Scribd
Upload
322 views37 pages

5.modern Periodic Table

The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table. It describes the arrangement of elements in groups and periods based on proton number. Elements in the same group have similar properties like valence electrons, while properties vary greatly across periods. Transition metals are good conductors, while nonmetals are poor conductors. Metals are malleable and ductile, nonmetals are brittle, and metalloids have some properties of both.

Uploaded by

Madeleine Cookies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
322 views37 pages

5.modern Periodic Table

The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table. It describes the arrangement of elements in groups and periods based on proton number. Elements in the same group have similar properties like valence electrons, while properties vary greatly across periods. Transition metals are good conductors, while nonmetals are poor conductors. Metals are malleable and ductile, nonmetals are brittle, and metalloids have some properties of both.

Uploaded by

Madeleine Cookies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

THE MODERN

PERIODIC
TABLE
 The arrangement of elements in
vertical column called Groups and
horizontal rows called Periods in
order of increasing proton
number
 There are 18 Groups numbered
1-18 and 7 Periods numbered 1-
7 in a Periodic Table.
 Elements in each  The elements in a
group have period are not alike in
properties.
similar but not
 In fact, the properties
identical
change greatly across
properties. even given row.
 All elements in a  The first element in a
group have the period is always an
same number of extremely active solid.
valence The last element in a
period, is always an
electrons. inactive gas.
 When moving left to right across a period
atomic radius usually decreases, because
each element has an added proton and
electron
Period 1 :
2 elements, H and He.
Period 2 :
8 elements, Li to Ne.
Period 3 :
8 elements, Na to Ar.
Period 4 :
18 elements, K to Kr,
(including First transition elements)
Period 5 : 18 elements, Rb to Xe,
(including Second transition elements)
Period 6 : 32 elements, Cs to Rn,
(including Third transition
elements & Lanthanides)
Period 7 : variable no of elements, Fr to Mt,
(including Fourth transition elements
& Actinides)
 The other way to classify elements is by
groups, which are vertical columns.
 They are classified by physical or
chemical properties
Shared similar chemical properties
(have same number of valence
electrons).
 Have the same number of outer shell
electron
 Form ion with the same charge
 Form the same number of bonds
 Form compound with similar formula
 Groupscan also be called families, and
each have a different name.
 Columns are also grouped
into families.
 Families may be one
column, or several
columns put together.
 Families have names
rather than numbers.
(Just like your family has
a common last name.)
 Hydrogen belongs to a
family of its own.
 Hydrogen is a
diatomic, reactive gas.
 Hydrogen was involved
in the explosion of the
Hindenberg.
 Hydrogen is promising
as an alternative fuel
source for automobiles
 The hydrogen square sits atop group
IA, but it is not a member of that
group. Hydrogen is in a class of its
own.
 It’s a gas at room temperature.
 It has one proton and one electron in
its one and only energy level.
 Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
• 1st column on the periodic
table (Group 1) not
including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
 Atoms of the alkali metals have
a single electron in their
outermost level, in other words,
1 valence electron.
 They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
 They react violently with water.
 Alkali metals are never found as
free elements in nature. They
are always bonded with another
element.
• Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca
 They are never found uncombined in
nature.
 They have two valence electrons.
 Alkaline earth metals include
magnesium and calcium, among
others.
 Transition Elements
include those elements
in the B groups.
 These are the metals
you are probably most
familiar: copper, tin,
zinc, iron, nickel, gold,
and silver.
 They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Less reactive
harder metals

• Includes metals
used in jewelry
and
construction.

• Metals used “as


metal.”
• Elements in group
13

• Aluminum metal
was once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
• Elements in group 14
• Contains elements
important to life and
computers.

• Carbon is the basis for


an entire branch of
chemistry.

• Silicon and Germanium


are important
semiconductors.
• Elements in group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾
of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in living
things.
• Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available to
living things.
• The red stuff on the tip
of matches is phosphorus.
• Elements in group 16

• Oxygen is necessary
for respiration.

• Many things that


stink, contain sulfur
(rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive,
volatile, diatomic,
nonmetals
• Always found
combined with other
element in nature .
• Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen
teeth.
• Elements in group 18
• VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
• Used in lighted
“neon” signs
• Used in blimps to fix
the Hindenberg
problem.
• Have a full valence
shell.
 Representative elements
 Transition Elements
 Rare gases
 Inner Transition Elements
 Transuranium Elements
 Groups 1A – 7A.
 Elements are refered to as
representative elements because they
display a wide range of physical and
chemical properties.
 For any representative element, its
group number equals the number of
electrons in the highest occupied
energy level.
 Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other
metals, but their properties do not
fit in with those of any other group.
 Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
 classificationinto different block (s,p,d,f)
 Valence electrons : Outer electrons of an
atom, which are those involved in chemical
bonding
 Electron configuration : tell us how the
electron are distributed among the
various atomic orbital's)
 based on selected physical properties of
the element
 The elements can be grouped into three
broad classes based on their general
properties.
 Three classes of elements are Metals,
Nonmetals, and Metalloids.
 Across a period, the properties of
elements become less metallic and more
nonmetallic.
 Metals are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
 Metals are shiny.
 Metals are ductile (can
be stretched into tin
wires)
 Metals are malleable (can be pounded
into thin sheets).
 A chemical property of metal is its
reaction with water which results in
corrosion.
 Solid at room temperature except Hg.
 Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
 Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
 Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
 They are dull.
Sulfur  Many non-metals are
gases.
 Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
 They are solids that
can be shiny or dull.
 They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
 They are ductile and
Silicon malleable.
 Metals  Non Metals
 High electrical  Poor electrical
conductivity conductivity
 High thermal  Good heat
conductivity insulators
 Metallic gray or  No metallic luster
silver luster  Solids, liquids or
 Almost all are solids gases
 Can be hammered  Brittle in solid
into sheet state

You might also like