Inductors and Capacitors

Arunachalam V
APSG, SENSE
 A Capacitor
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
• In many practical applications, the plates may
be aluminum foil while the dielectric may be
air, ceramic, paper, or mica.
• A is the surface area of each plate.
– Larger the A, greater the C
• d is the distance between the plates.
– Smaller the d, greater the C
• ε is the permittivity of the dielectric material
between the plates.
A
C F
– Higher the ε larger the C. d
 How a Capacitor works
• When a voltage source v is connected to the q  Cv
capacitor, the source deposits a positive charge q
on one plate and a negative charge −q on the
other. q
dq dv
C F
• The current through the C is i   C v
dt dt
t t
1 1
• The voltage across C is v   i dt   i dt  vt0 
C  C t0

• The energy stored in a C is 1 2 C2

w  Cv  Joules
2 2v
 Parallel and Series connected Capacitors

dv dv dv dv 1
t
1
t
1
t
1
t
i  C1  C2  C3      CN v   i dt  i dt  i dt      i dt
dt dt dt dt C1 t0 C2 t0 C3 t0 C N t0
t t
dv dv  1 1 1 1 
i  C1  C2  C3      C N   Ceq v          i dt  Ceq  i dt
dt dt  C1 C2 C3 C N t 0 t0
1
 1 1 1 1 
Ceq  C1  C2  C3      C N  
Ceq        
 C1 C2 C3 CN 
 An Inductor (L)
• Any conductor of electric current has
inductive properties and may be
regarded as an inductor.
• But in order to enhance the inductive
effect, a practical inductor is usually
formed into a cylindrical coil with many
turns of conducting wire.
• 1 Hendry = 1 Volt- second /Ampere.
• Inductance can be increased by
– increasing the number of turns of coil,
– using material with higher permeability as N 2 A
the core,
L H
l
– increasing the cross-sectional area, or
reducing the length of the coil.
 How a Inductor works
• If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that
the voltage across the inductor is directly proportional to the time
rate of change of the current.
di
• The voltage across L is v  L
dt t t
1 1
• The current through the L is i   v dt   v dt  it0 
L  L t0
1 2
• The energy stored in a L is w Li Joules
2
 Series and Parallel connected Inductors

t t t t
1 1 1 1
i   v dt  v  i dt   v dt       v dt
L1 t0 L2 t0 L3 t0 LN t 0

t t
di di di di 1 1 1 1 
v  L1  L2  L3      LN i            v dt  Leq  v dt
dt dt dt dt  L1 L2 L3 LN  t 0 t0
1
di di 1 1 1 1 
v  L1  L2  L3      LN   Leq Leq          
dt dt  L1 L2 L3 LN 
Leq  L1  L2  L3      LN 
Important characteristics of R, L & C
 Steady state response
• The switch is closed at t = 0.
• The current through the inductor
and voltage across the capacitor in
the circuit does not change
immediately and it takes some
time to steady these, this time
period is called transient time.
• The corresponding response is
called transient response.
• After a long time the circuit
At steady state, the inductor behaves as reaches steady state.
short circuit and the capacitor as open • Now there is no change in current
circuit. through the inductor and voltage
across the capacitor.
12 • This response is called steady
 I steady  A
R state response.
Find the vc and iR at steady state
• The switch being closed for long time,
un till t = 0. For t < 0;
12  4 12
vc   8V iR  2A
( 4  2) (4  2)
At t = 0; vc t  0   8V

• The switch is opened at t = 0.

• After this (t > 0) the stored energy in
capacitor is dissipated through the
resistor.
• Therefore after long time the vc and iR
are equals to zero.
Find the vc at steady state
The switch is kept open for long time.
Therefore at t = 0, vc = 0

The switch is closed at t = 0.

At steady state the capacitor
behaves as open circuit.
15  R2
vc  V
( R1  R2 )
Find the vc at steady state

 10m 1k 
vc    1k  4.545V
 (1k  200  1k ) 
 Find the i(t) at steady state when the
switch is in (a) and (b).
If the switch is kept in “a”
for long time, then
Rtotal  6 || 4   6  8.4 
108
itotal   12.86 A
8 .4
12.86  6
i t    7.715 A
(6  4)
If the switch is kept in “b” for long time, then
108 20  6
Rtotal  6 || 4   3  5.4  itotal   20 A i t    12 A
5.4 (6  4)
 Next Class

ANALYSIS OF FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS