelling
2000 Finite difference
method
[3] Succi S., The Lattice Boltzmann Equation for Fluid Dynamics and Finite element
method
Beyond, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001
Finite volume
method
[4] Tesch K., Fluid Mechanics, Wyd. PG, 2008, 2013 (in Polish)
Monte Carlo method
[5] Wilcox D. C., Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries, Lattice Boltzmann
method
California, 1994
Other methods
[6] Zienkiewicz O. C., Taylor R. L., The Finite Element Method, References
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2000