CHAPTER 17-PHYSICS OF SOLIDS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q # 1. What do you know about crystalline solids? Describe its properties.

Ans. The solids in which the atoms, ions and molecules are arranged periodically are
called crystalline solids.

Examples:

 Metals such as copper, zinc, iron etc.

 Ionic compounds such as sodium chloride
 Ceramics such as zirconia

are the examples of crystalline solids.

Properties of Crystalline Solids

1. The crystalline solids show the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction.

2. Every crystalline solid has sharp melting point i.e., for every crystal there is a
temperature at which the thermal vibrations becomes so great that the structure suddenly
breaks up, and the solid melts.

Q # 2. Write a note on amorphous or glassy solids?

Ans. The word amorphous means shapeless. Thus in amorphous solids, there is no
regular arrangement of molecules like that in crystalline solids.

Examples:

The ordinary glass is an example of amorphous solids.

Properties of Amorphous Solids

1. As the atom, ions and molecules are not arranged periodically in amorphous solids, so
these solids don’t show the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction.

2. The amorphous solids don’t have sharp melting point. For example, a glass passes
through a paste like state on heating and becomes a very viscous liquid at almost 800C

Q # 3. What are Polymeric Solids? Describe its properties.

Ans. Polymeric solids are formed by polymerization reaction in which relatively simple
molecules are chemically combined into massive long chain molecules. Polymers may be
said to be more or less solid materials with a structure that is intermediate between order
and disorder.

Example:

Plastics, synthetic rubber, polythene and nylon etc. are the examples of polymers.
Properties of Polymeric Solids

Polymeric solids have low specific gravity, but yet they exhibit good strength to weight
ratio.

Q # 4. Define following:

i) Unit Cell

ii) Crystal Lattice

Ans.Unit Cell

A crystalline solid consists of three dimensional pattern that repeat itself over and over
again. This smallest three dimensional basic structure is called unit cell.

Crystal Lattice

The whole structure obtained by the repetition of unit cell is known as crystal lattice.

Q # 5. What do you know about deformation? Also describe the phenomenon of

deformation in crystalline solids.

Ans. Deformation

Any change in shape, volume and length of an object when it is subjected to some
external force is called deformation.
Deformation in Crystalline Solids

In crystalline solids atoms are arranged in a certain order. When external force is applied
on such a body, a distortion results because of displacement of the atoms from their
equilibrium position and the body is said to be in state of deformation.

In deformed crystalline solid, the atoms return to their equilibrium position after the
removal of external force. This ability of the body to return to its original shape is called
elasticity.

Q # 6. What do you know about mechanical properties of solids?

Ans. The properties shown by the solid material under the action of external force are
called mechanical properties. Physical quantities such as stress, strain and modulus of
elasticity are used to describe the mechanical properties of solids.

Q # 7. Define the term Stress. Also describe its different types.

The force applied on unit area to produce any change in the shape, volume or length of a
body is called stress. Mathematically, it is described as:

Force(F)
Stress( ) 
Area( A)

The SI unit of stress is newton per square meter, which is given the name pascal (Pa).

Types of Stress

Tensile Stress: A stress that causes the change in length of an object is called tensile
stress.

Shear Stress: A stress that causes the change in shape of an object is called shear stress.

Volume Stress: A stress that causes the change in volume of an object is called volume
stress.
Q # 8. Define the term Strain. Also describe its different types.

Ans. Strain is the measure of deformation of a solid when stress is applied to it. For the
case of one dimensional deformation, strain is defined as the fractional change in length.

If l is the change in length and l is the original length, then the strain is given by:

l
strain( ) 
l

Since strain is the ration of lengths, it is dimensionless, and therefore, has no units.

Types of Strain

Tensile Strain: If the strain is due to tensile stress, it is called tensile strain.

Shear Strain: A strain produced in the object when it is subjected to shear stress is called
shear strain.

When the opposite faces of a rigid body are subjected to shear stress, the shear strain
produced is given by:

a
Shear Strain   tan 
a

Volumetric Strain: When the applied stress changes the volume, then the change in
volume per unit volume is called volumetric strain. Thus

v
VolumetricStrain 
v

Q # 9. What do you know about Modulus of Elasticity? Describe its different types.

Ans. Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of stress to strain is a constant for a given
material, provided the external applied force is not too great, called modulus of elasticity.
Mathematically, it is described as:
 Stress
Modulus of Elasticity 
Strain

Since the strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units of modulus of elasticity are the
same as that of stress, i.e., Nm-2 or Pa.

Types of Elastic Constants

Young Modulus: For the case of linear deformation, the ration of tensile stress to tensile
strain is called Young Modulus (Y):

f /A
Y
l / l

Shear Modulus: When the shear stress τ = (F/A) and shear strain (γ = tanθ) are
involved, then their ratio is called shear modulus (G):

F /A
G
tan 

Bulk Modulus: For three dimensional deformations, when volume is involved, then the
ratio of applied stress to volumetric strain is called bulk modulus (K):

F /A
K
V / V

Where ΔV is the change in original volume V.

Q # 10. How the mechanical properties of a wire are determine in Tensile Test.

In tensile test, metal wire is extended at a specified deformation rate. The stresses
generated in the wire during deformation are continuously measured by a suitable
electronic device fitted in the mechanical testing machine. Stress-strain curve is plotted
automatically on XY chart recorder. A typical stress strain curve for a ductile material is
shown in the figure:
In the initial stages of deformation, stress is increased linearly with strain till point A on
stress-strain curve. This is called proportional limit.

Proportional Limit (Definition):

Proportional limit is the greatest stress that a material can endure without losing straight
line proportionality between stress and strain.

From A to B, the stress and strain are not proportional, but nevertheless, if the load is
removed at any point between O and B, the curve will be retraced and the material will
return to its original length. The point B is called yield point and the value of stress at this
point is known as yield stress or elastic limit.

Yield Stress or Elastic Limit (Definition):

Elastic limit is the greatest stress that a material can endure without any permanent
deformation.

If the stress is increased beyond elastic limit, the specimen becomes permanently
deformed. This kind of behavior is called plasticity. The region of plasticity is
represented by the portion of the curve from B to C. The point C represents ultimate
tensile strength (UTS).

Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS), (Definition):

 Ultimate tensile stress is the maximum stress that a material can withstand.

Once point C corresponding to UTS is crossed, the material breaks at point D, responding
to fracture stress.

Q # 11. Describe the classification of solids on the basis of plastic deformation of

solids.

Ductile Substances

Substances that undergo plastic deformation until they break are called ductile
substances. Lead, copper and wrought iron are ductile.

Brittle Substance

The substances which break just after the elastic limit is reached, are known as brittle
substances. Glass and high carbon steel are brittle.

Q # 12. Define the term Strain Energy. Also derive its expression of strain energy by
considering force-elongation graph obtained during the tensile test of a wire.

Ans. Strain Energy: The amount of P.E stored in a material due to displacement of its
molecule from its equilibrium position, under the action of stress, is called strain energy.

Derivation of the expression of Strain Energy

Consider a wire whose one end is attached to a fixed support, is stretched vertically by
connecting a weight at its lower end. The suspended weight acts as a stretching force.
The extension in the wire is increased by increasing the stretching force. The graph
plotted between extension l for the different value of stretching force is shown in the
figure:
It is clear from the figure that the force is constant in producing extension l1 but is
changing linearly from 0 to F1. In order to calculate the work done for extension l1 by a
certain force F1, it is convenient to find the work done by graphical method.

The work done for extension l1 by a certain force F1 will be equal to the area under force
– extension curve, which is equal to the area of triangle OAB. Therefore,

Work Done = Area of triangle OAB

1
Work Done = (base)(altitude)
2

Work Done=(OA)(OB)

1
Work Done = (l1 )( F1 )
2

This work done is appeared as strain energy inside the wire. So

1
Strain Energy = (l1 )(F1 ) ...... (1)
2

Expression of Strain Energy in terms of Elastic Modulus

If A is the cross-sectional area of the wire of length L, then the modulus of elasticity E of
the wire can be described as:
 stress
Modulus of Elasticity 
strain

F1 / A
E=
l1 / L

F1 L EAl1
E=  F1 
l1 A L

Putting value in equation (1), we get:

 l1   1 
1 EAl
Strain Energy=
2  L 
1  EAl12 
 Strain Energy=  
2 L 

Q # 12. What do you mean by electrical properties of solids? Also write a short note
on energy band theory of solids.

Ans. The electrical properties of solids determine its ability to conduct electric current.
The conventional free electron theory based on Bohr Model failed to explain completely
the vast diversity in the electrical behavior of solids. On the other hand, the energy based
on wave mechanical model has been found successful in resolving this problem.

Q # 13. Define following:

i. Energy Band
ii. Forbidden Band
iii. Valance Band
iv. Conduction Band

Ans. Energy Band

When the numbers of atoms are brought together, as in a crystal, they interact with one
another. As the result, each energy level splits up into several sub-levels. A group of such
energy sub-levels are called an energy band.
Forbidden Bands

The energy bands are separated by gaps in which there is no energy level. Such energy
gaps are called forbidden bands.

Valence Bands

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called valance electrons. Therefore,
the energy band occupied by valance electrons is called the valance band. The valance
band may be either completely filled or partially filled with the electrons but can never be
empty.

Conduction Band

The energy band next to the valance band is called the conduction band. The valance and
conduction bands are separated by forbidden energy gaps. The conduction band may be
empty or partially filled. The electrons in the conduction band can drift freely in the
materials and are called free or conduction electrons.

Q # 14. Differentiate among conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis

of band theory of solids.

Ans. The width of forbidden energy gap between valance and conduction band decide
whether a material is a conductor, insulator or a semiconductor.

Insulators

Insulators are those materials in which valance electrons are bound very tightly to their
atoms and are not free. In terms of energy bands, it means that an insulator has:

a) An empty conduction band (no free electron)

b) A full valence band
c) A large energy gap (several eV) between them.
Conductor

Conductors are those which have plenty of free electrons for electrical conduction. In
terms of energy bands, conductors are those materials in which valence and conduction
band largely overlap each other. There is no physical distinction between the two bands
which ensures the availability of free electrons. That is why, the conductions are good
conductors of electricity.

Semiconductors
In terms of energy bands, semiconductors are those materials which at room temperature
have

i) A partially filled conduction band

ii) A partially filled valence band
iii) A very narrow forbidden energy gap (of the order of 1 eV) between the
conduction and valence bands.

Q # 15. Describe the variation in conductivity of semi-conductors due to effect of

temperature.

Ans. At 0 K, there are no electrons in the conduction band and their valence band is
completely filled. It means at 0 K a piece of Ge or Si is a perfect insulator.

However, with the increase of temperature, some electrons possess sufficient energy to
jump across the small energy gap from the valance band to conduction band. This
transfers some free electrons in the conduction band and create some holes in the valance
band. The vacancy of electron in the valence band is known as a hole. It behave like a
positive charge. Thus at room temperature, Ge or Si crystals becomes a semiconductor.

Q # 16. Differentiate among intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductor materials.

Intrinsic Semiconductor
A semiconductor in its extremely pure form is known as intrinsic semiconductors.

Extrinsic Semi-conductors

The doped semi-conducting materials are called extrinsic semi-conductors.

Q # 17. Define the term Doping.

Ans. Doping:The electrical behavior of semiconductors is extremely sensitive to the

purity of the material. It is substantially changed on introducing a small impurity into
pure semi-conductor. This process is called doping.

Q # 18. Write a note on Crystal Structure of Intrinsic Semi-conductors.

Ans. Crystal Structure of Intrinsic Semi-conductors

Pure elements of silicon and germanium are intrinsic semi-conductors. These semi-
conductor elements have atoms with four valence electrons. In solid crystalline form, the
atoms of these elements arrange themselves in such a pattern that each atom has four
equidistant neighbors. Each atom with its four valence electrons, shares an electrons from
its neighbors. This effectively allocates eight electrons in the outermost shell of each
atom, which is a stable state.
Q # 19. Describe the different types of extrinsic semi-conducting materials.

The conductivity of silicon and germanium can be drastically increased by the controlled
addition of impurities to the intrinsic (pure) semi conductive material.

N-Type Semi-conductors

When a silicon crystal is doped with a pentavalent element, e.g., arsenic, antimony or
phosphorous etc., four valance electrons of impurity atom form covalent bond with the
four neighboring Si atoms, while the fifth valence electron provides a free electron in the
crystal. This extra electron becomes a conduction electron because it is not attached to
any atom. Such a doped extrinsic semi-conductor is N-type semi-conductor.

P-Type Semi-conductors

When a silicon crystal is doped with the trivalent element, e.g., aluminum, boron, gallium
or indium etc., three valence electrons of the impurity atom form covalent bond with
three neighboring Si atoms, while the one missing electron in the covalent bond with the
forth neighboring Si atom, is called a hole which in fact is vacancy where an electron is
accommodated. Such a semi-conductor is called P-Type Semi-conductor.
Q # 20. What is effect of battery on the motion of charge carrier in a semi-conductor
crystal?

Ans. When a battery is connected to a semi-conductor, it establishes an electric field

across it due to which a directed flow of electrons and holes takes place. The electrons
drift towards the positive end whereas the holes drift towards the negative end of the
semiconductor. The current flowing through the semi-conductor is carried by both
electrons and holes. It may be noted that the electronic current and charge the hole
current add up together to give the current I.

Q # 21. Define following:

i. Superconductors
ii. Critical Temperature
iii. High Temperature Superconductors

Superconductors

The materials whose resistivity becomes zero below a certain temperature are called
superconductors.

Critical Temperature

The temperature at which the resistivity of a material falls to zero is called critical
temperature.
High Temperature Superconductors

Any superconductor having a critical temperature above 77K (the boiling point of liquid
nitrogen) is referred as high temperature superconductor.

Q # 22. Describe the applications of superconductors.

Superconductors can be used in

a) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

b) Magnetic Levitation Trains
c) Powerful but small electric motors
d) Fast computer chips

Q # 23. What is the reason of magnetic behavior of solids?

The magnetism produced by electrons within an atom can arise from two motions:

i) Electron orbiting the nucleus behaves like an atom sized loop of current that
generate small magnetic field.
ii) The spin motion of electron also gives rise to a magnetic field.

The net magnetic field generated by the electrons within an atom is due to combined field
created by their orbital and spin motion.

Q # 24. Differentiate among the paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances.

Paramagnetic Substances

The solids in which the orbital and spin axes of the electrons in an atom are so oriented
that their fields support each other are called paramagnetic substances. In these solids,
each atom behaves like a tiny magnet.

Diamagnetic Substance
In diamagnetic substance, there is no resultant field as the magnetic field produced by
both orbital and spin motions of the electron might add up to zero. For example, the
atoms of water copper, bismuth and antimony are diamagnetic.

Q # 25. Write a note on Ferromagnetic Substances. Also describe its different types.

In ferromagnetic substances, e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Chromium dioxide and Alnico, the atoms
cooperate with each other in such a way so as to exhibit a strong magnetic effect. In
ferromagnetic substance, there exist small regions called domains (contain 1012 to1016
atoms). Within each domain, the magnetic fields of all spinning electrons are parallel to
one another, i.e., each domain is magnetized to saturation. Each domain behaves as a
small magnet with its own north and south poles.

Types of Ferromagnetic Substances

Soft Ferromagnetic Substances

In soft ferromagnetic substances, the domains are easily oriented on applying an external
field and also readily return to random positions when the field is removed. This is
desirable in an electromagnet and also in transformers. Iron is a soft magnetic material.

Hard Ferromagnetic Substances

In hard ferromagnetic materials, domains are no so easily oriented to order. They
required very strong external fields, but once oriented, retain the alignment. These solids
are used to make permanent magnet. Steel is an example of hard ferromagnetic material.

Q # 26. What do you know about the Curie temperature in Ferromagnetic

Substances?

The thermal vibrations in ferromagnetic solids tends to disturb the orderliness of

domains. Ferromagnetic materials preserve the orderliness at ordinary temperatures.
When heated, they begin to lose their orderliness due to increased thermal motion. This
process begins to occur at a particular temperature called Curie temperature. Above the
Curie temperature iron is paramagnetic but not ferromagnetic. The curie temperature of
iron is about 7500 c .

Q # 27. How the Hysteresis Loop of a magnetic material is obtained?

To investigate a ferromagnetic material, a bar of that material such as iron is placed in an

alternating current solenoid. When the alternating current is at the positive peak value, it
fully magnetizes the specimen in one direction and when the current is at its negative
peak, it fully magnetized it in opposite direction. Thus an alternating current changes
from its positive peak value to its negative peak value and then back to its positive peak
value, the specimen undergoes a complete cycle of magnetization, called hysteresis loop.
Q # 28. Define the following properties of Hysteresis Loop:

i. Hysteresis
ii. Saturation
iii. Remanence or Retaintivity
iv. Coercivity
v. Area of Hysteresis Loop

Hysteresis

The value of flux density for any value of current is always greater when the current is
decreasing, then when it is increasing, i.e., magnetism lags behind the magnetizing
current. This phenomenon is known as hysteresis.

Saturation

The alignment of all domains of magnetic materials under the influence of external
magnetic field is called saturation. The magnetic flux density increases from zero and
reaches a maximum value. At this stage, the material is said to be magnetically saturated.

Remanence or Retaintivity
When the current is reduced to zero, the material still remain strongly magnetized
represented by point R on the curve. It is due to the tendency of domains to stay partially
in line, once they have been aligned.

Coercivity

To demagnetize the material, the magnetizing current is reversed and increased to reduce
the magnetization to zero. This is known as coercive current, represented by C on curve.
The Coercivity of steel is more than that of iron, as more current is needed to
demagnetize it.

Area of the loop (Measure of Hysteresis Loss)

The area of the loop is the measure of the energy needed to magnetize and demagnetize
the specimen during each cycle of the magnetizing current. This is the energy required to
do work against internal friction of the domains. This work is dissipated as heat. It is
called hysteresis loss.

Hard magnetic material like steel cannot be easily magnetized and demagnetized, so they
have large loop area as compared to soft magnetic materials such as iron which can easily
be magnetized. The energy dissipated per cycle, thus, for iron is less than for steel.
Q # 29. Describe the advantages of Hysteresis Loop.

Suitability of magnetic material for different purposes can be studied by taking the
specimen through a complete cycle and drawing the hysteresis loop.

 A material with high Retaintivity and large coercive force would be most
suitable to make a permanent magnet.
 The cores of electromagnets used for alternating current where the specimen
repeatedly undergoes magnetization and demagnetization should have narrow
hysteresis curve of small area to minimize the waste of energy.
 MCQs Related to the Article “17.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLIDS”

1. Solids having regular arrangement of molecules through its structure is called:

(a) Amorphous Solids (b) Polymeric Solids (c) Glassy Solids (d) Crystalline Solids

2. Which type of solids have definite melting point:

(a) Crystalline Solids (b) Amorphous Solids (c) Polymeric Solids (d) Glassy Solids

3. Which of the following is an example crystalline solids:

(a) Plastic (b) Zirconia (c) Glass (d) Nylon

4. The arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in crystalline solids can be studied

by:

(a) Radio Waves (b) Infrared Waves (c) X-rays (d) Ultraviolet Rays

5. Formation of large molecule by joining small molecules is __________

(a) Fusion (b) Polymerization (c) Crystallization (d) Subtraction

6. Example of crystalline solids are also

(a) Metals (b) Ionic compounds (c) Ceramics (d) All of them

7. The crystal structure of NaCl is:

(a) Triclinic (b) Monoclinic (c) Cubic (d) Tetragonal

8. Amorphous solids are also called:

(a) Polymeric Solids (b) Glassy Solids (c) Crystalline Solids (d) Brittle Solids

9. Which of the following is polymeric solid:

(a) Glass (b) Iron (c) Steel (d) Nylon

10. The solids that are intermediate between order and disorder are called

(a) Polymeric Solids (b) Glassy Solids (c) Crystalline Solids (d) Ductile Solids

11. How many crystal systems are there on the basis of geometric arrangement of
the atoms:

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7

MCQ # 1: (d) MCQ # 2: (a) MCQ # 3: (b) MCQ # 4: (c)

MCQ # 5: (b) MCQ # 6: (d) MCQ # 7: (c) MCQ # 8: (b)

MCQ # 9: (d) MCQ # 10: (a) MCQ # 11: (d)

MCQs Related to the Article “17.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

SOLIDS”

1. Any alteration produced in shapes, length or volume when a body is subjected to

some external force is called __________

(a) Stiffness (b) Ductility (c) Extension (d) deformation

2. The SI unit of stress is same as that of:

(a) Momentum (b) Pressure (c) Force (d) Length

3. The stress that produces change in length is known as:

(a) Tensile stress (b) Shear stress (c) Volumetric stress (d) Longitudinal stress

4. The stress that produces change in shape is known as:

(a) Tensile stress (b) Shear stress (c) Volumetric stress (d) Longitudinal stress

5. Which one of the following physical quantities does not have the dimensions of
force per unit?
(a) Stress (b) Strains (c) Young’s modulus (d) Pressure

6. Unit of strain is:

N N
(a) (b) (c) Nm (d)no unit
m2 m

7. The ratio of applied stress to volumetric strain is called:

(a) Young’s modulus (b) Shear modulus (c) Bulk modulus (d) Tensile modulus

8. The amount of energy stored in the wire when it is deformed:

1 1 2 1 2 1 22
(a) U  F1l1 (b) U  F1 l1 (c) U  F1l1 (d) U  F1 l1
2 2 2 2

9. The strain energy can be determined by calculating area under:

(a) Velocity-time graph (b) Force-velocity graph (c) Force-Extension graph

10. Which of the following is an example of ductile substances:

(a) Lead (b) Copper (c) Glass (d) Lead and copper

11. Substances which break just after the elastic limit is reached are called:

(a) Ductile substances (b) Hard substances (c) Soft substances (d) Brittle substances

12. The maximum stress which a body can bear is called

(a) Proportional Limit (b) Elastic Limit (c) Permanent Stress (d) Ultimate Tensile Stress

13. Materials that undergo plastic deformation before breaking are called ________

(a) Brittle (b) Ductile (c) Amorphous (d) Polymers

14. Examples of brittle substances are

(a) Glass (b) Copper (c) Lead (d) None

MCQ # 1: (d) MCQ # 2: (b) MCQ # 3: (a) MCQ # 4: (b)

MCQ # 5: (b) MCQ # 6: (d) MCQ # 7: (c) MCQ # 8: (a)

MCQ # 9: (c) MCQ # 10: (d) MCQ # 11: (d) MCQ # 12: (d)

MCQ # 13: (b) MCQ # 14: (a)

MCQs Related to the Article “17.3 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF

SOLIDS”

1. The band theory of solids explains satisfactorily the nature of

(a) Electrical insulators alone (b) Electrical conductors alone

(c) Electrical semiconductors alone (d) All of the above

2. Which one has the greatest energy gap _______

(a) Semi-conductors (b) Conductors (c) Insulators (d) Metals

3. A well-known example of an intrinsic semi-conductor is:

(a) Germanium (b) Phosphorous (c) Aluminum (d) Cobalt

4. Holes can exist in:

(a) Super conductors (b) Conductors (c) Semi-conductors (d) Insulators

5. Germanium is:

(a) Semi-conductor (b) conductor (c) insulator (d) none of these

6. The substances having negative temperature coefficient of resistance are:

(a) Conductors (b) Insulators (c) Semi-Conductor (d) None of These

7. Good conductors have conductivities of the order of:

(a) 107    m  (b) 107    m  (c) 102    m  (d) 102    m 
1 1 1 1

8. At 0K piece of Ge or Si is a perfect:

(a) Conductors (b) Insulators (c) Semi-Conductor (d) Paramagnetic

9. A vacant or partially filled band is called ___________

(a) Conduction band (b) Valence band (c) Forbidden band (d) Empty band

10. A completely filled or partially filled band is called _______

(a) Conduction band (b) Valence band (c) Forbidden band (d) Core band

11. A substance having empty conduction band is called:

(a) Semi-conductor (b) Conductor (c) Insulator (d) None of these

12. Pentavalent impurities are called

(a) Donor impurities (b) Acceptor impurities (c) None of these

13. Minority carriers in N-type materials are

(a) Electrons (b) Protons (c) Neutrons (d) Holes

14. What type of impurity is to be added to the semi-conductor material to provide

holes:

(a) Monovalent (b) Trivalent (c) Tetravalent (d) Pentavalent

15. Holes can exists in_________

(a) Conductors (b) Insulators (c) Semiconductors (d) All of the above

16. In a semiconductors, the charge carriers are __________

(a) Holes only (b) Electrons only (c) Both Electrons and Holes
17. The net charge on N-type material is ________

(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Both a & b (d) Zero

18. Total current in semiconductor is:

(a) Electronic Current (b) Current due to Hole (c) Both a & b

MCQ # 1: (d) MCQ # 2: (c) MCQ # 3: (a) MCQ # 4: (c)

MCQ # 5: (a) MCQ # 6: (c) MCQ # 7: (b) MCQ # 8: (b)

MCQ # 9: (a) MCQ # 10: (b) MCQ # 11: (c) MCQ # 12: (a)

MCQ # 13: (d) MCQ # 14: (c) MCQ # 15: (c) MCQ # 16: (c)

MCQ # 17: (d) MCQ # 18: (c)

MCQs Related to the Article “17.4 SUPERCONDUCTORS”

1. The temperature below at which materials lose its resistivity is called

___________Temperature

(a) Super (b) Kelvin (c) Critical (d) Curie

2. The critical temperature for mercury is:

(a) 7.2 K (b) 4.2 K (c) 1.18 K (d) 3.7 K

3. The critical temperature of Lead is:

(a) 7.2 K (b) 4.2 K (c) 1.18 K (d) 3.7 K

4. The temperature 77 K is the

(a) Melting point of Nitrogen (b) Boiling Point of Nitrogen

(c) Melting point of Helium (d) Boiling Point of Helium

5. The practical use of superconductors is:

(a) Fast computer chips (b) Magnetic Resonance Levitation Trains

(c) Power but small electric motors (d) All of these

MCQ # 1: (c) MCQ # 2: (b) MCQ # 3: (a) MCQ # 4: (b)

MCQ # 5: (d)

MCQs Related to the Article “17.5 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF

SOLIDS”

1. The magnetism produced by electrons within an atom is due to

(a) Spin motion (b) Orbital motion (c) Spin & orbital motion

2. The field of long bar magnet is like a current carrying

(a) Solenoid (b) Toroid (c) Loop (d) None

3. Substances in which resultant magnetic moment is zero are called

(a) Ferromagnetic (b) Paramagnetic (c) Diamagnetic (d) Conductor

4. The examples of diamagnetic are

(a) Water (b) Copper (c) Antimony (d) All of them

5. The substances in which atoms cooperate with each other in such a way so as to
exhibit strong magnetic field are called:

(a) Diamagnetic (b) Paramagnetic (c) Ferromagnetic (d) Insulators

6. Domains contain atoms:

(a) 103 to 106 (b) 106 to 109 (c) 109 to 1012 (d) 1012 to 1016
7. Curie temperature for iron is:

(a) 0C (b) 570C (c) 750C (d) 1025C

8. Above Curie temperature iron is:

(a) Diamagnetic (b) Paramagnetic (c) Ferromagnetic (d) Superconductor

9. Magnetization lags behind magnetizing current, this phenomenon is known as:

(a) Diamagnetism (b) Coercively (c) Susceptibility (d) Hysteresis

10. A current which demagnetize the material completely is called

(a) Applied current (b) Coercive current (c) Maximum current (d) None of these

11. The energy need to magnetize and demagnetize the specimen during the each
cycle of magnetizing current is

(a) Value of current (b) Value of demagnetizing current

(c) Value of magnetic flux density (d) Area of the loop

12. Best hard magnetic materials is made up of:

(a) Alnico V (b) Iron (c) Nickel (d) Cobalt

MCQ # 1: (c) MCQ # 2: (a) MCQ # 3: (c) MCQ # 4: (d)

MCQ # 5: (c) MCQ # 6: (d) MCQ # 7: (c) MCQ # 8: (b)

MCQ # 9: (d) MCQ # 10: (b) MCQ # 11: (d) MCQ # 12: (a)