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Analytic Solution of Linear Fractional Differential Equation with Jumarie

Derivative in Term of Mittag-Leffler Function

Article · April 2015

DOI: 10.12691/ajma-3-2-2

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American Journal of Mathematical Analysis, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 2, 32-38
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajma/3/2/2
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajma-3-2-2

Analytic Solution of Linear Fractional Differential

Equation with Jumarie Derivative in Term of Mittag-
Leffler Function
Uttam Ghosh1,*, Srijan Sengupta2, Susmita Sarkar2, Shantanu Das3,4
1
Department of Mathematics, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nabadwip, Nadia, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
3
Reactor Control System Design Section Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
4
Department of Physics, Jadavpur University Kolkata, West Bengal, India
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received March 05, 2015; Revised April 11, 2015; Accepted April 27, 2015
Abstract There is no unified method to solve the fractional differential equation. The type of derivative here used
in this paper is of Jumarie formulation, for the several differential equations studied. Here we develop an algorithm
to solve the linear fractional differential equation composed via Jumarie fractional derivative in terms of Mittag-
Leffler function; and show its conjugation with ordinary calculus. In these fractional differential equations the one
parameter Mittag-Leffler function plays the role similar as exponential function used in ordinary differential
equations.
Keywords: jumarrie fractional derivative, riemann-liouvelli fractional derivative, mittag-leffler function,
fractional differential equations
Cite This Article: Uttam Ghosh, Srijan Sengupta, Susmita Sarkar, and Shantanu Das, “Analytic Solution of
Linear Fractional Differential Equation with Jumarie Derivative in Term of Mittag-Leffler Function.” American
Journal of Mathematical Analysis, vol. 3, no. 2 (2015): 32-38. doi: 10.12691/ajma-3-2-2.

classical calculus, which eases in many cases to solve

fractional differential equation composed with Jumarie
1. Introduction fractional derivative. Here we want to develop an algorithm
to solving the linear fractional differential equation using
The analytical solutions of the fractional differential the Mittag-Leffler function. We have obtained applied this
equation are emerging branch of applied science also in method to homogeneous fractional differential equations
basic science. Different methods are developing to solve and got corresponding fundamental solution.
the fractional differential equations. Since the definition of Organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2.0
fractional derivative is modifying to relate it with the some definition of fractional derivative is reproduced with
classical derivative. Mathematicians are trying to develop essential examples. In section 3.0 and 4.0 some properties
the formulas of fractional calculus but geometry of of Mittag-Leffler function is described. Finally in section
fractional derivative has no concrete shape [1]. Depending 5.0 the methods for solving the linear fractional
on different type of derivatives different methods of differential equation composed by Jumarie fractional
solution are developing [2-7]. Riemann-Liouville derivative is developed using the Mittag-Leffler function.
definition the fractional derivative of a constant is non-
zero which creates a difficulty to relate between the
classical calculus. To overcome this difficulty Jumarie 2. Some Definitions of Fractional
[2,3,4,5] modified the definition of fractional derivative of
Riemann-Liouvell type and with this new formulation, we There are many definition of fractional derivative.
obtain the derivative of a constant as zero. Thus using this Grunwald-Letnikov fractional derivative [6], Liouville
definition linking between the fractional and classical fractional derivative [8], Riemann-Liouville fractional
calculus becomes easier. There is no unique method to derivative [10], Caputo fractional derivative [8,9,10,11],
solve the linear fractional differential equations. Using the Kolwanker-Gangal local fractional derivative
Jumarie modified definition of fractional derivative we [12,13,14,15,16], Jumarie modified fractional derivative
obtain the derivative of Mittag-Leffler function as Mittal- [2]. Here we use the Riemann-Liouville fractional
Leffler function, as in case of classical whole-order derivative and its modified form by Jumarie [2].
derivative the derivative of exp( x) is itself exponential
function. Thus via use of Jumarie modified Riemann- 2.1. Riemann-Liouville Definition of Fractional
Liouvelli derivative, there exists conjugation with Derivative
 33 American Journal of Mathematical Analysis

Let the function f (t ) is one time integrable then the Using this definition we get Dα {K } = 0, 0 ≤ α < 1.
integro-differential expression The above formula in line-1, becomes fractional order
m +1 t integration if we replace α by −α which is
α 1 d  m −α
a Dt f (t )  
Γ(−α + m + 1)  dt  ∫ (t − τ ) f (τ )dτ
−α 1
t
(t − τ )α −1 f (τ )dτ
Γ(α ) ∫
a D=
a
t f (t )
is known as the Riemann-Liouville (R-L)definition of a
fractional derivative [6] with m as integer with condition
m ≤ α < m + 1. Using the above formula we get for f (t )= (t − a )γ , the
fractional integral for order α
In Riemann-Liouville definition the function, f (t ) is
integrated (m − α ) fold and then differentiate m + 1 times. −α 1
t
)γ (t − τ )α −1 (τ − a )γ dτ
Γ(α ) ∫
We can re-write the above as follows a Dt (t − a=
The left R-L fractional derivative is defined by a

k t Using the substitution τ =a + ξ (t − a ) we have for;

α1 d  k −α −1
=
a Dt f (t )  
Γ(k − α )  dt  ∫ (t − τ ) f (τ )dτ . τ = a , ξ = 0 and for τ = t , ξ = 1 ; dτ= (t − a )d ξ ,
a (t − τ ) = t − a − ξ (t − a ) = (t − a )(1 − ξ ) ; (τ − a ) = ξ (t − a ) ,
And the right R-L derivative is we get the following
k b t
−α 1
α 1  d  k −α −1 )γ
a Dt (t − a= ∫ (t − τ )α −1 (τ − a )γ dτ
t Db f (t ) = − 
Γ(k − α )  dt  ∫ (τ − t ) f (τ )dτ
Γ(α )
a
t
1
Where in above k is integer such that (k − 1) ≤ α < k that 1 α −1 α −1 γ γ
=
Γ (α ) ∫ (t − a) (1 − ξ ) ξ (t − a) (t − a)dξ
is just greater than fractional number α . 0

(t − a )γ +α
Using the left R-L derivative we get the fractional 1
ξ γ (1 − ξ )α −1 d ξ
Γ(α ) ∫
derivative of the function f (t ) = K as non-zero, = as
demonstrated below. 0
γ +α
(t − a )
α 1 d
t
−α = B(α , γ + 1)
Γ(1 − α ) dt ∫
= D
a t f (t ) (t − ξ ) Kd ξ Γ(α )
a Γ(γ + 1)
= (t − a )γ +α , (α < 0, γ > −1)
1−α  t Γ γ + + α
K d (t − ξ ) ( 1 )
= − 
Γ(1 − α ) dt 1 − α  1
1) ∫ ξ γ (1 − ξ )α −1 d ξ
a
We used Beta-function B(α , γ +=
(t − a )1−α
=K 0
Γ(1 − α ) Γ(α )Γ(γ + 1)
= defined as
Similarly the right R-L derivative of f (t ) = K is Γ(α + γ + 1)

α (b − t )1−α def 1
p −1 Γ ( p )Γ ( q )
t Db f (t ) = K . B( p, q ) = ∫u (1 − u )q −1 du = .
Γ(1 − α ) 0
Γ( p + q )
This shows that the fractional derivative of a constant Applying the above obtained result the fractional
(K) is non-zero but in classical calculus derivative of a integral of order (1 − υ ) , with 0 ≤ υ < 1 is
constant is zero which is contradiction between the
classical derivative and the fractional derivative of a − (1−υ ) Γ(γ + 1)
constant. To overcome this difference Jumarie [2] a Dt = (t − a )γ (t − a )γ +1−υ .
Γ(γ + 2 − υ )
modified the left R-L fractional derivative.
We get the R-L left derivative of a power function as Taking one whole derivative of the above we get
2.2 Jumarie Modified Definition of the D1  a Dt−(1−υ ) (t − a )γ  = a Dtυ (t − a )γ
 
Fractional Derivative Is
d  Γ(γ + 1) 
= (t − a )γ +1−υ 
 1 t
−α −1 dt  Γ(γ + 2 − υ ) 
 ∫ (t − ξ ) f (ξ )dξ , α < 0.
 Γ(−α ) 0 Γ(γ + 1)
 = (γ + 1 − υ )(t − a )γ −υ
def  1 t
 f (ξ ) 
Γ (γ − υ + 2)
d
Dtα f (t ) 
= ∫ (t − ξ )−α   d ξ , 0 < α < 1. Γ(γ + 1)
 Γ(1 − α ) dt 0  − f (0)  = (γ + 1 − υ )(t − a )γ −υ
 (α − n) ( n) (γ − υ + 1) Γ (γ + 1 − υ )
[ f (t )] , n ≤ α < n + 1, n ≥ 1. Γ(γ + 1)
 = (t − a )γ −υ
 Γ (γ + 1 − υ )
 American Journal of Mathematical Analysis 34

We have therefore calculated fractional derivative by d  t γ +1−α  aγ

=
R-L left formula for υ such that 0 ≤ υ < 1 thus our nearest  Bη (1 − α , γ + 1)  − (t − a )−α
dt  Γ(1 − α )  Γ (1 − α )
integer is one that is k = 1 and we write that below
1 d 
t For a = 0 , we have
υ −υ
Γ(1 − υ )  dt  ∫
=
a Dt f (t )   (t − τ ) f (τ )dτ t
f (α ) [t γ=
1 d
(t − ξ )−α ξ γ − 0  d ξ
Γ(1 − α ) dt ∫
a
]t0
 
= D1  Dt−(1−υ ) f (t )  . 0
 
α) γ  α γ Γ(γ + 1)
Thus for a = 0 , the fractional RL derivative of = D 1
D −(1−= t 0=
Dt t (t )γ −α .
0 t  Γ(γ + 1 − α )
f (t ) = t γ is
We will be using Jumarie derivative for power function
υ γ Γ(γ + 1) γ −υ γ
t with start point of differentiation as a = 0 , in
0 Dt t = t
Γ(γ + 1 − υ ) subsequent sections. When start point of differentiation is
non-zero we will be shifting the origin to that non-zero
For a constant function f (t ) = 1 , putting in above point and use the above formula.
expression γ = 0 , we get

υ 1
0 Dt [1] = t −υ 3. Mittag-Leffler Function
Γ(1 − υ )
In 1903 Mittag-Leffler [17,18,19,20] was introduce a
Let us now see what Jumarrie derivative is from above ∞
zk
R-L derivative obtained for f (t ) = t . The composition of γ function defined by Eα ( z ) = ∑ ,
k =0 Γ(1 + α k )
the Jumarie derivative, with start point of integration as
( z ∈ , Re(α ) > 0) is named as the one parameter Mittag-
t = a and f (a ) = aγ is
Leffler function. For α = 1and 2 we get
t
f (α ) [t γ=
1 d
(t − ξ )−α ξ γ − aγ  d ξ
Γ(1 − α ) dt ∫
]ta def z z2 z3
  E1 ( z ) = 1+ + + + .................∞
a Γ(1 + 1) Γ(1 + 2) Γ(1 + 3)
D 1
D −(1−α ) t γ − a Dt−(1−α ) aγ  z z 2 z3
a t  = 1+ + + + .................∞ = e z
α γ
t − a Dtα aγ .
1! 2! 3!
= a Dt
def z z2 z3
The above expression show that this Jumarrie E2 ( z ) = 1+ + + + .................∞
Γ(1 + 2) Γ(1 + 4) Γ(1 + 6)
derivative is composed of two RL derivatives those are
α γ
t minus RL derivative of a constant a Dtα aγ . Going z z 2 z3
a Dt =1 + + + + .................∞
2! 4! 6!
by similar steps as done for 0 Dtα t γ , we get first the
= Cosh( z )
fractional integral in terms of incomplete Gamma function as
(t − a )/ t The integral representation of the Mittag-Leffler
t γ +1−α
= − (1−α ) γ
a Dt t ∫ z −α γ
(1 − z ) dz 1 tα −1et
Γ(1 − α )
0
function is =
Eα ( z )
2π ∫ tα − z dt , ( z ∈ , Re(α ) > 0).
C
t γ +1−α t−a Here the path of the integral C is a loop which starts and
= Bη (1 − α , γ =
+ 1) η .
Γ(1 − α ) t ends at −∞ and encloses the circles of
disk | t |≤| z |1/α in positive sense :| arg(t ) |≤ π on C .
The fractional derivative of t γ is by taking one whole
The two parameter Mittag-Leffler function [21] was
derivative of above expression we get the following defined by
α γ d  t γ +1−α  t −a ∞
=
a Dt t  Bη (1 − α
= , γ + 1)  η . zk
dt  Γ(1 − α )  t =
Eα , β ( z ) ∑ Γ(β + α k ) , ( z, β ∈ , Re(α ) > 0).
k =0
The fractional derivative of aγ is Here, Eα ,1 ( z ) = e z ( z ∈ , Re(α ) > 0)
Eα ( z ) =
α γ aγ ez −1
=
a Dt a (t − a )−α . =
E1,2 ( z ) = , E 2,2 ( z )
Sinh( z )
.
Γ(1 − α ) z z
Therefore and the corresponding integral representation of the two
t parameter Mittag-Leffler function is
f (α ) [t γ=
1 d
(t − ξ )−α ξ γ − aγ  d ξ t α − β et
Γ(1 − α ) dt ∫
]ta 1
a
  Eα , β ( z ) =
2π ∫ tα − z
dt , ( z ∈ , Re(α ) > 0). where the
C
D1  a Dt−(1−α ) t γ − a Dt−(1−α ) aγ  =
= Dα t γ − a Dtα aγ contour C is already defined.
  a t
35 American Journal of Mathematical Analysis

3.1. Some Properties Mittag-Leffler Function  atα a 2t 2α 

and Its Application 1 + + 
−α α −α  Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α ) 
We rewrite the Mittag-Leffler [17,18,19] function in the 0 Da ( Eα ( at )) = D  3 3α 
+ a t + ................. 
following form by an infinite series  Γ(1 + 3α ) 
 
def atα a 2t 2α tα Γ(1 + α )at 2α
Eα (atα ) = 1+ + = +
Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α ) Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α )Γ(1 + α )
a3t 3α Γ(1 + 2α )a 2t 3α
+ + ................. + + ..........
Γ(1 + 3α ) Γ(1 + 3α )Γ(1 + 2α )
is the one parameter Mittag-Leffler function.  atα a 2t 2α 
Using Jumarie derivative of order α , with 0 ≤ α < 1 1 + + 
1  Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α ) 
with start point as a=0 for f (t ) = t nα , that = 
3 3α 
a
+ a t 
is (t )α ( n −1)
Γ(nα + 1) / Γ[α (n − 1) + 1] , for n = 1, 2,3,... ; and  Γ(1 + 3α ) + ..............∞ − 1
 
also using Jumarie derivative of constant as zero, we get
1
the following very useful identity. In all the subsequent = {Eα (atα ) − 1}
a
sections we will say Dα is the Jumarie derivative with
zero as start point Theorem 1: The Mittag-Leffler function Eα (atα )
Dα ( Eα (atα )) satisfies the relation

 atα a 2t 2α  Eα (atα ) Eα (=
btα ) Eα ((a + b)tα )
1 + + 
α Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α ) 
=D  Proof: Let y = Eα (atα ) Eα (btα ) then
3 3α 
+ a t + 
 Γ(1 + 3α ) .................  y = Eα (atα ) Eα (btα )
 
Γ(1 + α )a Γ(1 + 2α )a 2tα =Dα y Eα (btα ) Dα (atα ) + Eα (atα ) Dα (btα )
=
0+ +
Γ(1)Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α )Γ(1 + α ) =Dα y aEα (atα ) Eα (btα ) + bEα (atα ) Eα (btα ) (3)
Γ(1 + 3α )a3t 2α = (a + b) Eα (atα ) Eα (btα )
+ + ..........
Γ(1 + 3α )Γ(1 + 2α )
Dα =
y ( a + b) y
 atα a 2t 2α 
1 + +  Using the solution of the equation (2) we get the
 Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 2α )  solution of the equation (3) in the following form
= a 
3 3α
+ a t 
 Γ(1 + 3α ) + .............. 
 
=y AEα [a + b]tα .( )
= aEα (atα ) From the definition of y we get y (0) = 1 . Therefore we

Thus =
have y Eα ((a + b)tα ) .
Thus we get
Dα ( Eα (atα )) = aEα (atα ) (1)
Eα ((a + b)tα ) =
Eα (atα ) Eα (btα ) (4)
α
This shows that AEα (at ) is a solution is a solution of
We get useful property of one parameter Mittag-Leffler
the fractional differential equation function.
Dα y = ay (2) Using the above property of Mittag-Leffler function we
get
Where A is arbitrary constant.
1
Therefore Eα (atα ) Eα (−at=
α α
) 1 or Eα (−at= ) . (5)
Eα (atα )
Dα y = ay
Eα (atα ) Eα (atα ) = Eα (2atα ) (6)
with y (0) = 1 has solution

y = Eα (atα ).
4. Complex Mittag-Leffler Function and
Using this property of the Mittag-Leffler one can easily Its Properties
prove the following theorem.
Again integrating the Mittag-Leffler function in the Jumarie [22] defined the complex Mittag-Leffler in the
interval [0, x] we get following form
 American Journal of Mathematical Analysis 36

def
Eα (itα ) cosα (tα ) + i sinα (tα )
= D 2α y − (a + b) Dα y + aby =
0

α Eα (itα ) + Eα (−itα ) ∞
t 2kα has solution in the form
cosα (t= )
2
= ∑ (−1)k (2kα )! =y AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα ).
k =1

α Eα (itα ) − Eα (−itα ) ∞
t (2k +1)α
∑ (−1)k (2kα + α )!
On the other hand consider the differential equation
sinα (t= ) =
2 k =1 D 2α y − (a + b) Dα y + aby =
0
On the other hand Jumarie [22] defined period ( M α ) of
it can be express in the following form
the function Eα (itα ) in the following form, taking
( Dα − a)( Dα − b) y (t ) =
0. (7)
α
Eα (i ( M α ) ) = 1 and therefore
Let, ( Dα − b) y (t ) =
x(t ) then equation (7) reduce to the
α α α α
cosα (t +=
Mα ) cosα (t ),sinα (t +=
Mα ) sinα (t ) form
cosα ((−t )α ) =
cosα (tα ),sinα ((−t )α ) =
(−1)α sinα (tα ). α
( D= − a) x(t ) 0 Dα x(t ) ax(t )
or =

The series presentation of cosα (tα ) is Solution of the above equation is same as the solution
of the equation (2) which is
t 2α t 4α t 6α
cosα (tα ) =
1− + − + ..... x(t ) = A1Eα (atα )
Γ(1 + 2α ) Γ(1 + 4α ) Γ(1 + 6α )
( Dα − b) y (t ) =
A1Eα (atα )
Taking term by term Jumarie derivative we get
Dα y − by =
A1Eα (atα )
Dα [cosα (tα )]
Eα (−btα )( D=
α
y − by ) A1Eα (atα ) Eα (−btα )
Γ(1 + 2α )t 2α −α Γ(1 + 4α )t 4α −α
=
0− + α A1 α
Γ(1 + 2α )Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 4α )Γ(1 + 3α ) D= ( yEα (−btα )) D ( Eα (atα ) Eα (−btα ))
a −b
Γ(1 + 6α )t 6α −α
− + ..... On integrating both side we get that is applying D −α
Γ(1 + 6α )Γ(1 + 5α )
on both sides of above, we get
 tα t 3α 
=
− − + ....... A1
 Γ(1 + α ) Γ(1 + 3α )  yEα (−btα )
= ( Eα (atα ) Eα (−btα )) + B
a −b
= − sinα (tα ) A1
AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα )
y= where A= .
a −b

5. Solution of Linear Second Order =

Therefore y AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα ) is a solution of
the differential equation. Thus we can state the following
Fractional Differential Equation theorem
Let us consider the function Theorem 2: The fractional differential equation
( Dα − a)( Dα − b) y (t ) =
y AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα )
0
=
has solution of the form
with A and B is constants. Differentiating α − times with
respect to t, for 0 < α < 1 , with Jumarie derivative we get =y AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα )
where A and B are constants.
=Dα y AaEα (atα ) + BbEα (btα ) Proof of the theorem is follows from the previous
Dα=
y − ay AaEα (atα ) + BbEα (btα ) − ay arguments.
Similarly one can generalized the solution of the
= AaEα (atα ) + BbEα (btα ) differential equation in the following form
(
− a AEα (atα ) + BEα (btα ) ) If
( Dα − a1 )( Dα − a2 )( Dα − a3 )...( Dα − an ) y (t ) =
0
= B (b − a ) Eα (btα )
with all ai ' s are distinct be a fractional differential
Dα y − ay = B (b − a ) Eα (btα )
equation with 0 ≤ α < 1 then solution of the differential
Differentiating above by Jumarrie derivative and re- equation will be
arranging, we get n
y = ∑ Ai Eα (ai tα )
D 2α y − aDα y =Bb(b − a ) Eα (btα ) i =1
D 2α y − (a + b) Dα y + aby =
where Ai are arbitrary constants and Eα (ai tα ) is one
0
This shows that the fractional differential equation parameter Mittag-Leffler function.
37 American Journal of Mathematical Analysis

Let us consider the function is of the form

=y ( Atα + B ) Eα (atα ) =y Eα (atα )[ A cosα (btα ) + B sinα (btα )].

Where A and B are constants. Proof: The given differential equation can be written in
Then the following form

Dα y =Γ(1 + α ) AEα (atα ) + ( Atα + B)aEα (atα ) (( Dα − a) 2 + b 2 ) y =

0
(10)
Dα y − ay =Γ(1 + α ) AEα (atα ) or ( Dα − a + ib)( Dα − a − ib) y =0
+ ( Atα + B)aEα (atα ) − a{( Atα + B) Eα (atα )} Using theorem 3 we get the solution of the fractional
differential (10) can be written in the following form
=Γ(1 + α ) AEα (atα )
y= A1Eα ((a + ib)tα ) + B1Eα ((a − ib)tα )
D 2α y − aDα y = aΓ(1 + α ) AEα (atα )
= a( Dα y − ay ) =y A1Eα (atα ) Eα (ibtα ) + B1Eα (atα ) Eα (−ibtα )
D 2α y − 2aDα y + a 2 y =
0 = Eα (atα )[ A1{cosα (btα ) + i sinα (btα )}
Thus solution of the differential equation + B1{cosα (btα ) − i sinα (btα )}]

D 2α y − 2aDα y + a 2 y =
0 = Eα (atα )[ A cosα (btα ) + iB sinα (btα )]
is Where A =
A1 + B1 and B =
A1 − B1.

=y ( Atα + B ) Eα (atα ) Thus we get useful results.

A and B are constants.

On the other hand consider the differential equation 6. Conclusions
( Dα=
− a)2 y 0 or ( D 2α − 2aDα=
+ a2 ) y 0
(8) There are several methods to solve fractional
2α α differential equations, and the solution depends on the
D y − 2aD y + a y =
02
type of fractional derivative used. Here we develop an
Let ( Dα − a ) y =
v then equation (8) reduce to the form analytical method to find the solutions of linear fractional
differential equation, composed by Jumarie fractional
( Dα − a )v =
0 (9) derivative in terms of one parameter Mittag-Leffler
function. Some well known properties of Mittag-Leffler
Solution of this differential equation is have been used to find solution of the fractional
α
v(t ) = A1Eα (at ) differential equations. The solutions obtained are similar
as the solutions obtained usual calculus obtained in terms
( Dα − a) y =
A1Eα (atα ) the exponential function. This conjugation with ordinary
calculus when Jumarie type fractional derivative is used to
Eα (−atα )( D=
α
y − ay ) A1Eα (atα ) Eα (−atα ) compose the fractional differential equations is useful in
 A tα  several physical problems.
Dα [ yEα (−atα )] = A1 = Dα  1 
 Γ(1 + α ) 
A1 Acknowledgement
yEα (−atα= ) +B
Γ(1 + α ) Acknowledgments are to Board of Research in
y= ( α
At + B Eα (at ) ) α
where A=
A1
Γ(1 + α )
Nuclear Science (BRNS), Department of Atomic Energy
Government of India for financial assistance received
through BRNS research project no. 37(3)/14/46/2014-
A and B are constants. BRNS with BSC BRNS, title “Characterization of
Thus the following theorem can be stated unreachable (Holderian) functions via Local Fractional
Theorem 3: The fractional differential equation Derivative and Deviation Function.
D 2α y − 2aDα y + a 2 y =
0
has solution of the form References
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