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SQL Tutorial

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to execute queries to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data. Some key functions of SQL include executing queries against a database, retrieving data, and creating, modifying, and deleting databases and tables. SQL code uses commands like SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT to work with data in database tables.

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Veda Prakash
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
127 views

SQL Tutorial

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to execute queries to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data. Some key functions of SQL include executing queries against a database, retrieving data, and creating, modifying, and deleting databases and tables. SQL code uses commands like SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT to work with data in database tables.

Uploaded by

Veda Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Tutorial SQL Unique SQL Ucase()

SQL HOME SQL Primary Key SQL Lcase()


SQL Intro SQL Foreign Key SQL Mid()
SQL Syntax SQL Check SQL Len()
SQL Select SQL Default SQL Round()
SQL Distinct SQL Create Index SQL Now()
SQL Where SQL Drop SQL Format()
SQL And & Or SQL Alter SQL Quick Ref
SQL Order By SQL Auto Increment SQL Hosting
SQL Insert Into SQL Views
SQL Update SQL Dates
SQL Delete SQL Null Values
SQL Injection SQL Null Functions
SQL Select Top SQL Data Types
SQL Like SQL DB Data Types
SQL Wildcards SQL Comments
SQL In SQL Functions
SQL Between SQL Functions
SQL Aliases SQL Avg()
SQL Joins SQL Count()
SQL Inner Join SQL First()
SQL Left Join SQL Last()
SQL Right Join SQL Max()
SQL Full Join SQL Min()
SQL Union SQL Sum()
SQL Select Into SQL Group By
SQL Insert Into Select SQL Having
SQL Create DB
SQL Create Table
SQL Constraints
SQL Not Null
Introduction to SQL
❮ PreviousNext ❯

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What is SQL?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
 SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

What Can SQL do?


 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL is a Standard - BUT....


Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard,
there are different versions of the SQL language.

However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the
major commands (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a
similar manner.
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary
extensions in addition to the SQL standard!

Using SQL in Your Web Site


To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will need:

 An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)


 To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
 To use SQL to get the data you want
 To use HTML / CSS

RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS
SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.

A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and


rows.

SQL Syntax
❮ Previous Next ❯

Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a
name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data.
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database (included
in MS Access and MS SQL Server).

Below is a selection from the "Customers" table:

CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57

2 Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Constitución 22

3 Antonio Moreno Taquería Antonio Moreno Mataderos 2312

4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover Sq.

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berglund Berguvsvägen 8

The table above contains five records (one for each customer) and seven
columns (CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, and Country).

SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL
statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:

Example
SELECT * FROM Customers;

Try it Yourself »

In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.

Keep in Mind That...


 SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive: select is the same as SELECT

In this tutorial we will write all SQL keywords in upper-case.

Semicolon after SQL Statements?


Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.

Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database


systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same
call to the server.

In this tutorial, we will use semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.

Some of The Most Important SQL Commands


 SELECT - extracts data from a database
 UPDATE - updates data in a database
 DELETE - deletes data from a database
 INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
 CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
 ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
 CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
 ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
 DROP TABLE - deletes a table
 CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
 DROP INDEX - deletes an index

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