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Calculus Iii: Solutions To Practice Problems

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Calculus Iii: Solutions To Practice Problems

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CALCULUS III

Solutions to Practice Problems

Paul Dawkins
Calculus III

Table of Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................................................... iii

Three Dimensional Space.............................................................................................................. 4
The 3-D Coordinate System ....................................................................................................................... 4
Equations of Lines ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Equations of Planes .................................................................................................................................... 4
Quadric Surfaces ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Functions of Several Variables .................................................................................................................. 5
Vector Functions ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Calculus with Vector Functions ................................................................................................................. 6
Tangent, Normal and Binormal Vectors .................................................................................................... 6
Arc Length with Vector Functions ............................................................................................................. 7
Curvature.................................................................................................................................................... 7
Velocity and Acceleration .......................................................................................................................... 7
Cylindrical Coordinates ............................................................................................................................. 8
Spherical Coordinates ................................................................................................................................ 8
Partial Derivatives ......................................................................................................................... 8
Limits ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Partial Derivatives .....................................................................................................................................11
Interpretations of Partial Derivatives ........................................................................................................18
Higher Order Partial Derivatives...............................................................................................................20
Differentials ..............................................................................................................................................27
Chain Rule ................................................................................................................................................28
Directional Derivatives .............................................................................................................................39
Applications of Partial Derivatives ............................................................................................ 42
Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations .............................................................................................43
Gradient Vector, Tangent Planes and Normal Lines .................................................................................44
Relative Minimums and Maximums .........................................................................................................46
Absolute Minimums and Maximums ........................................................................................................52
Lagrange Multipliers .................................................................................................................................60
Multiple Integrals ........................................................................................................................ 72
Double Integrals ........................................................................................................................................72
Iterated Integrals .......................................................................................................................................72
Double Integrals Over General Regions ...................................................................................................72
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates ......................................................................................................72
Triple Integrals ..........................................................................................................................................72
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates ...............................................................................................73
Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates..................................................................................................73
Change of Variables ..................................................................................................................................73
Surface Area..............................................................................................................................................73
Area and Volume Revisited ......................................................................................................................73
Line Integrals ............................................................................................................................... 73
Vector Fields .............................................................................................................................................73
Line Integrals – Part I................................................................................................................................74
Line Integrals – Part II ..............................................................................................................................74
Line Integrals of Vector Fields..................................................................................................................74
Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals ..................................................................................................74
Conservative Vector Fields .......................................................................................................................74
Green’s Theorem.......................................................................................................................................74
Curl and Divergence .................................................................................................................................75
Surface Integrals.......................................................................................................................... 75
Parametric Surfaces...................................................................................................................................75
Surface Integrals .......................................................................................................................................75
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields .............................................................................................................75

© 2007 Paul Dawkins i http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus III

Stokes’ Theorem .......................................................................................................................................75

Divergence Theorem .................................................................................................................................75

© 2007 Paul Dawkins ii http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus III

Preface

Here are a set of practice problems for my Calculus III notes. If you are viewing the pdf version
of this document (as opposed to viewing it on the web) this document contains only the problems
themselves and no solutions are included in this document. Solutions can be found in a number
of places on the site.

1. If you’d like a pdf document containing the solutions go to the note page for the section
you’d like solutions for and select the download solutions link from there. Or,

2. Go to the download page for the site http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/download.aspx and

select the section you’d like solutions for and a link will be provided there.

3. If you’d like to view the solutions on the web or solutions to an individual problem you
can go to the problem set web page, select the problem you want the solution for. At this
point I do not provide pdf versions of individual solutions, but for a particular problem
you can select “Printable View” from the “Solution Pane Options” to get a printable
version.

Note that some sections will have more problems than others and some will have more or less of
a variety of problems. Most sections should have a range of difficulty levels in the problems
although this will vary from section to section.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins iii http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Three Dimensional Space

The 3-D Coordinate System

The Three Dimensional Space chapter exists at both the end of the Calculus II notes and at the beginning
of the Calculus III notes. There were a variety of reasons for doing this at the time and maintaining two
identical chapters was not that time consuming.

However, as I add in practice problems, solutions to the practice problems and assignment problems the
thought of maintaining two identical sets of all those pages as well as the pdf’s versions of them was quite
daunting. Therefore, I’ve decided to, at this time anyway, just maintain one copy of this set of pages and
since I wrote them in the Calculus II set of notes first that is the only copy at this time.

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/3DCoords.aspx

Equations of Lines

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/EqnsOfLines.aspx

Equations of Planes

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 4 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/EqnsOfPlaness.aspx

Quadric Surfaces

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/QuadricSurfaces.aspx

Functions of Several Variables

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/MultiVrbleFcns.aspx

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 5 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Vector Functions

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/VectorFunctions.aspx

Calculus with Vector Functions

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/VectorFcnsCalculus.aspx

Tangent, Normal and Binormal Vectors

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 6 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/TangentNormalVectors.aspx

Arc Length with Vector Functions

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/VectorArcLength.aspx

Curvature

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/Curvature.aspx

Velocity and Acceleration

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 7 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

daunting. Therefore, I’ve decided to, at this time anyway, just maintain one copy of this set of pages and
since I wrote them in the Calculus II set of notes first that is the only copy at this time.

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/Velocity_Acceleration.aspx

Cylindrical Coordinates

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/CylindricalCoords.aspx

Spherical Coordinates

Below is the URL for the corresponding Calculus II page.

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/SphericalCoords.aspx

Partial Derivatives

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 8 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Limits

1. Evaluate the following limit.

x 3 − ze 2 y
lim
( x , y , z )→( −1,0,4 ) 6 x + 2 y − 3 z
Solution
In this case there really isn’t all that much to do. We can see that the denominator exists and will not be
zero at the point in question and the numerator also exists at the point in question. Therefore, all we need
to do is plug in the point to evaluate the limit.

x 3 − ze 2 y 5
lim =
( x , y , z )→( −1,0,4 ) 6 x + 2 y − 3 z 18

2. Evaluate the following limit.

x 2 − 2 xy
lim
( x , y )→( 2,1) x 2 − 4 y 2

Step 1
Okay, with this problem we can see that, if we plug in the point, we get zero in the numerator and the
denominator. Unlike the examples in the notes for which this happened however, that doesn’t just mean
that the limit won’t exist.

In this case notice that we can factor and simplify the function as follows,

x 2 − 2 xy x( x − 2y) x
= lim = lim lim
( x , y )→( 2,1) x 2 − 4 y 2 ( x , y )→( 2,1) ( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y ) ( x , y )→( 2,1) x + 2y

We may not be used to factoring these kinds of polynomials but we can’t forget that factoring is still a
possibility that we need to address for these limits.

Step 2
Now, that we’ve factored and simplified the function we can see that we’ve lost the division by zero issue
and so we can now evaluate the limit. Doing this gives,

x 2 − 2 xy x 1
=
lim = lim
( x , y )→( 2,1) x 2 − 4 y 2 ( x , y )→( 2,1) x + 2 y 2

3. Evaluate the following limit.

x − 4y
lim
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7 x

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 9 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Step 1
Okay, with this problem we can see that, if we plug in the point, we get zero in the numerator and the
denominator. Unlike the second problem above however there is no factoring that can be done to make
this into a “doable” limit.

Therefore, we will proceed with the problem as if the limit doesn’t exist.

Step 2
So, since we’ve made the assumption that the limit probably doesn’t exist that means we need to find two
different paths upon which the limit has different values.

There are many different paths to try but let’s start this off with the x-axis (i.e. y = 0 ).

Along this path we get,

x − 4y x 1 1
lim = =
lim =
lim
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7 x ( x ,0 )→( 0,0 ) 7 x ( x ,0 )→( 0,0 ) 7
7

Step 3
Now let’s try the y-axis (i.e. x = 0 ) and see what we get.

x − 4y −4 y −2 2
lim = lim = lim = −
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7 x ( 0, y )→( 0,0 ) 6 y ( 0, y )→( 0,0 ) 3 3

Step 4
So, we have two different paths that give different values of the limit and so we now know that this limit
does not exist.

4. Evaluate the following limit.

x2 − y6
lim
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) xy 3

Therefore, we will proceed with the problem as if the limit doesn’t exist.

Step 2
So, since we’ve made the assumption that the limit probably doesn’t exist that means we need to find two
different paths upon which the limit has different values.

In this case note that using the x-axis or y-axis will not work as either one will result in a division by zero
issue. So, let’s start off using the path x = y 3 .

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 10 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Along this path we get,

x2 − y6 y6 − y6
lim = lim = = lim 0 0
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) xy 3 ( y3 , y )→( 0,0) y 3 y 3 ( y3 , y )→( 0,0)

Step 3
Now let’s try x = y for the second path.

x2 − y6 y2 − y6 1− y4  1 
lim = lim = lim = lim  2 − y 2  =∞
( x , y )→( 0,0 ) xy 3 ( y , y )→( 0,0 ) yy 3 ( y , y )→( 0,0 ) y 2 ( y , y )→( 0,0 ) y
 

Step 4
So, we have two different paths that give different values of the limit and so we now know that this limit
does not exist.

Partial Derivatives

1. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

z3
f ( x, y, z=
) 4 x3 y 2 − e z y 4 + 2
+ 4 y − x16
x
Solution
So, this is clearly a function of x, y and z and so we’ll have three 1st order partial derivatives and each of
them should be pretty easy to compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the x partial derivative all y’s and z’s are treated as constants.
This in turn means that, for the x partial derivative, the second and fourth terms are considered to be
constants (they don’t contain any x’s) and so differentiate to zero. Dealing with these types of terms
properly tends to be one of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial derivatives.
Too often students just leave them alone since they don’t contain the variable we are differentiating with
respect to.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 11 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

∂f 2z3
=f x =12 x 2 y 2 − 3 − 16 x15
∂x x
∂f
=fy = 8 x 3 y − 4e z y 3 + 4
∂y
∂f 3z 2
=
fz =
−e z y 4 + 2
∂z x

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

2. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

= cos ( x 2 + 2 y ) − e 4 x − z
4
w y
+ y3
Solution
This function isn’t written explicitly with the ( x, y, z ) part but it is (hopefully) clearly a function of x, y
and z and so we’ll have three 1st order partial derivatives and each of them should be pretty easy to
compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the x partial derivative all y’s and z’s are treated as constants.
This in turn means that, for the x partial derivative, the third term is considered to be a constant (it don’t
contain any x’s) and so differentiates to zero. Dealing with these types of terms properly tends to be one
of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial derivatives. Too often students just
leave them alone since they don’t contain the variable we are differentiating with respect to.

Also be careful with chain rule. Again one of the biggest issues with partial derivatives is students
forgetting the “rules” of partial derivatives when it comes to differentiating the inside function. Just
remember that you’re just doing the partial derivative of a function and remember which variable we are
differentiating with respect to.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂w
wx −2 x sin ( x 2 + 2 y ) − 4e 4 x − z y
4
==
∂x
∂w
wy −2sin ( x 2 + 2 y ) + z 4e 4 x − z y + 3 y 2
4
==
∂y
∂w 4
= w= 4 z 3 ye 4 x − z y
∂z
z

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 12 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

3. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

) 8u 2t 3 p − v p 2t −5 + 2u 2t + 3 p 4 − v
f ( u , v, p , t =
Solution
So, this is clearly a function of u, v, p, and t and so we’ll have four 1st order partial derivatives and each of
them should be pretty easy to compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the u partial derivative all v’s, p’s and t’s are treated as
constants. This in turn means that, for the u partial derivative, the second, fourth and fifth terms are
considered to be constants (they don’t contain any u’s) and so differentiate to zero. Dealing with these
types of terms properly tends to be one of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial
derivatives. Too often students just leave them alone since they don’t contain the variable we are
differentiating with respect to.

Here are the four 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂f
= f= 16ut 3 p + 4ut
∂u
u

∂f −1
=
fv =− 12 v 2 p 2t −5 − 1
∂v
∂f
= 8u 2t 3 2 v pt −5 + 12 p 3
f p =−
∂p
∂f
=
ft =24u 2t 2 p + 5 v p 2t −6 + 2u 2
∂t

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

4. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

, v ) u 2 sin ( u + v3 ) − sec ( 4u ) tan −1 ( 2v )

f ( u=
Solution
For this problem it looks like we’ll have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules with partial derivatives. For example the second term, while definitely a
product, will not need the product rule since each “factor” of the product only contains u’s or v’s. On the
other hand the first term will need a product rule when doing the u partial derivative since there are u’s in
both of the “factors” of the product. However, just because we had to product rule with first term for the
u partial derivative doesn’t mean that we’ll need to product rule for the v partial derivative as only the
second “factor” in the product has a v in it.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 13 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Basically, be careful to not “overthink” product rules with partial derivatives. Do them when required but
make sure to not do them just because you see a product. When you see a product look at the “factors” of
the product. Do both “factors” have the variable you are differentiating with respect to or not and use the
product rule only if they both do.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂f
= fu = 2u sin ( u + v3 ) + u 2 cos ( u + v3 ) − 4sec ( 4u ) tan ( 4u ) tan −1 ( 2v )
∂u
∂f 2sec ( 4u )
= f v =3v 2u 2 cos ( u + v3 ) −
∂v 1 + 4v 2

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

5. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

2 x + 3z
f ( x,=
z ) e− x z 4 + x 2 −
4z − 7x
Solution
For this problem it looks like we’ll have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules and quotient rules with partial derivatives. For example the first term, while
clearly a product, will only need the product rule for the x derivative since both “factors” in the product
have x’s in them. On the other hand, the first “factor” in the first term does not contain a z and so we
won’t need to do the product rule for the z derivative. In this case the second term will require a quotient
rule for both derivatives.

Basically, be careful to not “overthink” product/quotient rules with partial derivatives. Do them when
required but make sure to not do them just because you see a product/quotient. When you see a
product/quotient look at the “factors” of the product/quotient. Do both “factors” have the variable you are
differentiating with respect to or not and use the product/quotient rule only if they both do.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂f 1 1
−e − x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2 + x e − x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2 −
− 29 z
=
fx =
∂x ( 4z − 7x)
2

∂f 1
2 z 3e − x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2 +
− 29 x
=fz =
∂z ( 4z − 7x)
2

Note that we did a little bit of simplification in the derivative work here and didn’t actually show the
“first” step of the problem under the assumption that by this point of your mathematical career you can do
the product and quotient rule and don’t really need us to show that step to you.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 14 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

6. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

v ) t 2 ln ( s + 2t ) − ln ( 3v ) ( s 3 + t 2 − 4v )
g ( s, t ,=
Solution
For this problem it looks like we’ll have three 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules with partial derivatives. The first term will only need a product rule for the
t derivative and the second term will only need the product rule for the v derivative. Do not “overthink”
product rules with partial derivatives. Do them when required but make sure to not do them just because
you see a product. When you see a product look at the “factors” of the product. Do both “factors” have
the variable you are differentiating with respect to or not and use the product rule only if they both do.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂g t2
= g= − 3s 2 ln ( 3v )
∂s s + 2t
s

∂g 2t 2
= gt = 2t ln ( s + 2t ) + − 2t ln ( 3v )
∂t s + 2t
∂g s 3 + t 2 − 4v
= g= 4 ln ( 3v ) −
∂v
v
v

Make sure you can differentiate natural logarithms as they will come up fairly often. Recall that, with the
chain rule, we have,

f ′( x)
ln ( f ( x ) )  =
d
dx f ( x)

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

7. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

x2 y2
R (=
x, y ) −
y 2 + 1 x2 + y
Solution
For this problem it looks like we’ll have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with quotient rules with partial derivatives. For example the first term, while clearly a
quotient, will not require the quotient rule for the x derivative and will only require the quotient rule for

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 15 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

the y derivative if we chose to leave the y 2 + 1 in the denominator (recall we could just bring it up to the

( )
−1
numerator as y 2 + 1 if we wanted to). The second term on the other hand clearly has y’s in both the
numerator and the denominator and so will require a quotient rule for the y derivative.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

∂R 2x 2 xy 2
= R= +
∂x y 2 + 1 ( x 2 + y )2
x

∂R 2 yx 2 2 yx 2 + y 2
=
Ry =
− −
∂y ( y 2 + 1) ( x 2 + y )
2 2

Note that we did a little bit of simplification in the derivative work here and didn’t actually show the
“first” step of the problem under the assumption that by this point of your mathematical career you can do
the quotient rule and don’t really need us to show that step to you.

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

8. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

p 2 ( r + 1)
=z 3
+ pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
t
Solution
For this problem it looks like we’ll have three 1st order partial derivatives to compute. Here they are,

∂z 2 p ( r + 1)
=
zp = + r e 2 p +3r + 4t + 2 pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
∂p t3
∂z p2
=
zr = + p e 2 p +3r + 4t + 3 pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
∂r t3
∂z 3 p 2 ( r + 1)
=
zt =
− + 4 pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
∂t t 4

The notation used for the derivative doesn’t matter so we used both here just to make sure we’re familiar
with both forms.

∂z ∂z
9. Find and for the following function.
∂x ∂y

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 16 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

x 2 sin ( y 3 ) + xe3 z − cos ( z 2 ) = 3 y − 6 z + 8

Step 1
Okay, we are basically being asked to do implicit differentiation here and recall that we are assuming that
z is in fact z ( x, y ) when we do our derivative work.

∂z
Let’s get first and that requires us to differentiate with respect to x. Just recall that any product
∂x
involving x and z will require the product rule because we’re assuming that z is a function of x. Also
∂z
recall to properly chain rule any derivative of z to pick up the when differentiating the “inside”
∂x
function.

Differentiating the equation with respect to x gives,

∂z 3 z ∂z ∂z
2 x sin ( y 3 ) + e3 z + 3 xe + 2 z sin ( z 2 ) =
−6
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂z
Solving for gives,
∂x
∂z ∂z 2 x sin ( y 3 ) + e3 z
3 3z
(
2 x sin ( y ) + e = −6 − 3 xe − 2 z sin ( z
3z 2
)) ∂x
→ =
∂x −6 − 3 xe3 z − 2 z sin ( z 2 )

Step 2
Now we get to do it all over again except this time we’ll differentiate with respect to y in order to find
∂z
. So, differentiating gives,
∂y

∂z 3 z ∂z ∂z
3 y 2 x 2 cos ( y 3 ) + 3 xe + 2 z sin ( z 2 ) =
y−6
∂y ∂y ∂y

∂z
Solving for gives,
∂y

∂z ∂z 3 y 2 x 2 cos ( y 3 ) − y
2 2 3
(
3 y x cos ( y ) − y = −6 − 3 xe − 2 z sin ( z 3z 2
)) ∂y
→ =
∂y −6 − 3 xe3 z − 2 z sin ( z 2 )

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 17 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Interpretations of Partial Derivatives

, y ) x ln ( 4 y ) + x + y is increasing or decreasing at ( −3, 6 ) if

1. Determine if f ( x=
(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.
(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.

So, we want to determine the increasing/decreasing nature of a function at a point. We know that this
means a derivative from our basic Calculus knowledge. Also, from the problem statement we know we
want to allow x to vary while y is held fixed. This means that we will need the x partial derivative.

The x partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f x ( x, y=
) ln ( 4 y ) + 12 ( x + y ) f x ( −3, 6=
) ln ( 24 ) + 2 1=3 3.4667
− 12
→

So, we can see that f x ( −3, 6 ) > 0 and so at ( −3, 6 ) if we allow x to vary and hold y fixed the function
will be increasing.

(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

This part is pretty much the same as the previous part. The only difference is that here we are allowing y
to vary and we’ll hold x fixed. This means we’ll need the y partial derivative.

The y partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f y ( x, y ) =xy + 12 ( x + y ) f y ( −3, 6 ) =− 12 + 2 1 3 =−0.2113

− 12
→

So, we can see that f y ( −3, 6 ) < 0 and so at ( −3, 6 ) if we allow y to vary and hold x fixed the function
will be decreasing.

2. Determine if f ( x, y ) = x 2 sin ( π ) is increasing or decreasing at ( −2, 34 ) if

y
(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.
(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 18 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

The x partial derivative and its value at the point is,

x ( x, y )
f= 2 x sin (π )
y → ( −2, 34 ) 2 3
f x=

So, we can see that f x ( −2, 34 ) > 0 and so at ( −2, 34 ) if we allow x to vary and hold y fixed the function
will be increasing.

(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

This part is pretty much the same as the previous part. The only difference is that here we are allowing y
to vary and we’ll hold x fixed. This means we’ll need the y partial derivative.

The y partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f y ( x, y ) =
− πyx2 cos
2
(π )y → f y ( −2, 34 ) =
32π
9

So, we can see that f y ( −2, 34 ) > 0 and so at ( −2, 34 ) if we allow y to vary and hold x fixed the function
will be increasing.

Note that, because of the three dimensional nature of the graph of this function we can’t expect the
increasing/decreasing nature of the function in one direction to be the same as in any other direction! In
this case it did happen to be the same behavior but there is no reason to expect that in general.

3. Write down the vector equations of the tangent lines to the traces for f ( x, y ) = x e 2 x − y at ( 2, 0 ) .
2

Step 1
We know that there are two traces. One for x = 2 (i.e. x is fixed and y is allowed to vary) and one for
y = 0 (i.e. y is fixed and x is allowed to vary). We also know that f y ( 2, 0 ) will be the slope for the first
trace (y varies and x is fixed!) and f x ( 2, 0 ) will be the slope for the second trace (x varies and y is
fixed!).

So, we’ll need the value of both of these partial derivatives. Here is that work,

f x ( x, y ) = f x ( 2, 0 ) =
2 2
e2 x− y + 2 x e2 x− y → 5e 4 =
272.9908
f y ( x, y ) = f y ( 2, 0 ) =
2
−2 yx e 2 x − y → 0

Step 2
Now, we need to write down the vector equation of the line and so we don’t (at some level) need the
“slopes” as listed in the previous step. What we need are tangent vectors that give these slopes.

Recall from the notes that the tangent vector for the first trace is,

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 19 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

0,1, f y ( 2, 0 ) = 0,1, 0

Likewise, the tangent vector for the second trace is,

1, 0, f x ( 2, 0 ) = 1, 0,5e 4

Step 3
Next, we’ll also need the position vector for the point on the surface that we are looking at. This is,

2, 0, f ( 2, 0 ) = 2, 0, 2e 4

Step 4
Finally, the vector equation of the tangent line for the first trace is,


r (t ) = 2, 0, 2e 4 + t 0,1, 0 = 2, t , 2e 4

and the trace for the second trace is,


r (t ) =
2, 0, 2e 4 + t 1, 0,5e 4 =
2 + t , 0, 2e 4 + 5e 4t

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

1. Verify Clairaut’s Theorem for the following function.

4 y6
f ( x=
, y ) x3 y 2 −
x3

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

3 x 2 y 2 + 12 x −4 y 6
fx = 2 x3 y − 24 x −3 y 5
fy =

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the mixed second order partial derivatives.

( fx )y =
fx y = 6 x 2 y + 72 x −4 y 5 fyx = ( )x
6 x 2 y + 72 x −4 y 5
fy =

Okay, we can see that f x y = f y x and so Clairaut’s theorem has been verified for this function.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 20 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

2. Verify Clairaut’s Theorem for the following function.

x
) cos   − x 7 y 4 + y10
A ( x, y=
 y

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

1 x x x
Ax =
− sin   − 7 x 6 y 4 Ay = 2
sin   − 4 x 7 y 3 + 10 y 9
y  y y y

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the mixed second order partial derivatives.

1 x x x
( Ax ) y =
Ax y = 2
sin   + 3
cos   − 28 x 6 y 3
y  y y  y
x x
Ay x = ( )
Ay =
1
2
sin   +
x
3
cos   − 28 x 6 y 3
x y y y y

Okay, we can see that Ax y = Ay x and so Clairaut’s theorem has been verified for this function.

3. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

g ( u , v )= u 3v 4 − 2u v3 + u 6 − sin ( 3v )

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

3 1
gu = 3u 2 v 4 − 2v 2 + 6u 5 g v = 4u 3v3 − 3uv 2 − 3cos ( 3v )

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 21 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

=
guu ( g=
u )u 6uv 4 + 30u 4
1
=
gu v (=
g u )v 12u 2 v3 − 3v 2
1
g=
vu g=
uv 12u v − 3v 2 3 2
by Clairaut's Theorem
1
−
g vv =( g v )v =12u 3v 2 − 32 uv 2
+ 9sin ( 3v )

4. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

f ( s, t ) =s 2t + ln ( t 2 − s )

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

1 2t
fs =
2 st − 2 ft =
s2 + 2
t −s t −s

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

1
f s= ( f s )=s 2t −
(t − s)
s 2
2

2t
f st= ( f s )=t 2s +
(t − s)
2 2

2t
ft= f st= 2 s + by Clairaut's Theorem
(t − s)
s 2
2

−2t 2 − 2 s
=
ft t (=
f t )t
(t − s)
2 2

5. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

y3
h(=
x, y ) e x4y6
−
x

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 22 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

4y6 y3 4y6 3y2

hx =
4 x 3 y 6e x + hy =
6 y 5 x 4e x −
x2 x

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

2 y3
( hx ) x =
hx x = 2
12 x y e 6 x4y6
+ 16 x y e 6 12 x4y6
− 3
x
3y2
( x )y
hx y = h = 24 x 3 5 x4y6
y e + 24 x 7 11 x 4 y 6
y e +
x2
4 6 4 6 3y2
hy x =
hx y = 24 x3 y 5e x y + 24 x 7 y11e x y + 2 by Clairaut's Theorem
x

( ) 6y
4 6 4 6
hy y = hy = 30 y 4 x 4e x y + 36 y10 x8e x y −
y x

6. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

x2 y6
f ( x, y, z ) = 3 − 2 x 6 z + 8 y −3 x 4 + 4 z 2
z

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the three 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

f x= 2 xy 6 z −3 − 12 x5 z + 32 y −3 x3
=f y 6 x 2 y 5 z −3 − 24 y −4 x 4
−3 x 2 y 6 z −4 − 2 x 6 + 8 z
fz =

Step 2
Now let’s compute each of the second order partial derivatives (and there will be a few of them….).

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 23 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

f x x = ( f x ) x = 2 y 6 z −3 − 60 x 4 z + 96 y −3 x 2
=
fx y (=f x ) y 12 xy 5 z −3 − 96 y −4 x3
( f x )z =
fx z = −6 xy 6 z −4 − 12 x5
f=
yx f=
xy 12 xy 5 z −3 − 96 y −4 x3 by Clairaut's Theorem
=
fy y (=f y ) 30 x y z
y
2 4 −3
+ 96 y −5 x 4

f y z = ( f y ) = −18 x y z 2 5 −4
z

fz x = −6 xy 6 z −4 − 12 x5
fx z = by Clairaut's Theorem
f z y = f y z = −18 x 2 y 5 z −4 by Clairaut's Theorem
=
fz z (=
f z )z 12 x 2 y 6 z −5 + 8

Note that when we used Clairaut’s Theorem here we used the natural extension to the Theorem we gave
in the notes.

∂6 f
7. Given f ( x, y ) = x y z find
4 3 6
.
∂y∂z 2 ∂y∂x 2

Step 1
Through a natural extension of Clairaut’s theorem we know we can do these partial derivatives in any
order we wish to. However, in this case there doesn’t seem to be any reason to do anything other than the
order shown in the problem statement.

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

∂f
= 4 x3 y 3 z 6
∂x

Step 2
The second derivative is,
∂2 f
= 12 x 2 y 3 z 6
∂x 2

Step 3
The third derivative is,
∂3 f
= 36 x 2 y 2 z 6
∂y∂x 2

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 24 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

∂4 f
= 216 x 2 y 2 z 5
∂z∂y∂x 2

Step 5
The fifth derivative is,
∂5 f
= 1080 x 2 y 2 z 4
∂z 2 ∂y∂x 2

Step 6
The sixth and final derivative we need for this problem is,

∂6 f
= 2160 x 2 yz 4
∂y∂z 2 ∂y∂x 2

( )
= u 2e −6 v + cos u 6 − 4u + 1 find wvuu vv .
8. Given w

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

wv = −6u 2e −6 v

Note that if we’d done a couple of u derivatives first the second derivative would have been a product
rule. Because we did the v derivative first we won’t need to worry about the “messy” u derivatives of the
second term as that term differentiates to zero when differentiating with respect to v.

Step 2
The second derivative is,
wvu = −12ue −6 v

Step 3
The third derivative is,
wvuu = −12e −6 v

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,
wvuu v = 72e −6 v

Step 5

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 25 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

The fifth and final derivative we need for this problem is,

wvu u vv = −432e −6 v

9. Given G ( x, y= ( ( ))
) y 4 sin ( 2 x ) + x 2 y10 − cos y 2
7
find G y y y x x x y .

Step 1
Through a natural extension of Clairaut’s theorem we know we can do these partial derivatives in any
order we wish to.

In this case the y derivatives of the second term will become unpleasant at some point given that we have
four of them. However the second term has an x 2 and there are three x derivatives we’ll need to do
eventually. Therefore, the second term will differentiate to zero with the third x derivative. So, let’s
make heavy use of Clairaut’s to do the three x derivatives first prior to any of the y derivatives so we
won’t need to deal with the “messy” y derivatives with the second term.

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

(
Gx 2 y 4 cos ( 2 x ) + 2 x y10 − cos ( y 2 ) )
7
=

Note that if we’d done a couple of u derivatives first the second would have been a product rule and
because we did the v derivative first we won’t need to every work about the “messy” u derivatives of the
second term.

Step 2
The second derivative is,
(
−4 y 4 sin ( 2 x ) + 2 y10 − cos ( y 2 ) )
7
Gx x =

Step 3
The third derivative is,
Gx x x = −8 y 4 cos ( 2 x )

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,
Gx x x y = −32 y 3 cos ( 2 x )

Step 5
The fifth derivative is,
Gx x x y y = −96 y 2 cos ( 2 x )

Step 6

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 26 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

The sixth derivative is,

Gx x x y y y = −192 y cos ( 2 x )

Step 7
The seventh and final derivative we need for this problem is,

G y y y x x x y = Gx x x y y y y = −192 cos ( 2 x )

Differentials

1. Compute the differential of the following function.

z = x 2 sin ( 6 y )
Solution
Not much to do here. Just recall that the differential in this case is,

=
dz z x dx + z y dy

The differential is then,

=dz 2 x sin ( 6 y ) dx + 6 x 2 cos ( 6 y ) dy

2. Compute the differential of the following function.

 xy 2 
f ( x, y, z ) = ln  3 
 z 
Solution
Not much to do here. Just recall that the differential in this case is,

df = f x dx + f y dy + f z dz

The differential is then,

1 2 3
dz = dx + dy − dz
x y z

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 27 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Chain Rule

dz
1. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt

cos ( y x 2 )
z= x=
t 4 − 2t , y =
1− t6

Solution
Okay, we can just use the “formula” from the notes to determine this derivative. Here is the work for this
problem.

dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
=  −2 xy sin ( yx 2 )   4t 3 − 2  +  − x 2 sin ( yx 2 )   −6t 5 

( ) (
−2 ( t 4 − 2t )(1 − t 6 )( 4t 3 − 2 ) sin (1 − t 6 )( t 4 − 2t ) + 6t 5 ( t 4 − 2t ) sin (1 − t 6 )( t 4 − 2t )
=
2 2 2
)
In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
“formula”.

Also we plugged in for x and y in the third step just to get an equation in t. For some of these, due to the
mess of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the x’s and y’s alone and acknowledge
their definition in terms of t to keep the answer a little “nicer”. You should probably ask your instructor
for his/her preference in this regard.

dw
2. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt

x2 − z
w=4 x= cos ( 2t ) , z =
t 3 + 7, y = 4t
y

Solution
Okay, we can just use a (hopefully) pretty obvious extension of the “formula” from the notes to determine
this derivative. Here is the work for this problem.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 28 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
 2x   −4 ( x 2 − z )   1
=  4  3t 2  +  5
  −2sin ( 2t )  +  − 4  [ 4]
y   y   y 

= +
3
(
6t 2 ( t 3 + 7 ) 8sin ( 2t ) ( t + 7 ) − 4t
−
4
2
)
cos ( 2t )
4
cos ( 2t )
5
cos ( 2t )
4

In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
“formula”.

dz
3. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx

z=
x2 y 4 − 2 y sin ( x 2 )
y=

Solution
Okay, we can just use the “formula” from the notes to determine this derivative. Here is the work for this
problem.

dz ∂z ∂z dy
= +
dx ∂x ∂y dx
=  2 xy 4  +  4 x 2 y 3 − 2   2 x cos ( x 2 ) 

(
2 x sin 4 ( x 2 ) + 2 x 4 x 2 sin 3 ( x 2 ) − 2 cos ( x 2 )
= )
In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
“formula”.

Also we plugged in for y in the third step just to get an equation in x. For some of these, due to the mess
of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the y’s alone and acknowledge their definition
in terms of x to keep the answer a little “nicer”. You should probably ask your instructor for his/her
preference in this regard.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 29 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

∂z ∂z
4. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v

x −2 y 6 − 4 x
z= x=
u 2 v, y =
v − 3u

Solution
Okay, we can just use the “formulas” from the notes (with a small change to the letters) to determine this
derivative. Here is the work for this problem.

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
 −2 x −3 y 6 − 4  [ 2uv ] + 6 x −2 y 5  [ −3]
=

( )
= 2uv −2u −6 v −3 ( v − 3u ) − 4u 2 v − 18u −4 v −2 ( v − 3u )
6 5

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
 −2 x −3 y 6 − 4  u 2  + 6 x −2 y 5  [1]
=

( )
= u 2 −2u −6 v −3 ( v − 3u ) − 4u 2 v + u −4 v −2 ( v − 3u )
6 5

In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
“formula”.

Also we plugged in for x and y in the third step just to get an equation in u and v. For some of these, due
to the mess of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the x’s and y’s alone and
acknowledge their definition in terms of u and v to keep the answer a little “nicer”. You should probably
ask your instructor for his/her preference in this regard.

5. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine zt and z p .

4 y sin ( 2 x )
z= x =−
3u p, y =
p 2u , u=
t2 +1

Step 1
Okay, we don’t have a formula from the notes for this one so we’ll need to derive on up first. To do this
we’ll need the following tree diagram.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 30 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Step 2
Here are the formulas for the two derivatives we’re being asked to find.

∂z ∂z ∂x du ∂z ∂y du ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
zt = = + zp = = +
∂t ∂x ∂u dt ∂y ∂u dt ∂p ∂x ∂p ∂y ∂p

Step 3
Here is the work for this problem.

∂z ∂x du ∂z ∂y du
=zt +
∂x ∂u dt ∂y ∂u dt
= 8 y cos ( 2 x )  [3][ 2t ] +  4sin ( 2 x )   p 2  [ 2t ]

= 48ty cos ( 2 x ) + 8tp 2 sin ( 2 x )

∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
=
zp +
∂x ∂p ∂y ∂p
= 8 y cos ( 2 x )  [ −1] +  4sin ( 2 x )  [ 2 pu ]
−8 y cos ( 2 x ) + 8 pu sin ( 2 x )
=

In the second step of each of the derivatives we added brackets just to make it clear which term came
from which derivative in the “formula”.

Also, we didn’t do any “back substitution” in these derivatives due to the mess that we’d get from each of
the derivatives after we got done with all the back substitution.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 31 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

∂w ∂w
6. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂t ∂s

6z t3
w= x + y +
2 2
x =sin ( p ) , y =p + 3t − 4 s, z = 2 , p =1 − 2t
y s

Step 1
Okay, we don’t have a formula from the notes for this one so we’ll need to derive on up first. To do this
we’ll need the following tree diagram.

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. We’ve colored the variables we’re interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Step 2
Here are the formulas for the two derivatives we’re being asked to find.

∂w ∂w dx dp ∂w ∂y dp ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z ∂w ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + + + = +
∂t ∂x dp dt ∂y ∂p dt ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s

Step 3
Here is the work for this problem.

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Calculus II

∂w ∂w dx dp ∂w ∂y dp ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + + +
∂t ∂x dp dt ∂y ∂p dt ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
 x   y 6z 
=   cos ( p )  [ −2] +  − 2  [1][ −2] +
 x 2 + y 2   x + y
2 2 y 
 y 6z   6   3t 2 
+ − 2  [3] +    2 
 x 2 + y 2 y   y s 
−2 x cos ( p ) y 6 z 18t 2
= + − +
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 y 2 ys 2

∂w ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= +
∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s
 y 6z   6   2t 3 
=  − 2  [ −4] +    − 3 
 x 2 + y 2 y   y s 
−4 y 24 z 12t 3
= + − 3
x2 + y 2 y2 ys

In the second step of each of the derivatives we added brackets just to make it clear which term came
from which derivative in the “formula” and in general probably aren’t needed. We also did a little
simplification as needed to get to the third step.

Also, we didn’t do any “back substitution” in these derivatives due to the mess that we’d get from each of
the derivatives after we got done with all the back substitution.

∂w ∂w
7. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂t ∂v

=w w ( x, y ) =x x ( p=
, q, s ) , y y ( p= ( u, v ) , p p ( t )
, u , v ) , s s=

Step 1
To determine the formula for these derivatives we’ll need the following tree diagram.

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Calculus II

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. We’ve colored the variables we’re interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Step 2
Here are the formulas we’re being asked to find.

∂w ∂w dx dp ∂w ∂y dp ∂w ∂w ∂x ∂s ∂w ∂y
= + = +
∂t ∂x dp dt ∂y ∂p dt ∂v ∂x ∂s ∂v ∂y ∂v

∂w ∂w
8. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂t ∂u

=w w ( x, y , z ) = ( t ) , y y ( u, v=
x x= , p ) , z z ( v=
, p ) , v v ( r=
, u ) , p p (t, u )

Step 1
To determine the formula for these derivatives we’ll need the following tree diagram.

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Calculus II

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. We’ve colored the variables we’re interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Also, because the last “row” of branches was getting a little close together we switched to the subscript
derivative notation to make it easier to see which derivative was associated with each branch.

Step 2
Here are the formulas we’re being asked to find.

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂p ∂w ∂z ∂p
= + +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂p ∂t ∂z ∂p ∂t

∂w ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂y ∂v ∂w ∂y ∂p ∂w ∂z ∂v ∂w ∂z ∂p
= + + + +
∂u ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂u ∂y ∂p ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂u ∂z ∂p ∂u

dy
9. Compute for the following equation.
dx

x2 y 4 − 3 =sin ( xy )

Step 1
First a quick rewrite of the equation.

x 2 y 4 − 3 − sin ( xy ) =0

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Calculus II

Step 2
From the rewrite in the previous step we can see that,

F ( x, y=
) x 2 y 4 − 3 − sin ( xy )
We can now simply use the formula we derived in the notes to get the derivative.

dy Fx 2 xy 4 − y cos ( xy ) y cos ( xy ) − 2 xy 4
=
− =− 2 3 =
dx Fy 4 x y − x cos ( xy ) 4 x 2 y 3 − x cos ( xy )

Note that in for the second form of the answer we simply moved the “-” in front of the fraction up to the
numerator and multiplied it through. We could just have easily done this with the denominator instead if
we’d wanted to.

∂z ∂z
10. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

e z y + xz 2 =
6 xy 4 z 3

Step 1
First a quick rewrite of the equation.

e z y + xz 2 − 6 xy 4 z 3 =
0

Step 2
From the rewrite in the previous step we can see that,

F ( x, y ) = e z y + xz 2 − 6 xy 4 z 3

We can now simply use the formulas we derived in the notes to get the derivatives.

∂z Fx z 2 − 6 y4 z3 6 y4 z3 − z 2
=
− =− zy =
∂x Fz ye + 2 xz − 18 xy 4 z 2 ye z y + 2 xz − 18 xy 4 z 2

∂z Fy ze z y − 24 xy 3 z 3 24 xy 3 z 3 − ze z y
=
− =− zy =
∂y Fz ye + 2 xz − 18 xy 4 z 2 ye z y + 2 xz − 18 xy 4 z 2

Note that in for the second form of each of the answers we simply moved the “-” in front of the fraction
up to the numerator and multiplied it through. We could just have easily done this with the denominator
instead if we’d wanted to.

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Calculus II

11. Determine fuu for the following situation.

f ( x, y )
f = x=
u 2 + 3v, y=
uv

Step 1
These kinds of problems always seem mysterious at first. That is probably because we don’t actually
know what the function itself is. This isn’t really a problem. It simply means that the answers can get a
little messy as we’ll rarely be able to do much in the way of simplification.

So, the first step here is to get the first derivative and this will require the following chain rule formula.

∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
=
fu = +
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u

Here is the first derivative,

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= [ 2u ] + [ v ] = 2u + v
∂u ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Do not get excited about the “unknown” derivatives in our answer here. They will always be present in
these kinds of problems.

Step 2
Now, much as we did in the notes, let’s do a little rewrite of the answer above as follows,

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( f ) 2u ( f ) + v ( f )
∂u ∂x ∂y

With this rewrite we now have a “formula” for differentiating any function of x and y with respect to u
whenever = x u 2 + 3v and y = uv . In other words, whenever we have such a function all we need to do
is replace the f in the parenthesis with whatever our function is. We’ll need this eventually.

Step 3
Now, let’s get the second derivative. We know that we find the second derivative as follows,

∂2 f ∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f ∂f 
=
fuu = =   2u + v 
∂u 2
∂u  ∂u  ∂u  ∂x ∂y 

Step 4
∂f ∂f
Now, recall that and are functions of x and y which are in turn defined in terms of u and v as
∂x ∂y
defined in the problem statement. This means that we’ll need to do the product rule on the first term since
it is a product of two functions that both involve u. We won’t need to product rule the second term, in
this case, because the first function in that term involves only v’s.

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Calculus II

Here is that work,

∂f ∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f 
fuu =
2 + 2u   + v  
∂x ∂u  ∂x  ∂u  ∂y 

Because the function is defined only in terms of x and y we cannot “merge” the u and x derivatives in the
second term into a “mixed order” second derivative. For the same reason we can “merge” the u and y
derivatives in the third term.

In each of these cases we are being asked to differentiate a functions of x and y with respect to u where x
and y are defined in terms of u and v.

Step 5
Now, recall the “formula” from Step 2,

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( f ) 2u ( f ) + v ( f )
∂u ∂x ∂y

Recall that this tells us how to differentiate any function of x and y with respect to u as long as x and y are
defined in terms of u and v as they are in this problem.

∂f ∂f
Well luckily enough for us both and are functions of x and y which in turn are defined in terms
∂x ∂y
of u and v as we need them to be. This means we can use this “formula” for each of the derivatives in the
result from Step 4 as follows,

∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f  ∂2 f ∂2 f
 = 2u   + v   = 2u 2 + v
∂u  ∂x  ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂x  ∂x ∂y∂x
∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f  ∂  ∂f  ∂2 f ∂2 f
  =2u   + v   =2u + v
∂u  ∂y  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂y  ∂x∂y ∂y 2

Step 6
Okay, all we need to do now is put the results from Step 5 into the result from Step 4 and we’ll be done.

∂f  ∂2 f ∂2 f   ∂2 f ∂2 f 
fuu =
2 + 2u  2u 2 + v + +
∂y∂x   ∂x∂y ∂y 2 
v 2u v
∂x  ∂x 
∂f ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
=
2 + 4u 2 2 + 2uv + 2uv + v2 2
∂x ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
∂f ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
=2 + 4u 2 2 + 4uv + v2 2
∂x ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y

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Calculus II

Note that we assumed that the two mixed order partial derivative are equal for this problem and so
combined those terms. If you can’t assume this or don’t want to assume this then the second line would
be the answer.

Directional Derivatives

1. Determine the gradient of the following function.

x2
f ( x, y ) x 2 sec ( 3 x ) −
=
y3

Solution
Not really a lot to do for this problem. Here is the gradient.

2 x 3x 2
=
∇f f x=
, fy 2 x sec ( 3 x ) + 3 x 2 sec ( 3 x ) tan ( 3 y ) − ,
y3 y 4

2. Determine the gradient of the following function.

f ( x, y=
, z ) x cos ( xy ) + z 2 y 4 − 7 xz

Solution
Not really a lot to do for this problem. Here is the gradient.

=
∇f fx , =
f y , fz cos ( xy ) − xy sin ( xy ) − 7 z , − x 2 sin ( xy ) + 4 z 2 y 3 , 2 zy 4 − 7 x

x 
3. Determine Du f for f ( x, y ) = cos   in the direction of =
v 3, −4 .
 y

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so let’s get that first.

1 x x x
∇f = − sin   , 2 sin  
y  y y  y

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Calculus II

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so let’s convert it to a unit vector.

  v 1 3 4
v= ( 3) + ( −4 ) = 25= 5 u= = 3, −4= ,−
2 2

v 5 5 5

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

1 x x x 3 4
Du f =
− sin   , 2 sin    , −
y  y y  y 5 5
3  x  4x x 1  3 4x   x 
=
− sin   − 2 sin   =−  + 2  sin  
5y  y  5y  y 5 y y   y 


4. Determine Du f for f ( x, y=
, z ) x 2 y 3 − 4 xz in the direction of v = −1, 2, 0 .

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so let’s get that first.

∇
= f 2 xy 3 − 4 z ,3 x 2 y 2 , −4 x

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so let’s convert it to a unit vector.

  v 1 1 2
v = ( −1) + ( 2 ) + ( 0 ) = 5 u = = −1, 2, 0 =−
2 2 2
, ,0
v 5 5 5

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

Du f = 2 xy 3 − 4 z ,3 x 2 y 2 , −4 x  −
1 2
,
5 5
,0 =
1
5
( 4 z − 2 xy 3 + 6 x 2 y 2 )


5. Determine Du f ( 3, −1, 0 ) for f ( x, y, z=
) 4 x − y 2e3 x z direction of v = −1, 4, 2 .

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Calculus II

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so let’s get that first.

∇f = 4 − 3 zy 2e3 x z , −2 ye3 x z , −3 xy 2e3 x z

Because we also know that we’ll eventually need this evaluated at the point we may as well get that as
well.

∇f ( 3, −1, 0 ) = 4, 2, −9

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so let’s convert it to a unit vector.

  v 1 1 4 2
v = ( −1) + ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) = 21 u = = −1, 4, 2 =−
2 2 2
, ,
v 21 21 21 21

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

1 4 2 14
Du f ( 3, −1, 0 ) =4, 2, −9  − , , =−
21 21 21 21

6. Find the maximum rate of change of f ( x,=

y) x 2 + y 4 at ( −2,3) and the direction in which this
maximum rate of change occurs.

Step 1
First we’ll need the gradient and its value at ( −2,3) .

x 2 y3 −2 54
=∇f , = ∇f ( −2,3) ,
x2 + y 4 x2 + y 4 85 85

Step 2
Now, by the theorem in class we know that the direction in which the maximum rate of change at the
point in question is simply the gradient at ( −2,3) , which we found in the previous step. So, the direction
in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs is,

−2 54
∇f ( −2,3) = ,
85 85

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Calculus II

Step 3
The maximum rate of change is simply the magnitude of the gradient in the previous step. So, the
maximum rate of change of the function is,

4 2916 584
∇f ( −2,3)= + = = 5.8611
85 85 17

( x, y, z ) e2 x cos ( y − 2 z ) at ( 4, −2, 0 ) and the direction in

7. Find the maximum rate of change of f =
which this maximum rate of change occurs.

Step 1
First we’ll need the gradient and its value at ( 4, −2, 0 ) .

=∇f 2e 2 x cos ( y − 2 z ) , −e 2 x sin ( y − 2 z ) , 2e 2 x sin ( y − 2 z )

∇f ( 4, −2, 0 ) =2e8 cos ( −2 ) , −e8 sin ( −2 ) , 2e8 sin ( −2 ) =−2481.03, 2710.58, −5421.15

Step 2
Now, by the theorem in class we know that the direction in which the maximum rate of change at the
point in question is simply the gradient at ( 4, −2, 0 ) , which we found in the previous step. So, the
direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs is,

∇f ( 4, −2, 0 ) =−2481.03, 2710.58, −5421.15

Step 3
The maximum rate of change is simply the magnitude of the gradient in the previous step. So, the
maximum rate of change of the function is,

∇f ( 4, −2, 0 ) = ( −2481.03) + ( 2710.58) + ( −5421.15) = 6549.17

2 2 2

Applications of Partial Derivatives

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Calculus II

Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations

6
plane to z x 2 cos (π y ) −
1. Find the equation of the tangent= at ( 2, −1) .
xy 2

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

6 12
2 x cos (π y )
f x =+ −π x 2 sin (π y ) +
fy =
x y2
2
xy 3

Step 2
Now we also need the two derivatives from the first step and the function evaluated at ( 2, −1) . Here are
those evaluations,

5
f ( 2, −1) =−7 f x ( 2, −1) =− f y ( 2, −1) =−6
2

Step 3
The tangent plane is then,

z =−7 − 52 ( x − 2 ) − 6 ( y + 1) =− 52 x − 6 y − 8

2. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z= x x 2 + y 2 + y 3 at ( −4,3) .

Step 1
First we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

x2 xy
fx = x2 + y 2 + fy = + 3y2
x +y2 2
x +y
2 2

Step 2
Now we also need the two derivatives from the first step and the function evaluated at ( −4,3) . Here are
those evaluations,

41 123
f ( −4,3) 7
= x ( −4,3 )
f= y ( −4,3 )
f=
5 5

Step 3
The tangent plane is then,

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Calculus II

z =7 + 415 ( x + 4 ) + 123
5 ( y − 3 ) = 5 x + 5 y − 34
41 123

z 4 x 2 − ye 2 x + y at ( −2, 4 ) .
3. Find the linear approximation to=

Step 1
Recall that the linear approximation to a function at a point is really nothing more than the tangent plane
to that function at the point.

So, we know that we’ll first need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

8 x − 2 ye 2 x + y
fx = −e 2 x + y − ye 2 x + y
fy =

Step 2
Now we also need the two derivatives from the first step and the function evaluated at ( −2, 4 ) . Here are
those evaluations,

f ( −2, 4 ) =
12 f x ( −2, 4 ) =
−24 f y ( −2, 4 ) =
−5

Step 3
The linear approximation is then,

L ( x, y ) =
12 − 24 ( x + 2 ) − 5 ( y − 4 ) =−24 x − 5 y − 16

Gradient Vector, Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

x 2 y 4 ze x + y − 35 at ( 3, −3, 2 ) .
1. Find the tangent plane and normal line to=

Step 1
First we need to do a quick rewrite of the equation as,

x 2 y − 4 ze x + y =
−35

Step 2
Now we need the gradient of the function on the left side of the equation from Step 1 and its value at
( 3, −3, 2 ) . Here are those quantities.

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Calculus II

∇f = 2 xy − 4 ze x + y , x 2 − 4 ze x + y , −4e x + y ∇f ( 3, −3, 2 ) = −26,1, −4

Step 3
The tangent plane is then,

−26 ( x − 3) + (1)( y + 3) − 4 ( z − 2 ) =0 ⇒ −26 x + y − 4 z =−89

The normal line is,


r (t ) = 3, −3, 2 + t −26,1, −4 = 3 − 26t , −3 + t , 2 − 4t

 x 
= z ( x − 2 y ) + 3 z + 3 at ( 4, 2, −1) .
2
2. Find the tangent plane and normal line to ln 
 2y 

Step 1
First we need to do a quick rewrite of the equation as,

 x 
ln   − z 2 ( x − 2 y ) − 3 z =
3
 
2 y

Step 2
Now we need the gradient of the function on the left side of the equation from Step 1 and its value at
( 4, 2, −1) . Here are those quantities.

1 2 1 3 3
∇f = − z , − + 2 z 2 , −2 z ( x − 2 y ) − 3 ∇f ( 4, 2, −1) = − , , −3
x y 4 2

Step 3
The tangent plane is then,

− 34 ( x − 4 ) + 32 ( y − 2 ) − 3 ( z +=
1) 0 ⇒ − 34 x + 32 y −=
3z 3

The normal line is,


r (t ) = 4, 2, −1 + t − 43 , 23 , −3 = 4 − 43 t , 2 + 23 t , −1 − 3t

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Calculus II

Relative Minimums and Maximums

1. Find and classify all the critical points of the following function.

f ( x, y ) =( y − 2) x2 − y 2
Step 1
We’re going to need a bunch of derivatives for this problem so let’s get those taken care of first.

2 ( y − 2) x
fx = fy =
x2 − 2 y
2 ( y − 2)
fx x = fx y =
2x fy y =
−2

Step 2
Now, let’s find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

f=
x 0 : 2 ( y − 2) =
x 0 → =
y 2 or =
x 0
=fy 0 : x 2=
− 2y 0

As shown above we have two possible options from the first equation. We can plug each into the second
equation to get the critical points for the equation.

y =2 : x 2 − 4 =0 → x =±2 ⇒ ( 2, 2 ) and ( −2, 2 )

x = 0 : − 2y = 0 → y = 0 ⇒ ( 0, 0 )
Be careful in writing down the solution to this system of equations. One of the biggest mistakes students
make here is to just write down all possible combinations of x and y values they get. That is not how
these types of systems are solved!

We got x = ±2 above only because we assumed first that y = 2 and so that leads to the two solutions
listed in that first line above. Likewise we only got y = 0 because we first assumed that x = 0 which
leads to the third solution listed above in the second line. The points ( 0, 2 ) , ( −2, 0 ) and ( 2, 0 ) are
NOT solutions to this system as can be easily checked by plugging them into the second equation in the
system.

So, do not just “mix and match” all possible values of x and y into points and call them all solutions. This
will often lead to points that are not solutions to the system of equations. You need to always keep in
mind what assumptions you had to make in order to get certain x or y values in the solution process and
only match those values up with the assumption you had to make.

So, in summary, this function has three critical points : ( 0, 0 ) , ( −2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) .

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Calculus II

Also, before proceeding with the next step we should note that there are multiple ways to solve this
system. The process you used may not be the same as the one we used here. However, regardless of the
process used to solve the system, the solutions should always be the same.

Step 3
Next, we’ll need the following,

D ( x, y ) =f x x f y y −  f x y  = 2 ( y − 2 )  [ −2] − [ 2 x ] =−4 ( y − 2 ) − 4 x 2

2 2

Step 4
With D ( x, y ) we can now classify each of the critical points as follows.

( 0, 0 ) : D ( 0, 0 ) =8 > 0 f x x ( 0, 0 ) =−4 < 0 Relative Maximum

( −2, 2 ) : D ( −2, 2 ) =−16 < 0 Saddle Point
( 2, 2 ) : D ( 2, 2 ) =−16 < 0 Saddle Point

Don’t forget to check the value of f x x when D is positive so we can get the correct classification (i.e.
maximum or minimum) and also recall that for negative D we don’t need the second check as we know
the critical point will be a saddle point.

2. Find and classify all the critical points of the following function.

f ( x, y ) = 7 x − 8 y + 2 xy − x 2 + y 3

Step 1
We’re going to need a bunch of derivatives for this problem so let’s get those taken care of first.

f x =7 + 2 y − 2 x f y =−8 + 2 x + 3 y 2
fx x =
−2 fx y =
2 fy y =
6y

Step 2
Now, let’s find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

=fx 0 : 7 + 2 y=
− 2x 0
f y = 0 : − 8 + 2x + 3y2 = 0 → x = 4 − 32 y 2

As shown above we solved the second equation for x and we can now plug this into the first equation as
follows,

7 + 2 y − 2 ( 4 − 32 y 2 ) =
0= ( 3 y − 1)( y + 1)
3y2 + 2 y −1 = → y=
−1, y =
1
3

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Calculus II

This gives two values of y which we can now plug back into either of our equations to find corresponding
x values. Here is that work.

y= 4 32 ( −1) =
−1 : x =− ⇒ ( 52 , −1)
5 2
2

4 − 23 ( 13 ) = ( 236 , 13 )
2
y=
3 : x =
1 23
6 ⇒

Be careful in writing down the solution to this system of equations. One of the biggest mistakes students
make here is to just write down all possible combinations of x and y values they get. That is not how
these types of systems are solved!

We got x = 5
2 above only because we assumed first that y = −1 and so that leads to the solution listed in
first line above. Likewise we only got x = 23
6 because we first assumed that y = 1
3 which leads to the
second solution listed in the second line above. The points ( 5
2 , 1
3 ) and ( 23
6 , −1) are NOT a solutions to
this system as can be easily checked by plugging these points into the either of the equations in the
system.

So, in summary, this function has two critical points : ( 52 , −1) , ( 236 , 13 ) .
Before proceeding with the next step we should note that there are multiple ways to solve this system.
The process you used may not be the same as the one we used here. However, regardless of the process
used to solve the system, the solutions should always be the same.

Step 3
Next, we’ll need the following,

D ( x, y ) = [ −2][6 y ] − [ 2] =
2
f x x f y y −  f x y  = −12 y − 4
2

Step 4
With D ( x, y ) we can now classify each of the critical points as follows.

( 52 , −1) : D ( 52 , −1) =8>0 f x x ( 52 , −1) =−2 < 0 Relative Maximum

( 236 , 13 ) : D ( 236 , 13 ) =−8 < 0 Saddle Point

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 48 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

3. Find and classify all the critical points of the following function.

( 3x 4 x3 )( y 2 + 2 y )
f ( x, y ) =+

Step 1
We’re going to need a bunch of derivatives for this problem so let’s get those taken care of first.

Do not make these derivatives harder than really are! Do not multiply the function out! We just have a
function of x’s times a function of y’s. Take advantage of that when doing the derivatives.

( 3 + 12 x 2 )( y 2 + 2 y )
fx = ( 3x + 4 x3 ) ( 2 y + 2 )
fy =
24 x ( y 2 + 2 y )
fx x = ( 3 + 12 x 2 ) ( 2 y + 2 )
fx y = 2 ( 3x + 4 x3 )
fy y =

Step 2
Now, let’s find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

=
fx 0 : ( 3 + 12 x )( y + 2=
2 2
y) 0
=fy 0 : ( 3x + 4 x ) ( 2=
3
y + 2) 0

We could start the solution process with either of these equations as both are pretty simple to solve. Let’s
start with the first equation.

( 3 + 12 x )( y
2 2
+ 2y) =
( 3 + 12 x 2 ) ( y )( y + 2 ) =
0 → y=
0, y =
−2, x =
± 12 i

Okay, we’ve got something to deal with at this point. We clearly get four different values to work with
here. Two of them, however, are complex. One of the unspoken rules here is that we are only going to
work with real values and so we will ignore any complex answers and work with only the real values.

So, we now have two possible values of y so let’s plug each of them into the second equation as follows,

0 : 2 ( 3x + 4 x3 ) =
y= 2x (3 + 4x2 ) =
0 → x=
0, x =
± 23 i ⇒ ( 0, 0 )

−2 : − 2 ( 3 x + 4 x3 ) =
y= 2x (3 + 4x2 ) =
0 → x=
0, x =
± 23 i ⇒ ( 0, −2 )
As with the first part of the solution process we only take the real values and so ignore the complex
portions from this part as well.

In the previous two problems we made mention at this point to be careful and not just from up points for
all possible combinations of the x and y values we have at this point.

One of the reasons that students often do that is because of problems like this one where it appears that we
are doing just that. However, we haven’t just randomly formed all combinations here. It just so
happened that when we assumed y = 0 and y = −2 that we just happened to get the same value of x,

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 49 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

x = 0 . In general, this won’t happen and so do not read into this problem that we always just form all
possible combinations of the x and y values to get the critical points for a function. We must always pay
attention to the assumptions made at the start of each step.

So, in summary, this function has two critical points : ( 0, −2 ) , ( 0, 0 ) .

Before proceeding with the next step we should note that there are multiple ways to solve this system.
The process you used may not be the same as the one we used here. However, regardless of the process
used to solve the system, the solutions should always be the same.

Step 3
Next, we’ll need the following,

( x, y ) f x x f y y −  f x y 
2
D=

=  24 x ( y 2 + 2 y )   2 ( 3 x + 4 x3 )  − ( 3 + 12 x 2 ) ( 2 y + 2 ) 
2

= 48 x ( 3 x + 4 x 3 )( y 2 + 2 y ) − ( 3 + 12 x 2 ) ( 2 y + 2 )
2 2

Step 4
With D ( x, y ) we can now classify each of the critical points as follows.

( 0, −2 ) : D ( 0, −2 ) =−36 < 0 Saddle Point

( 0, 0 ) : D ( 0, 0 ) =−36 < 0 Saddle Point

Don’t always expect every problem to have at least one relative extrema. As this example has shown it is
completely possible to have only saddle points.

4. Find and classify all the critical points of the following function.

f ( x, y ) = 3 y 3 − x 2 y 2 + 8 y 2 + 4 x 2 − 20 y

Step 1
We’re going to need a bunch of derivatives for this problem so let’s get those taken care of first.

fx =
−2 xy 2 + 8 x fy =
9 y 2 − 2 x 2 y + 16 y − 20
fx x =
−2 y 2 + 8 fx y =
−4 xy fy y =
18 y − 2 x 2 + 16

Step 2
Now, let’s find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 50 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

fx =
0 : 2x ( 4 − y2 ) =
− 2 xy 2 + 8 x = 0 → y=
±2 or x =
0
=fy 0 : 9 y 2 − 2 x 2 y +=
16 y − 20 0

As shown above we have three possible options from the first equation. We can plug each into the second
equation to get the critical points for the equation.

y =−2 : 4 x 2 − 16 =0 → x =±2 ⇒ ( 2, −2 ) and ( −2, −2 )

y=
2 : − 4 x 2 + 48 =
0 → x=
±2 3 ⇒ (2 3, 2 ) (
and −2 3, 2 )
x = 0 : 9 y 2 + 16 y − 20 = 0 → y = −16 ± 976
18 ⇒ ( 0, −16 − 976
18 ) and ( 0, −16 + 976
18 )
As we noted in the first two problems in this section be careful to only write down the actual solutions as
found in the above work. Do not just write down all possible combinations of x and y from each of the
three lines above. If you do that for this problem you will end up with a large number of points that are
not critical points.

Also, do not get excited about the “mess” (i.e. roots) involved in some of the critical points. They will be
a fact of life with these problems on occasion.

So, in summary, this function has the following six critical points.

( −2, −2 ) , ( 2, −2 ) , ( 2 )( ) ( ) (
3, 2 , −2 3, 2 , 0, −16−18 976 , 0, −16+18 976 . )
Step 3
Next, we’ll need the following,

( x, y ) f x x f y y −  f x y 
2
D=

=  −2 y 2 + 8 18 y − 2 x 2 + 16  − [ −4 xy ]
2

= −2 y 2 + 8 18 y − 2 x 2 + 16  − 16 x 2 y 2

Step 4
With D ( x, y ) we can now classify each of the critical points as follows.

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 51 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

( −2, −2 ) : D ( −2, −2 ) =−256 < 0 Saddle Point

( 2, −2 ) : D ( 2, −2 ) =−256 < 0 Saddle Point

( −2 3, 2) : D ( −2 3, 2) =−768 < 0 Saddle Point

( 2 3, 2) : D ( 2 3, 2) = −768 < 0 Saddle Point

( 0, ) : D ( 0,
−16 − 976
18 )=180.4 > 0 f ( 0,
−16 − 976
18 xx
−16 − 976
18 )=
−5.8 < 0 Relative Maximum

( 0, 18) : D ( 0,
−16 + 976
)=205.1 > 0 f ( 0,
−16 + 976
18 xx
−16 + 976
18 )=
6.6 > 0 Relative Minimum

Absolute Minimums and Maximums

1. Find the absolute minimum and absolute maximum of f ( x, y=

) 192 x3 + y 2 − 4 xy 2 on the triangle
with vertices ( 0, 0 ) , ( 4, 2 ) and ( −2, 2 ) .

Step 1
We’ll need the first order derivatives to start the problem off. Here they are,

fx =
576 x 2 − 4 y 2 fy =
2 y − 8 xy

Step 2
We need to find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

=f x 0 : 576 x 2 =
− 4 y2 0
fy = 0 : 2 y (1 − 4 x ) = 0 → y = 0 or x = 1
4

So, we have two possible options from the second equation. We can plug each into the first equation to
get the critical points for the equation.

y =0 : 576 x 2 =0 → x =0 ⇒ ( 0, 0 )

x=
4 : 36 − 4 y =
1 2
0 → y=
±3 ⇒ ( 14 ,3) and ( 14 , −3)

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 52 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

Okay, we have the three critical points listed above. Also recall that we only use critical points that are
actually in the region we are working with. In this case, the last two have y values that clearly are out of
the region (we’ve sketched the region in the next step if you aren’t sure you believe this!) and so we can
ignore them.

Therefore, the only critical point from this list that we need to use is the first. Note as well that, in this
case, this also happens to be one of the points that define the boundary of the region. This will happen on
occasion but won’t always.

So, we’ll need the function value for the only critical point that is actually in our region. Here is that
value,
f ( 0, 0 ) = 0

Step 3
Now, we know that absolute extrema can occur on the boundary. So, let’s start off with a quick sketch of
the region we’re working on.

Each of the sides of the triangle can then be defined as follows.

Top : y = 2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 4

Right :=
y 1
2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

Left : y =− x, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0

Now we need to analyze each of these sides to get potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) that might
occur on the boundary.

Step 4
Let’s first check out the top : y = 2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

We’ll need to identify the points along the top that could be potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .
This, in essence, requires us to find the potential absolute extrema of the following equation on the
interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

© 2007 Paul Dawkins 53 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

Calculus II

g ( x )= f ( x, 2 )= 192 x3 − 16 x + 4

This is really nothing more than a Calculus I absolute extrema problem so we’ll be doing the work here
without a lot of explanation. If you don’t recall how to do these kinds of problems you should read
through that section in the Calculus I material.

The critical point(s) for g ( x ) are,

g′( x) =
576 x 2 − 16 =
0 → x=
± 16

So, these two points as well as the x limits for the top give the following four points that are potential
absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

( 16 , 2 ) ( − 16 , 2 ) ( −2, 2 ) ( 4, 2 )
Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that y = 2 ! So, the next set of potential absolute extrema for
f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( 16 , 2 ) =
20
9 f ( − 16 , 2 ) =
52
9 f ( −2, 2 ) =
−1,500 f ( 4, 2 ) =
12, 228

Step 5
Next let’s check out the right side =
:y x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 . For this side we’ll need to identify possible
1
2
absolute extrema of the following function on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

x ) f ( x, 12=
g (= x) 1
4 x 2 + 191x3

The critical point(s) for the g ( x ) from this step are,

g′( x) =
2 x + 573 x =
1 2
x ( 12 + 573 x ) =
0 → x ==
0, x − 1146
1

Now, recall what we are restricted to the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 for this portion of the problem and so the
second critical point above will not be used as it lies outside this interval.

So, the single point from above that is in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 as well as the x limits for the right give
the following two points that are potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

( 0, 0 ) ( 4, 2 )
Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that y = 12 x ! Also note that, in this case, one of the critical
points ended up also being one of the endpoints.

Calculus II

Therefore, the next set of potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( 0, 0 ) 0=
= f ( 4, 2 ) 12, 228

Before proceeding to the next step note that both of these have already appeared in previous steps. This
will happen on occasion but we can’t, in many cases, expect this to happen so we do need to go through
and do the work for each boundary.

The main exception to this is usually the endpoints of our intervals as they will always be shared in two of
the boundary checks and so, once done, don’t really need to be checked again. We just included the
endpoints here for completeness.

Step 6
Finally, let’s check out the left side : y =− x, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0 . For this side we’ll need to identify possible
absolute extrema of the following function on the interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 .

g ( x ) = f ( x, − x ) = x 2 + 188 x3

The critical point(s) for the g ( x ) from this step are,

g′( x) = 2 x (1 + 282 x ) =
2 x + 564 x 2 = 0 → x=
0, x =
− 282
1

Both of these are in the interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 that we are restricted to for this portion of the problem.

So the two points from above as well as the x limits for the right give the following three points that are
potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

( − 2821 , 2821 ) ( 0, 0 ) ( −2, 2 )

Recall that, in this step we are assuming that y = − x ! Also note that, in this case, one of the critical
points ended up also being one of the endpoints.

Therefore, the next set of potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( − 282
1 1
, 282 )= 1
238,5732 f ( 0, 0 ) =
0 f ( −2, 2 ) =
−1,500

As with the previous step we can note that both of the end points above have already occurred previously
in the problem and didn’t really need to be checked here. They were just included for completeness.

Step 7
Okay, in summary, here are all the potential absolute extrema and their function values for this function
on the region we are working on.

Calculus II

f ( 16 , 2 ) =
20
9 f ( − 16 , 2 ) =
52
9 f ( −2, 2 ) =
−1,500 f ( 4, 2 ) =
12, 228
f ( 0, 0=
) 0 f ( − 282
1 1
, 282=) 1
238,5732

From this list we can see that the absolute maximum of the function will be 12,228 which occurs at
( 4, 2 ) and the absolute minimum of the function will be -1,500 which occurs at ( −2, 2 ) .

2. Find the absolute minimum and absolute maximum of f ( x, y ) = (9x 2

− 1) (1 + 4 y ) on the rectangle
given by −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 , −1 ≤ y ≤ 4 .

Step 1
We’ll need the first order derivatives to start the problem off. Here they are,

18 x (1 + 4 y )
fx = 4 ( 9 x 2 − 1)
fy =

Step 2
We need to find the critical points for this problem. That means solving the following system.

=f x 0 : 18 x (1 +=
4y) 0
fy =0 : 4 ( 9 x 2 − 1) =0 → x=± 13

So, we have two possible options from the second equation. We can plug each into the first equation to
get the critical points for the equation.

3 : 6 (1 + 4 y ) =→
x=
1
0 y=
− 14 ⇒ ( 13 , − 14 )
x=− 13 : − 6 (1 + 4 y ) =0 → y=− 14 ⇒ ( − 13 , − 14 )
Both of these critical points are in the region we are interested in and so we’ll need the function evaluated
at both of them. Here are those values,

f ( 13 , − 14 ) 0
= f ( − 13 , − 14 ) 0
=

Step 3
Now, we know that absolute extrema can occur on the boundary. So, let’s start off with a quick sketch of
the region we’re working on.

Calculus II

Each of the sides of the rectangle can then be defined as follows.

Top : y= 4, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

Bottom : y =−1, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

Right : =
x 3, −1 ≤ y ≤ 4

Left : x =−2, −1 ≤ y ≤ 4

Now we need to analyze each of these sides to get potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) that might
occur on the boundary.

Step 4
Let’s first check out the top : y= 4, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 .

g ( x )= f ( x, 4 )= 17 ( −1 + 9 x 2 )

The critical point(s) for g ( x ) are,

g′ ( x) =
306 x =
0 → x=
0

This critical point is in the interval we are working on so, this point as well as the x limits for the top give
the following three points that are potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

Calculus II

( 0, 4 ) ( −2, 4 ) ( 3, 4 )
Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that y = 4 ! So, the next set of potential absolute extrema for
f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( 0, 4 ) =
−17 f ( −2, 4 ) =
595 f ( 3, 4 ) =
1360

Step 5
Next, let’s check out the bottom : y =−1, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 . For this side we’ll need to identify possible
absolute extrema of the following function on the interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 .

g ( x ) = f ( x, −1) =−3 ( −1 + 9 x 2 )

The critical point(s) for the g ( x ) from this step are,

g′( x) =
−54 x =
0 → x=
0

This critical point is in the interval we are working on so, this point as well as the x limits for the bottom
give the following three points that are potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .
( 0, −1) ( −2, −1) ( 3, −1)
Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that y = −1 ! So, the next set of potential absolute extrema for
f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( 0, −1) =3 f ( −2, −1) =−105 f ( 3, −1) =−240

Step 6
Let’s now check out the right side : =
x 3, − 1 ≤ y ≤ 4 . For this side we’ll need to identify possible
absolute extrema of the following function on the interval −1 ≤ y ≤ 4 .

( y ) f ( 3,=
h= y ) 80 (1 + 4 y )

The derivative of the h ( y ) from this step is,

h′ ( y ) = 320

In this case there are no critical points of the function along this boundary. So, only the limits for the
right side are potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

Calculus II

( 3, −1) ( 3, 4 )
Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that x = 3 ! Therefore, the next set of potential absolute extrema
for f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( 3, −1) =−240 f ( 3, 4 ) =1360

Before proceeding to the next step let’s note that both of these points have already been listed in previous
steps and so did not really need to be written down here. This will always happen with boundary points
(as these are here). Boundary points will always show up in multiple boundary steps.

Step 7
Finally, let’s check out the left side : x =−2, − 1 ≤ y ≤ 4 . For this side we’ll need to identify possible
absolute extrema of the following function on the interval −1 ≤ y ≤ 4 .

h ( y ) =f ( −2, y ) =35 (1 + 4 y )

The derivative of the h ( y ) from this step is,

h′ ( y ) = 140

In this case there are no critical points of the function along this boundary. So, we only the limits for the
right side are potential absolute extrema for f ( x, y ) .

( −2, −1) ( −2, 4 )

Recall that, in this step, we are assuming that x = −2 ! Therefore, the next set of potential absolute
extrema for f ( x, y ) are then,

f ( −2, −1) =−105 f ( −2, 4 ) =595

As with the previous step both of these are boundary points and have appeared in previous steps. They
were simply listed here for completeness.

Step 8
Okay, in summary, here are all the potential absolute extrema and their function values for this function
on the region we are working on.

f ( 0, 4 ) =
−17 f ( −2, 4 ) =
595 f ( 3, 4 ) =
1360
f ( 0, −1) =3 f ( −2, −1) =−105 f ( 3, −1) =−240

Calculus II

From this list we can see that the absolute maximum of the function will be 1360 which occurs at ( 3, 4 )
and the absolute minimum of the function will be -240 which occurs at ( 3, −1) .

Lagrange Multipliers

1. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x=

, y ) 81x 2 + y 2 subject to the constraint
4 x2 + y 2 =
9.

Step 1
Before proceeding with the problem let’s note because our constraint is the sum of two terms that are
squared (and hence positive) the largest possible range of x is − 32 ≤ x ≤ 32 (the largest values would occur
if y = 0 ). Likewise the largest possible range of y is −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 (with the largest values occurring if
x = 0 ).

Note that, at this point, we don’t know if x and/or y will actually be the largest possible value. At this
point we are simply acknowledging what they are. What this allows us to say is that whatever our
answers will be they must occur in these bounded ranges and hence by the Extreme Value Theorem we
know that absolute extrema will occur for this problem.

This step is an important (and often overlooked) step in these problems. It always helps to know that
absolute extrema exist prior to actually trying to find them!

Step 2
The first actual step in the solution process is then to write down the system of equations we’ll need to
solve for this problem.

162 x = 8 xλ
2 y = 2 yλ
4x2 + y 2 =
9

Step 3
For most of these systems there are a multitude of solution methods that we can use to find a solution.
Some may be harder than other, but unfortunately, there will often be no way of knowing which will be
“easy” and which will be “hard” until you start the solution process.

Do not be afraid of these systems. They are probably unlike anything you’ve ever really been asked to
solve up to this point. Most of the systems can be solved using techniques that you already know and
aren’t really as “bad” as they may appear at first glance. Some do require some additional techniques and
can be quite messy but for the most part still involve techniques that you do know how to use, you just
may not have ever seen them done in the context of solving systems of equations.

Calculus II

In this case, simply because the numbers are a little smaller, let’s start with the second equation. A little
rewrite of the equation gives us the following,

y 2 y ( λ − 1=
2 yλ − 2= ) 0 → = λ 1
y 0 or =

Be careful here to not just divide both sides by y to “simplify” the equation. Remember that you can’t
divide by anything unless you know for a fact that it won’t ever be zero. In this case we can see that y
clearly can be zero and if you divide it out to start the solution process you will miss that solution. This is
often one of the biggest mistakes that students make when working these kinds of problems.

Step 4
We now have two possibilities from Step 2. Either y = 0 or λ = 1 . We’ll need to go through both of
these possibilities and see what we get.

Let’s start by assuming that y = 0 . In this case we can go directly to the constraint to get,

4 x2 =
9 → x=
± 32

Therefore from this part we get two points that are potential absolute extrema,

( − 32 , 0 ) ( 32 , 0 )
Step 5
Next, let’s assume that λ = 1 . In this case, we can plug this into the first equation to get,

162 x =8 x → 154 x =0 → x =0

So, under this assumption we must have x = 0 . We can now plug this into the constraint to get,

y2 =
9 → y=
±3

So, this part gives us two more points that are potential absolute extrema,

( 0, −3) ( 0,3)
Step 6
In total, it looks like we have four points that can potentially be absolute extrema. So, to determine the
absolute extrema all we need to do is evaluate the function at each of these points. Here are those
function evaluations.

f ( − 32 , 0 )
= 729
4 f ( 23 , 0 )
= 729
4 f ( 0, −3) 9
= f ( 0, −3) 9
=

The absolute maximum is then 729

4 = 182.25 which occurs at ( − 32 , 0 ) and ( − 32 , 0 ) . The absolute
minimum is 9 which occurs at ( 0, −3) and ( 0,3) . Do not get excited about the absolute extrema
occurring at multiple points. That will happen on occasion with these problems.

Calculus II

2. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x, =

y ) 8 x 2 − 2 y subject to the constraint x 2 + y 2 =
1.

Step 1
Before proceeding with the problem let’s note because our constraint is the sum of two terms that are
squared (and hence positive) the largest possible range of x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 (the largest values would occur
if y = 0 ). Likewise the largest possible range of y is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 (with the largest values occurring if
x = 0 ).

This step is an important (and often overlooked) step in these problems. It always helps to know that
absolute extrema exist prior to actually trying to find them!

Step 2
The first actual step in the solution process is then to write down the system of equations we’ll need to
solve for this problem.

16 x = 2 xλ
−2 =2 yλ
x2 + y 2 =
1

For this system it looks like maybe the first equation will give us some information to start off with so
let’s start with that equation. A quick rewrite of the equation gives us the following,

16 x − 2 xλ= 2 x ( 8 − λ )= 0 → x= 0 or λ= 8

Be careful here to not just divide both sides by x to “simplify” the equation. Remember that you can’t
divide by anything unless you know for a fact that it won’t ever be zero. In this case we can see that x
clearly can be zero and if you divide it out to start the solution process you will miss that solution. This is
often one of the biggest mistakes that students make when working these kinds of problems.

Calculus II

Step 4
We now have two possibilities from Step 2. Either x = 0 or λ = 8 . We’ll need to go through both of
these possibilities and see what we get.

Let’s start by assuming that x = 0 . In this case we can go directly to the constraint to get,

y2 =
1 → y=
±1

Therefore from this part we get two points that are potential absolute extrema,

( 0, −1) ( 0,1)
Step 5
Next, let’s assume that λ = 8 . In this case, we can plug this into the second equation to get,

−2 =16 y → y =− 18

So, under this assumption we must have y = − 18 . We can now plug this into the constraint to get,

x 2 + 641 =
1 → x2 =63
64 → x=± 63
64 =± 3 87

So, this part gives us two more points that are potential absolute extrema,

(− 3 7
8 , − 18 ) ( 3 7
8 , − 18 )
Step 6
In total, it looks like we have four points that can potentially be absolute extrema. So, to determine the
absolute extrema all we need to do is evaluate the function at each of these points. Here are those
function evaluations.

( )
f − 3 8 7 , − 81 =65
8 f ( 3 7
8 )
, − 81 =65
8 f ( 0, −1) =2 f ( 0,1) =−2

The absolute maximum is then 65

8 (
= 8.125 which occurs at − 3 8 7 , − 18 and ) ( 3 7
8 )
, − 18 . The absolute
minimum is -2 which occurs at ( 0,1) . Do not get excited about the absolute extrema occurring at
multiple points. That will happen on occasion with these problems.

) y 2 − 10 z subject to the constraint

3. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x, y, z=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
36 .

Step 1

Calculus II

Before proceeding with the problem let’s note because our constraint is the sum of three terms that are
squared (and hence positive) the largest possible range of x is −6 ≤ x ≤ 6 (the largest values would occur
if y = 0 and z = 0 ). Likewise we’d get the same ranges for both y and z.

Note that, at this point, we don’t know if x, y or z will actually be the largest possible value. At this point
we are simply acknowledging what they are. What this allows us to say is that whatever our answers will
be they must occur in these bounded ranges and hence by the Extreme Value Theorem we know that
absolute extrema will occur for this problem.

This step is an important (and often overlooked) step in these problems. It always helps to know that
absolute extrema exist prior to actually trying to find them!

Step 2
The first actual step in the solution process is then to write down the system of equations we’ll need to
solve for this problem.

0 = 2 xλ
2 y = 2 yλ
−10 = 2 zλ
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
36

For this system let’s start with the third equation and note that because the left side is -10, or more
importantly can never by zero, we can see that we must therefore have z ≠ 0 and λ ≠ 0 . The fact that
λ can’t be zero is really important for this problem.
Step 4
Okay, because we now know that λ ≠ 0 we can see that the only way for the first equation to be true is to
have x = 0 .

Therefore no matter what else is going on with y and z in this problem we must always have x = 0 and
we’ll need to keep that in mind.

Step 5
Next, let’s take a look at the second equation. A quick rewrite of this equation gives,

Calculus II

2 y − 2 yλ= 2 y (1 − λ )= 0 → y= 0 or λ= 1

Step 6
We now have two possibilities from Step 4. Either y = 0 or λ = 1 . We’ll need to go through both of
these possibilities and see what we get.

Let’s start by assuming that y = 0 and recall from Step 3 that we also know that x = 0 . In this case we
can plug these values into the constraint to get,

z 2 =→
36 z=
±6

Therefore from this part we get two points that are potential absolute extrema,

( 0, 0, −6 ) ( 0, 0, 6 )
Step 7
Next, let’s assume that λ = 1 . If we head back to the third equation we can see that we now have,

−10 =2z → z=−5

So, under this assumption we must have z = −5 and recalling once more from Step 3 that we have x = 0
we can now plug these into the constraint to get,

y 2 + 25 =
36 → y2 =
11 → y=
± 11

So, this part gives us two more points that are potential absolute extrema,

( 0, − 11, −5 ) ( 0, 11, −5 )
Step 8
In total, it looks like we have four points that can potentially be absolute extrema. So, to determine the
absolute extrema all we need to do is evaluate the function at each of these points. Here are those
function evaluations.

(
f 0, − 11, −5 =)
61 (
f 0, 11, −5 =61 ) f ( 0, 0, −6 ) =60 f ( 0, 0, 6 ) =−60

( ) (
The absolute maximum is then 61 which occurs at 0, − 11, −5 and 0, 11, −5 . The absolute )
minimum is -60 which occurs at ( 0, 0, 6 ) . Do not get excited about the absolute extrema occurring at
multiple points. That will happen on occasion with these problems.

Calculus II

4. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint
4 . Assume that x ≥ 0 for this problem. Why is this assumption needed?
x + 9 y2 + z2 =

Step 1
Before proceeding with the solution to this problem let’s address why the assumption that x ≥ 0 is
needed for this problem.

The answer is simple. Without that assumption this function will not have absolute extrema.

If there are no restrictions on x then we could make x as large and negative as we wanted to and we could
still meet the constraint simply by chose a very large y and/or z. Note as well that because y and z are
both squared we could chose them to be either negative or positive.

If we took our choices for x, y and z and plugged them into the function then the function would be
similarly large. Also, the larger we chose x the larger we’d need to choose appropriate y and/or z and
hence the larger our function would become. Finally, as noted above because we could chose y and z to
be either positive or negative we could force the function to be either positive or negative with
appropriate choices of signs for y and z.

In other words, if we have no restriction on x, we can make the function arbitrarily large in a positive and
negative sense and so this function would not have absolute extrema.

On the other hand, if we put on the restriction on x that we have we now have the sum of three positive
terms that must equal four. This in turn leads to the following largest possible values of the three
variables in the problem.

0≤ x≤4 − 23 ≤ y ≤ 2
3 −2 ≤ z ≤ 2

The largest value of x and the extreme values of y and z would occur when the other two variables are
zero and in general there is no way to know ahead of time if any of the variables will in fact take on their
largest possible values. However, what we can say now is that because all of our variables are bounded
then by the Extreme Value Theorem we know that absolute extrema will occur for this problem.

Note as well that all we really need here is a lower limit for x. It doesn’t have to be zero that just makes
the above analysis a little bit easier. We could have used the restriction that x ≥ −8 if we’d wanted to.
With this restriction we’d still have a bounded set of ranges for x, y and z and so the function would still
have absolute extrema.

This problem shows just why this step is so important for these problems. If this problem did not have a
restriction on x and we neglected to do this step we’d get the (very) wrong answer! We could still go
through the process below and we’d get values that would appear to be absolute extrema. However, as
we’ve shown above without any restriction on x the function would not have absolute extrema.

The issue here is that the Lagrange multiplier process itself is not set up to detect if absolute extrema exist
or not. Before we even start the process we need to first make sure that the values we get out of the
process will in fact be absolute extrema (i.e. we need to verify that absolute extrema exist).

Step 2
The first step here is to write down the system of equations we’ll need to solve for this problem.

Calculus II

yz = λ
xz = 18 yλ
xy = 2 zλ
x + 9 y2 + z2 =
4

With this system let’s start out by multiplying the first equation by x, multiplying the second equation by
y and multiplying the third equation by z. Doing this gives the following “new” system of equations.

xyz = xλ
xyz = 18 y 2 λ
xyz = 2 z 2 λ
x + 9 y2 + z2 =
4

Let’s also note that the constraint won’t be true if all three variables are zero simultaneously. One or two
of the variables can be zero but we can’t have all three be zero.

Step 4
Now, let’s set the first and second equations from Step 3 equal. Doing this gives,

xλ =18 y 2 λ → ( x − 18 y ) λ = 0
2
→ x =18 y 2 or λ = 0

Let’s also set the second and third equation from Step 3 equal. Doing this gives,

18 y 2 λ =2 z 2 λ → (18 y 2
− 2 z 2 ) λ =0 → z 2 =9 y 2 or λ =0

Step 5
Okay, from Step 4 we have two possibilities. Either λ = 0 or we have x = 18 y 2 and z 2 = 9 y 2 .

Let’s take care of the first possibility, λ = 0 . If we go back to the original system this assumption gives
us the following system.

Calculus II

yz =
0 → y=
0 or z =
0
xz =
0 → x=
0 or z =
0
xy =
0 → x=
0 or y =
0
x + 9 y2 + z2 =
4

Step 6
We have all sorts of possibilities from Step 5. From the first equation we have two possibilities. Let’s
start with y = 0 . Since the third equation from Step 5 won’t really tell us anything (after all it is now 0 =
0) let’s move to the second equation. In this case we get either x = 0 or z = 0 .

Recall that at the end of the third step we noticed that we can’t have all three of the variables be zero but
we could have two of them be zero. So, this leads to the following two cases that we can plug into the
constraint to find the value of the third variable.

y=0, x =
0 : z 2 =→
4 z=
±2
=
y 0,=z 0 : =
x 4

So, this gives us the following three potential absolute extrema.

( 0, 0, −2 ) ( 0, 0, 2 ) ( 4, 0, 0 )
Next, let’s take a look at the second possibility from the first equation in Step 5, z = 0 . In this case the
second equation will be 0 = 0 and so will not be of any use. The third however, has the possibilities of
x = 0 or y = 0 . The second of these was already addressed above so all we need to look at is,
z=
0, x =
0 : 9 y2 =
4 → y=
± 23

This leads to two more potential absolute extrema.

( 0, − 23 , 0 ) ( 0, 23 , 0 )
We could now go back and start with the second or third equation but if we did that you’d just
end up with the above possibilities (you might want to verify that for yourself…). Therefore, we
get a total of five possible absolute extrema from this Step. They are,

( 0, 0, ±2 ) ( 0, ± 23 , 0 ) ( 4, 0, 0 )
We made heavy use of the “ ± ” notation here to simplify things a little bit. It’s not required but will
make the rest of the work with these points a little easier as we’ll see eventually.

Step 7
Now, way back in Step 5 we had another possibility : x = 18 y 2 and z 2 = 9 y 2 . We have to now take a
look at this case. In this case we can plug each of these directly into the constraint to get the following,

18 y 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 y 2 =
36 y 2 =
4 → y=
± 13

Calculus II

Now we can go back to the two assumptions we started this step off with to get,

18 ( 19 ) =
x= 2 9 ( 19 ) 1
z 2 ==→ z=
±1

Now, in most cases, we can’t just “mix and match” all the values of x, y and z to from points. In this case
however, we can do exactly that. The x = 2 will arise regardless of the sign on y because of the y 2 in
the x assumption. Likewise, because of the y 2 in the z assumption each of the z’s can arise for either y
and so we get all combinations of x, y and z for points in this case.

Therefore we get the following four possible absolute extrema from this step.

( 2, − 13 , −1) ( 2, − 13 ,1) ( 2, 13 , −1) ( 2, 13 ,1)

Step 8
In total, it looks like we have nine points that can potentially be absolute extrema. So, to determine the
absolute extrema all we need to do is evaluate the function at each of these points and with nine points
that seems like a lot of work.

However, in this case, it’s actually quite simple. Recall that the function we’re evaluating is
f ( x, y, z ) = xyz . First, this means that if even one of the variables is zero the whole function will be
zero. Therefore, the function evaluations for the five points from Step 6 all give,

) f ( 0, ± 23 , 0=) f ( 4, 0, 0=) 0
f ( 0, 0, ±2=

Note the usage of the “ ± ” notation to “simplify” the work here as well.

Now, the potential points from Step 7 are all the same values, with the exception of signs changing
occasionally on the y and z. That means that the function value here will be either − 23 or 23 depending
on the number of minus signs in the point. So again, not a lot of effort to compute these function values.
Here are the evaluations for the points from Step 7.

f ( 2, − 13 ,1) =f ( 2, 13 , −1) =− 23 f ( 2, − 13 , −1) =f ( 2, 13 ,1) =23

The absolute maximum is then 2

3 which occurs at ( 2, − 13 , −1) and ( 2, 13 ,1) . The absolute minimum is
− 23 which occurs at ( 2, − 13 ,1) and ( 2, 13 , −1) . Do not get excited about the absolute extrema occurring
at multiple points. That will happen on occasion with these problems.

Before leaving this problem we should note that some of the solution processes for the systems that arise
with Lagrange multipliers can be quite involved. It can be easy to get lost in the details of the solution
process and forget to go back and take care of one or more possibilities. You need to always be very
careful and before finishing a problem go back and make sure that you’ve dealt with all the possible
solution paths in the problem.

Calculus II

5. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x, y,=

z ) 3 x 2 + y subject to the constraints
9 and x 2 + z 2 =
4x − 3y = 9.

Step 1
Before proceeding with the problem let’s note that the second constraint is the sum of two terms that are
squared (and hence positive). Therefore, the largest possible range of x is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 (the largest values
would occur if z = 0 ). We’ll get a similar range for z.

Now, the first constraint is not the sum of two (or more) positive numbers. However, we’ve already
established that x is restricted to −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and this will give −7 ≤ y ≤ 1 as the largest possible range of
y’s. Note that we can easily get this range by acknowledging that the first constraint is just a line and so
the extreme values of y will correspond to the extreme values of x.

So, because we now know that our answers must occur in these bounded ranges by the Extreme Value
Theorem we know that absolute extrema will occur for this problem.

This step is an important (and often overlooked) step in these problems. It always helps to know that
absolute extrema exist prior to actually trying to find them!

Step 2
The first step here is to write down the system of equations we’ll need to solve for this problem.

x 4λ + 2 x µ
6=
1 = −3λ
0 = 2zµ
4x − 3y = 9
x2 + z 2 =
9

With this system we get a “freebie” to start off with. Notice that from the second equation we quickly can
see that λ = − 13 regardless of any of the values of the other variables in the system.

Step 4
Next, from the third equation we can see that we have either z = 0 or µ = 0 , So, we have 2
possibilities to look at. Let’s take a look at z = 0 first.

Calculus II

In this case we can go straight to the second constraint to get,

x2 =
9 → x=
±3

We can in turn plug each of these possibilities into the first constraint to get values for y.

x=−3 : − 12 − 3 y =
9 → y=−7
=
x 3 : 12 − 3 =
y 9 → =
y 1

Okay, from this step we have two possible absolute extrema.

( −3, −7, 0 ) ( 3,1, 0 )

Step 5
Now let’s go back and take a look at what happens if µ = 0 . If we plug this into the first equation in our
system (and recalling that we also know that λ = − 13 ) we get,

6x =
− 43 → x=
− 92

We can plug this into each of our constraints to get values of y (from the first constraint) and z (form the
second constraint). Here is that work,

4 ( − 92 ) − 3 y =9 → y=− 89
27

( − 92 )
2
+ z2 =
9 → z=
± 5 929

This leads to two more potential absolute extrema.

(− 2
9 , − 89
27 , − 9
5 29
) (− 2
9 , − 89 5 29
27 , 9 )
Step 6
In total, it looks like we have four points that can potentially be absolute extrema. So, to determine the
absolute extrema all we need to do is evaluate the function at each of these points. Here are those
function evaluations.

f ( −3, −7, 0 ) =28 f ( 3,1, 0 ) =20 (

f − 92 , − 89
27 , − 9
5 29
= )
− 85
27 (
f − 92 , − 89 )
5 29
27 , 9 =− 85
27

The absolute maximum is then 28 which occurs at ( −3, −7, 0 ) . The absolute minimum is − 85
27
which

(
occurs at − 92 , − 89
27 , − 9
5 29
) and ( − 2
9 , − 89 )
5 29
27 , 9 . Do not get excited about the absolute extrema
occurring at multiple points. That will happen on occasion with these problems.

Before leaving this problem we should note that, in this case, the value of the absolute extrema (as
opposed to the location) did not actually depend on the value of z in any way as the function we were

Calculus II

optimizing in this problem did not depend on z. This will happen sometimes and we shouldn’t get too
worried about it when it does.

Note however that we still need the values of z for the location of the absolute extrema. We need the
values of z for the location because the points that give the absolute extrema are also required to satisfy
the constraint and the second constraint in our problem does involve z’s!

Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Iterated Integrals

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Double Integrals Over General Regions

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Triple Integrals

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Calculus II

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Change of Variables

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Surface Area

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Area and Volume Revisited

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Line Integrals

Vector Fields

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Calculus II

Line Integrals – Part I

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Line Integrals – Part II

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Line Integrals of Vector Fields

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Conservative Vector Fields

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Green’s Theorem

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Calculus II

Curl and Divergence

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Surface Integrals

Parametric Surfaces

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Surface Integrals

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Stokes’ Theorem

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

Divergence Theorem

Problems for this section have not yet been written.

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