NOTE-TAKING TECHNIQUES:

FINDING PARALLEL IDEAS

(TEXT A)
(Main & Supporting Ideas)
Task 1. Read and transfer the information to the Mind Mapping below. Make sure you
find parallel ideas. Just spend 30 minutes to do this exercise.
Laboratory glass ware is widely used in medical laboratories. The Glass wares have
following defined characteristics:
 Resistant to the action of chemical
 Made to withstand mechanical breakage,
 Made to withstand sudden change of temperature
The type of glass wares will be discussed further as the following
1. Volumetric Wares
Volumetric wares are equipment used for the measurement of liquid volume. They
can be made from either glass or plastic wares such as pipettes, volumetric flasks,
cylinders and burettes.
a) Pipettes
There are several types of pipettes, for instance;
 Volumetric pipettes
Volumetric pipettes are used to deliver a constant volume of liquid. The
most commonly used sizes are 1, 5, and 10 ml capacities. Less frequently used
sizes are those which deliver 6, 8,12, and so on ml. They have a bulb mid –
way between the mouthpiece and the tip. The main purpose of the bulb is to
reduce the possible error resulting from water film. The Volume (capacity) and
calibration temperature of the pipettes are clearly written on the bulb.
 measuring pipettes
It consists of a glass tube with marks evenly spaced along the length.
These pipettes are intended for the delivery of predetermined volumes.
Measuring pipettes are commonly in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 5.0, and 10.0 ml sizes.
The liquid is delivered by allowing it to fall from one calibration mark to another.
 Micropipettes
Micropipettes are frequently used in medical chemistry, Virology,
immunology and serology laboratories. This is because in these laboratories
often only small quantities of materials are available for measurement. Whole
blood or serum or plasma is often measured and when such viscous fluids are
used these pipettes are convenient. They are found in different capacities such
as 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 micro liter.
b) Burettes
Burettes are used for measuring variable quantities of liquid that are used
in volumetric titrations. They are made in capacities from 1 to 100 milliliters.
They are long graduated tubes of uniform bore and are closed at the lower end
by means of a glass stopper, which should be lightly greased for smooth
rotation.
c) Flasks
There are four types of flaks having 25 to 6,000 milliliter (ml) capacities.
 Conical (Erlenmeyer) flasks
Conical (Erlenmeyer) flasks are useful for titrations and also for boiling
solutions when it is necessary to keep evaporation to a minimum. Some have a
side arm suitable for attachment to a vacuum pump.
 Flat bottomed round flasks
Flat-bottomed round flasks are convenient containers to heat liquids. A
gauze should be placed between the flask and flame. These flasks are widely
used in the preparation of bacteriological culture media.
  Round bottomed flasks
Round bottomed flasks can withstand in higher temperatures than the
flat- bottomed type and they may be heated in a necked flame, or in an elector-
thermal mantle. They can be used for boiling of different kinds of solutions and
to make titration.
 Volumetric flasks
Volumetric flasks are flat - bottomed, pear-shaped vessels with long
narrow necks, and are fitted with ground glass stoppers. They are used to
prepare various kinds of solutions.

d) Cylinders
Cylinders are supplied in 10 to 2,000 ml capacities. Some are made of
heat resistant glass or plastic and some are fitted with ground- glass stoppers.
Measurement of liquids can be made quickly with these vessels, but a high
degree of accuracy is impossible because of the wide bore of the cylinders.
e) Beakers
Beakers have capacities from 5 to 5,000 ml. They are usually made up of
heat resistant glass and are available in different shapes. Beakers are often
supplied for heating or boiling of solutions.

f) Test tube
Test tubes are made of hardened glass or plastic materials that can
withstand actions of chemicals, thermal shock and centrifugal strains. They are
used to hold samples and solutions, during medical laboratory procedures.
 NOTE-TAKING TECHNIQUES:
FINDING PARALLEL IDEAS
(TEXT B)
(Main & Supporting Ideas)
Task 1. Read and transfer the information to the Mind Mapping below. Make sure you
find parallel ideas. Just spend 30 minutes to do this exercise.
Laboratory glass ware is widely used in medical laboratories. Glass wares are usually
manufactured from boro-silicate glass. Boro - silicate glass is a material with the
following defined characteristics:
 Resistant to the action of chemical with the exception of hydrofluoric and
phosphoric acid,
 Made to withstand mechanical breakage,
 Made to withstand sudden change of temperature
The type of glass wares will be discussed further as the following
g) Reagent bottles
Reagent bottles are used to store different types of laboratory reagents.
They are made from glass or plastics. Depending on their use, they are available
in various sizes.
h) Petridishes
Petridishes are flat glass or plastic containers, which have a number of
uses in the medical laboratory. They are used predominantly for the cultivation
of organisms on solid media. They are made with diameters of 5 to 14
centimeter.
i) Funnels
There are two types of funnels that are widely used in a medical laboratory.
These are filter funnel and separating funnel.
 Filter Funnels
Filter funnels are used for pouring liquids into narrow mouthed containers, and
for supporting filter papers during filtration. They can be made from glass or
plastic materials.
 Separating funnels
Separating funnels are used for separating immiscible liquids of different
densities. Example, ether and water.

j) Pestle and mortar

Pestle and mortar are used for grinding solids, for example, large crystals of
chemicals. After each use always clean the pestle and mortar because chemicals
may be left into the unglazed surfaces during grinding, resulting in
contamination when the apparatus is next used.

cleaning of glass wares

It is clear that volumetric glass wares must be absolutely clean, otherwise volumes
measured will be inaccurate and chemical reactions are affected. One method generally
used to test for cleanness is to fill the vessel with distilled water and then empty it and
examine the walls whether a continuous thin film of water covers them or not. Imperfect
wetting or the presence of droplets water indicates that vessel is not enough clean.
 cleaning of pipettes
Pipettes should be placed in a vertical position with the tips up in a jar of cleaning
solution in order to avoid the breakage of their tips. After soaking for several hours, the
tips are drained and rinsed with tap water until all traces of cleaning solution are
removed. The pipettes are then soaked in distilled water for at least an hour. After the
final distilled water, rinse the pipettes are dried in an oven at not more than 110 oc.
Most laboratories that use large numbers of pipettes daily use a convenient
automatic pipette washer.
  Cleaning of flasks, beakers, cylinders and other glass wares
Pour warm cleaning solution into each containers and cover carefully. Each container
must be shaked so that all portions of the wall are repeatedly brought into contact with
the solution. This procedure should be followed for at least five minutes. The containers
should then be rinsed repeatedly with tap water four times and finally rinsed three times
with distilled water.
 MIND MAPPING
TEXT A

Laboratory
Wares

TEXT B
Task 2. Swapping Information. By using your notes
in the Mind Mapping, exchange your information to a friend next to you /in opposite
group to complete yours and your friend’s Mind Mapping. (You are NOT allowed to
go to the reading passage. Use the results of Mind Mapping)
Task 3. Checking Information. To check whether you have got correct and
complete information, compare your notes with your friend or read the complete
text.
Task 4. Retelling Information. To check whether you understand the overall
information, using Mind Mapping on your notes, retell the information of the passage
orally in English.
Task 5. Summary and Translation. Using the notes, summarize the content of
the reading in Bahasa Indonesia (max. 15 sentences). (Remember! You are NOT
allowed to go to the reading passage. Use the results of Mind Mapping).

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