ELE220A- Electrical Drives Lab Course

1st Cycle List of Experiments:

Exp.No.1.... Speed control of DC shunt motor
Exp.No.2.... Study of Half Wave and Full Wave Diode Bridge rectifiers
Exp.No.3.... Study of Semi & Fully controlled Rectifier
Exp.No.4.... Study of Sine PWM Inverter
Exp.No.5.... Study of DC to DC converter, Buck and Boost converter

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1 Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor

1.1 Aim

To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor,

1. Field current control : By varying field current keeping armature voltage constant.
2. Armature voltage control : By varying armature voltage, keeping field current constant

1.2 Name plate details

Make
Capacity
Rated voltage ____V ____V
Rated current ____ A ____ A
Rated speed
Type

Fuse rating = 120% of the rated current of the machine

1.3 Apparatus Required

Sl.No. Apparatus Type Qty Range Purpose

1 Ammeter Digital 1 (0-2A) To Measure Field Current
2 Voltmeter MC 1 (0-300V) To Measure armature voltage
3 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 750Ω, 3A To adjust field circuit resistance

1.4 Theory

The speed of the DC shunt motor is given by the relation,

N = (V − Ia ∗ Ra )/φ f (1.1)

where N=speed of the DC motor(RPM), V=applied voltage (V), Ia = armature current (A), Ra =armature
resistance(Ω),φ f =field flux(webers/pole).
From the above relationship the speed of the DC shunt motor can be varied by varying,
1. Voltage applied to armature (Va )
2. Armature resistance (Ra )
3. Field flux (φ f ).

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1.5 Circuit Diagram

Figure 1.1: Circuit diagram

1.6 Procedure

1.6.1 Field current control method

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure 1.1.

2. The field rheostat and the armature variable DC source should be kept in minimum position.
3. Switch ON the field and armature DC supply.
4. The motor is started by gradually increasing the armature voltage upto its rated value.
5. Adjust the armature voltage to some fixed value (say 150 V).
6. Change the speed by varying the field rheostat in steps and note down the corresponding values of
speed and field current.
7. Then repeat the steps 5 and 6 for different armature voltages.
8. Plot Field current Vs Speed graph as shown in Figure 1.2. Here, Va1 >Va2 >Va3 .

Figure 1.2: Speed vs Field Current

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1.6.2 Armature voltage control method

1. Connections are same as before.

2. The field rheostat and the armature variable DC source should be kept in minimum position.
3. Switch ON the field and armature DC supply.
4. Motor is started by gradually increasing the armature voltage upto its rated value.
5. Adjust the field current to some fixed value (say 0.3 A) and change the speed in steps by varying the
armature voltage.
6. Note down the corresponding values of armature voltage, speed and field current.
7. Repeat step 5 for different values of field current.
8. Plot Armature voltage Vs Speed as shown in Figure 1.3. Here, I f 3 >I f 2 >I f 1 .

Figure 1.3: Speed vs Armature Voltage

1.7 Tabulation

S.No. Field Control Armature control

Va (V) I f (A) N(rpm) I f (A) Va (V) N(rpm)

1.8 Result

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2 Study of Half Wave and Full wave Diode Bridge Rectifiers

2.1 Aim

To study the performance of Half Wave and Full wave Rectifiers for Resistive and Inductive Loads.

2.2 Apparatus Required

1. Diode Bridge Rectifier trainer kit

2. Rheostat
3.Transformer(230 V to 24 V)
4. Power Diodes
5.Power resistor (100 Ω)
6.Capacitor (1mF)
7.Digital Signal Oscilloscope (DSO)

2.3 Formula

2.3.1 Half wave rectifier

Average value of output voltage, V0 = Vm /π V

Average value of load current, Io =Vm /(πR) A
Output Frequency, f = fs Hz , where fs is supply frequency

2.3.2 Full wave rectifier

Average value of output voltage, V0 = 2Vm /π V

Average value of load current, Io =2Vm /(πR) A
Output Frequency, f = 2 fs Hz

2.3.3 Filter Capacitor

Capacitor, C = I0 /(2 fVpp ) F

where Vo = Output Voltage
Io = Output Current
Vm = Maximum Input Voltage
R = Load Resistance
f = Output Frequency
Vpp = Output Peak to Peak Voltage

2.4 Theory

Rectifier is a Circuit which converts AC (Alternating current) power to DC (Direct Current)power.Most of

the power electronic devices convert the incoming AC voltage of fixed frequency and fixed voltage into DC
of fixed value. The objective is to obtain useful DC supply from grid side. In these types of rectifiers the
power can only flow from AC side to the DC side hence, we do not have any control on the power flow. Since,
everything that happens in this entire process is automatic and no external parameter can control the power
flow they are called uncontrolled rectifiers. These kinds of power electronic devices are also known as linear
power supply and suffer from their large size and low efficiency. These types of rectifiers are widely used in
single and three phase domestic applications.

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Output voltage and current of Diode Bridge Rectifier has Pulsating in nature, to remove Ripple voltage,
High value of Capacitor connected across Load, Ripple current has been reduced by Connecting Inductor
series to the load.

2.5 Half Wave Rectifier

Figure 2.1: Resistive Load

Figure 2.2: Resistive Load with capacitive filter

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2.6 Full Wave Rectifier

Figure 2.3: Resistive Load

Figure 2.4: Resistive Load with capacitive filter

Figure 2.5: Resistive Load with capacitive and Inductive filter

2.7 Result

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3 Study of Semi controlled and Fully controlled Rectifiers

3.1 Aim

To study the performance of Semi controlled and Fully controlled Rectifiers with SCR for Resistive and
Inductive loads.

3.2 Apparatus Required

1. Semi controlled and fully controlled SCR kit.

2. Rheostat.
3. Digital Signal Oscilloscope (DSO).

3.3 Semi Controlled Rectifier

Figure 3.1: Resistive Load

3.3.1 Procedure for Semi controlled Rectifier

1. Make the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.1 for Semi controlled rectifiers
with Resistive.
2. For various values of delay angle α of SCRs (T1 and T3), observe the output voltage, output current
waveforms and note down the delay angle. Also, calculate the average output voltage.
3. Connect an Inductor in series with the resistive load for Inductive load as shown in Figure 3.2 and
observe the output voltage, output current waveforms and delay angle. Also, calculate the average output
voltage.

3.4 Tabular Column:Resistive Load

√
Vm = 2Vs ; α = ωtα

S.No. Delay Time, tα (sec) Delay Angle α in deg. Vo = Vm (1 + cosα)/π

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 Figure 3.2: Inductive Load

3.5 Tabular Column : Inductive Load

√
Vm = 2Vs ; α = ωtα

S.No. Delay Time, tα (sec) Delay Angle α in deg. Vo = Vm (1 + cosα)/π

3.6 Fully Controlled Rectifier

3.6.1 Procedure for Fully controlled rectifier

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 3.3.
2. For various values of delay angle α of SCRs (T1 ,T2,T3 and T4), observe the output voltage, output
current waveforms and note down the delay angle. Also, calculate the average output voltage.
3. Connect the load inductor in series with resistive load as shown in Figure 3.4 and observe the voltage
waveform and note down the readings in tabular column.

Figure 3.3: Resistive Load

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3.7 Tabular Column:Resistive Load
√
Vm = 2Vs ; α = ωtα

S.No. Delay Time, tα (sec) Delay Angle α in deg. Vo = Vm (1 + cosα)/π

Figure 3.4: Inductive Load

3.8 Tabular Column: Continuous Mode

√
Vm = 2Vs ; α = ωtα ;

S.No. Delay Time tα (sec) Delay Angle α in deg. Vo = (2Vm cosα)/π

3.9 Tabular Column: Discontinuous Mode

√
Vm = 2Vs ; α = ωtα ; β = ωtβ

Delay Time, Ext. time, Delay Angle Ext.Angle,

S.No. Vo = Vm (cosα − cosβ )/π
tα (sec) tβ (sec) α in deg. β in deg.

3.10 Result

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4 Study of Sine PWM Inverter

4.1 Aim

To study the operation of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) switching single phase PWM inverter.

4.2 Apparatus Required

1. Single phase PWM Inverter Control Module

2. MOSFET power module
3. DSO
4. R - L load
5. 9 pin cable
6. Power chord
7. Patch chords

4.3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4.1: Full Bridge Inverter

4.4 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

The switching sequence for the inverter switches is obtained by comparing a sinusoidal reference signal, of
adjustable amplitude and frequency with a fixed frequency triangular carrier wave. The sinusoidal reference
frequency decides the fundamental frequency of the inverter output voltage and is also called as modulating
frequency. The inverter output voltage will contain a fundamental frequency voltage component and voltage
components at harmonic frequencies of reference signal.

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 Figure 4.2: Sine PWM Generation

4.5 Waveforms of SPWM

4.5.1 Unipolar Switching Scheme

In Unipolar voltage switching, two reference sinusoidal waveforms with 180 degrees phase shift are compared
with high frequency triangular wave as shown in the Figure below to generate PWM signals.

Figure 4.3: Typical Unipolar Voltage Switching Waveforms

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4.6 Bipolar Switching Scheme

Figure 4.4: Typical Bipolar Voltage Switching Waveforms

4.7 Formula

Output voltage Amplitude (Fundamental)

V0,1 = MaVdc
where Vdc = input DC Voltage,
V0,1 = Fundamental AC output voltage.
Amplitude Modulation ratio (Ma )
Ma = Ar /Ac
where Ar = reference sine wave amplitude,
Ac = Carrier wave amplitude.
Frequency Modulation ratio (M f )
M f = fc / fr
where fr = reference sine wave frequency,
fc = Carrier wave frequency.

4.8 Procedure

1. Switch on the Inverter control module and MOSFET power module & reset it initially.
2. Set the reference sine wave using reference wave selection switch and set its amplitude and frequency.
3. Set the PWM pulse amplitude and frequency of carrier wave.
4. Switch on the SPDT switch to release PWM pulse to the power module.
5. Check the test waveform in every test points using DSO.
6. Connect the R-load first and observe the output AC voltage.
7. Then connect the inductive load in series with the resistive load.
8. An output AC voltage obtained across the load is observed.
9. Also, observe the output voltage harmonic spectrum using FFT mode in DSO.
10. Calculate the amplitude of the output voltage.

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4.9 Tabular Column

Sine Wave Carrier Wave Modulation Index, Measured Output

S.No.
Amplitude (V), Ar Amplitude(V), Ac Ma = Ar /Ac Voltage, V0,1 = MaVdc

4.10 Result

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5 Study of DC to DC Buck Converter and Boost Converter

5.1 Aim

To study the working of DC to DC converter, Buck converter and Boost converter

5.2 Specifications

DC Input Voltage (Vs) : 15V DC

Output Voltage (Vo) : (0-15 V) DC
Load Resistance, R : 150E / 20W
Switching Frequency : 20 kHz
Maximum Load Current : 1A

5.3 Theory

5.3.1 Buck Converter

The three basic switching power supply topologies in common use are the buck, boost and buck- boost. These
topologies are non-isolated, i.e., the input and output voltages share a common ground. Each topology has
unique properties, including the steady-state voltage conversion ratios, the nature of the input and output
currents, and the character of the output voltage ripple.The most common and probably the simplest power
stage topology is the buck power stage, sometimes called a step-down power stage. Buck converter topology (
as shown in Figure 5.1) is chosen in applications where the output voltage needs to be always less than the
input voltage in the same polarity and is not isolated from the input.

Figure 5.1: Buck Converter Topology

5.4 Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), is one way to control the average power supplied to the load by controlling
the average voltage applied to it. The duty ratio (D) of the PWM signal controls the average output voltage.
The average voltage seen by the load resistor R is equal to,
V0 =Vs ∗ D,
V0 = Vs ∗ Ton /T
where duty cycle D = Ton /T
V0 =converter output voltage, V
Vin =converter input voltage,V

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Ton =switch on-time, sec
T =device switching time, sec

5.5 Buck Converter Working Principle

Buck converter uses a MOSFET as a switch that alternately connects and disconnects the input voltage to an
inductor. The inductor is selected so as to maintain less ripple in the current. The circuit diagram of a buck
converter is shown in Figure 5.2 with typical waveforms.

Figure 5.2: Buck Converter Circuit Diagram

There are two modes of buck converter operation, namely, Mode - 1 and Mode - 2.

5.5.1 Mode - 1 operation(DTs )

From time t = 0 to TON , (Switch Q is ON, Diode D is OFF)

Figure 5.3: Equivalent circuit diagram when Switch Q is ON

1. Switch Q turns ON .
2. Diode D is reverse biased, so no current flows through diode D.
3. Inductor is connected to the input supply.
4. The difference between input and output voltage is then forced across the inductor.
5. The inductor current flows into both the load and the output capacitor.
6. The capacitor C, charges.

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5.5.2 Mode - 2 operation((1-D)Ts )

For time t = TON to T, (Switch Q is OFF, Diode D is ON)

Figure 5.4: Equivalent circuit diagram when Switch Q is OFF

1. Switch Q turns OFF.

2. Input supply to the inductor cuts off.
3. Inductor current iL decreases from iL2 to iL1 .
4. Due to decreasing current a negative voltage is forced across the inductor and eventually turns ON the
diode D.
5. The inductor current flows through the load, diode and back to it.
6. The capacitor discharges into the load during the OFF time and contributes to the total load current (i.e.)
i0 = iC + iL .
7. Thus the output voltage is lower than the input DC voltage.

5.6 PWM Generation IC TL494 Details

Figure 5.5: PWM Generation IC TL494

The duty cycle of the PWM can be varied by varying the control voltage through a POT connected to pin no. 4.
Observe and record the waveforms of PWM signal, switch current, switch voltage, inductor current, diode
current and the output voltage. Also, vary the duty cycle of the PWM signal and measure the output voltage
for various values of D.

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 Figure 5.6: Typical Buck Converter Waveform

5.7 Tabular column

Theoretical Measured
S.No. Vs (V) Ton (sec) D=Ton /T
Output Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)

5.8 Boost Converter - Theory

The boost is a popular non-isolated power stage topology, sometimes called a step-up power stage. Boost
power stage as shown in Figure 5.7 is chosen in applications where the output voltage needs to be always
greater than the input voltage with the same polarity and is not isolated from the input.

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 Figure 5.7: Boost Converter Topology

5.9 Boost Converter Working Principle

There are two modes of boost converter operation, namely, Mode - 1 and Mode - 2.

5.9.1 Mode-1 Operation

For time t = 0 to TON , (Switch Q is ON, Diode D is OFF)

Figure 5.8: Equivalent circuit diagram when Switch Q is ON

1. Switch Q is turned ON.

2. Input voltage is seen across inductor L.
3. Current through the inductor, iL increases from iL1 to iL2 .
4. Diode D is reverse biased by the inductor negative potential.
5. Capacitor discharges to the load resistor.

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5.9.2 Mode - 2 operation

For time t = TON to T, (Switch Q is OFF, Diode D is ON)

Figure 5.9: Equivalent circuit diagram when Switch Q is OFF

1. Switch Q is turned OFF.

2. Current through the inductor, iL decreases from iL2 to iL1 .
3. This decreasing current forces the switch end of the inductor to swing positive and forward biases diode
D.
4. Now, the capacitor charges up to a voltage that is higher than the input voltage V.

Thus the output voltage is higher than the input voltage.At steady state, When Q is ON, capacitor supplies the
output load current. When Q is OFF, inductor current flows through capacitor and load. The relationship
between input and output for this circuit configuration is,
V0 =Vs /(1 − D),
where duty cycle D = Ton /T
V0 =converter output voltage, V
Vin =converter input voltage,V
Ton =switch on-time, sec
T =device switching time, sec

5.10 Tabular column

Theoretical Measured
S.No. Vs (V) Ton (sec) D=Ton /T
Output Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)

5.11 Result

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