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Access Modifiers & Keywords: SZABIST Islamabad

This document discusses Java access modifiers and keywords. It covers the public, private, protected, friendly, final, abstract, native, transient, synchronized, and volatile modifiers. The main points are: - Access modifiers control which classes can access class-level variables and include public, private, and protected. Friendly is the default access. - final prevents overriding and changing of final variables/methods. abstract allows deferring implementation to subclasses. - native indicates methods implemented externally. transient omits variables from serialization. synchronized controls critical code in multithreading.

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52 views

Access Modifiers & Keywords: SZABIST Islamabad

This document discusses Java access modifiers and keywords. It covers the public, private, protected, friendly, final, abstract, native, transient, synchronized, and volatile modifiers. The main points are: - Access modifiers control which classes can access class-level variables and include public, private, and protected. Friendly is the default access. - final prevents overriding and changing of final variables/methods. abstract allows deferring implementation to subclasses. - native indicates methods implemented externally. transient omits variables from serialization. synchronized controls critical code in multithreading.

Uploaded by

Anam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Access

 Modifiers  &  Keywords  

SZABIST  Islamabad  
Agenda  
•  Acess  Modifers  and  their  use  
•  Friendly  Access  
•  Modifiers  explained  
•  Rules  for  Overriding  
•  The  Final  Modifier  
•  The  Abstract  Modifier  
•  The  NaFve  Modifier  
•  The  Transient  Modifier  
•  The  Synchronized  Modifier  
•  The  VolaFle  Modifier  
Access  Modifiers  

•  Control  which  classes  use  a  feature  


•  Only  class-­‐level  variables  may  be  controlled  by  access  
modifiers  
•  Modifiers  
 1.  public  
 2.  protected  
 3.  private  
•  Non-­‐inner  classes  can  only  be  public  
Friendly  Access…..(Default)  

•  Features  with  no  access  modifier  default  to  friendly  


•  Friendly  features  are  accessible  to  any  class  in  the  
same  package  
•  Classes  outside  the  package  may  not  access  these  
features  
•  Friendly  classes  may  be  subclassed  but  their  
variables/methods  are  not  accessible  by  the  subclass  
Modifiers  

•  public  
–  Can  be  used  in  any  Java  program  without  restricFon  
•  private  
–  may  only  be  used  by  the  instance  of  the  class  that  
declares  the  variable  or  method  
•  protected  
–  only  variables,  methods,  and  inner  classes  can  be  
declared  protected  
–  available  to  all  classes  in  the  same  package  
–  available  to  all  subclasses(  even  those  in  different  
packages  )  
Overriding  Methods  

•  Methods  may  not  be  overwriXen  to  be  more  private  


 
  private  

friendly  

Protected  

public  
Final  Modifier  

•  Final  features  may  not  be  overwriXen  


•  A  final  class  may  not  be  subclassed  
•  A  final  variable  cannot  be  changed  once  it  has  been  assigned  
a  value  
Final  Modifier  Example  
class Walrus {
int weight;
Walrus( int w ) { weight = w };
}

class Tester {
final Walrus w1 = new Walrus(1500);
void test() {
w1 = new Walrus(1400); // Illegal
w1.weight = 1800; // Legal
}
}
Abstract  Modifier  

•  An  abstract  class  cannot  be  instanFated  


•  This  is  a  way  to  defer  implementaFon  to  subclasses  
•  An  class  with  one  more  methods  declared  abstract  cannot  be  
instanFated  
•  A  class  that  is  declared  to  implement  an  interface  but  does  
not  implement  all  the  methods  of  that  interface  must  be  
abstract  
•  Similar  to  virtual  in  C++  
Abstract  Example  

abstract class Stack {


protected int count = 0;

public abstract void push( Object o );


public abstract void pop();
public abstract Object top();
public abstract boolean isFull();

public boolean isEmpty() {


return count==0;
}
}
NaFve  modifier  

•  Can  only  refer  to  methods  


•  Indicates  that  the  body  of  the  method  is  to  be  found  
elsewhere  
•  Namely  in  a  file  in  another  language  
•  Call  to  naFve  method  is  the  same  as  if  it  was  implemented  in  
Java  
Transient  modifier  

•  Only  applies  to  variables  


•  Transient  variables  will  not  be  serialized  
•  Transient  variables  cannot  be  final  or  staFc  
Synchronized  modifier  

•  Used  to  control  criFcal  code  in  mulF-­‐threaded  programs  


VolaFle  modifier  

•  Not  on  exam  


•  Used  in  mulFprocessor  environments  
•  Applies  only  to  variables  

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