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Import Random Import Sys Import Os

This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It covers basic concepts like variables, data types, operators, conditional statements, loops, functions, classes and objects. Key aspects include using print() to output text, defining variables to store and manipulate data, different data types like strings and lists, and using if/else statements, for/while loops and functions to control program flow. Classes allow the creation of user-defined objects with attributes and methods.

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Kirti Gupta
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48 views

Import Random Import Sys Import Os

This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It covers basic concepts like variables, data types, operators, conditional statements, loops, functions, classes and objects. Key aspects include using print() to output text, defining variables to store and manipulate data, different data types like strings and lists, and using if/else statements, for/while loops and functions to control program flow. Classes allow the creation of user-defined objects with attributes and methods.

Uploaded by

Kirti Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Introduction to Python

1. # import is used to make specialty functions available


# These are called modules
import random
import sys
import os

2. # Hello world is just one line of code


# print() outputs data to the screen

print("Hello World")

3. '''
This is a multi-line comment
'''

4. # A variable is a place to store values


# Its name is like a label for that value

name = "Derek"
print(name)

5. # A variable name can contain letters, numbers, or _


# but can't start with a number
6. # There are 5 data types Numbers, Strings, List, Tuple,
Dictionary
name = 15
print(name)

7. # The arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %, **, //


# ** Exponential calculation
# // Floor Division

print("5 + 2 =", 5+2)


print("5 - 2 =", 5-2)
print("5 * 2 =", 5*2)
print("5 / 2 =", 5/2)
print("5 % 2 =", 5%2)
print("5 ** 2 =", 5**2)
print("5 // 2 =", 5//2)

8. # Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and


-
print("1 + 2 - 3 * 2 =", 1 + 2 - 3 * 2)
print("(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 =", (1 + 2 - 3) * 2)

9. # A string is a string of characters surrounded by " or '


# If you must use a " or ' between the same quote escape it with
\
quote = "\"Always remember your unique,"
10. # A multi-line quote
multi_line_quote = ''' just
like everyone else" '''

print(quote + multi_line_quote)

11. # To embed a string in output use %s


print("%s %s %s" % ('I like the quote', quote, multi_line_quote))

12. # To keep from printing newlines use end=""


print("I don't like ",end="")
print("newlines")

13. # You can print a string multiple times with *


print('\n' * 5)

14. # LISTS -------------

# A list allows you to create a list of values and manipulate them


# Each value has an index with the first one starting at 0

grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']


print('The first item is', grocery_list[1])
# You can change the value stored in a list box
grocery_list[0] = "Green Juice"
print(grocery_list)

# You can get a subset of the list with [min:up to but not including
max]

print(grocery_list[1:3])

# You can put any data type in a list including a list


other_events = ['Wash Car', 'Pick up Kids', 'Cash Check']
to_do_list = [other_events, grocery_list]

print(to_do_list)

# Get the second item in the second list (Boxes inside of boxes)
print(to_do_list[1][1])

# You add values using append


grocery_list.append('onions')
print(to_do_list)

# Insert item at given index


grocery_list.insert(1, "Pickle")
# Remove item from list
grocery_list.remove("Pickle")

# Sorts items in list


grocery_list.sort()

# Reverse sort items in list


grocery_list.reverse()

# del deletes an item at specified index


del grocery_list[4]
print(to_do_list)

# We can combine lists with a +


to_do_list = other_events + grocery_list
print(to_do_list)

# Get length of list


print(len(to_do_list))

# Get the max item in list


print(max(to_do_list))

# Get the minimum item in list


print(min(to_do_list))
15. # TUPLES -------------
# Values in a tuple can't change like lists

pi_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)

# Convert tuple into a list


new_tuple = list(pi_tuple)

# Convert a list into a tuple


# new_list = tuple(grocery_list)

# tuples also have len(tuple), min(tuple) and max(tuple)

16. # DICTIONARY or MAP -------------


# Made up of values with a unique key for each value
# Similar to lists, but you can't join dicts with a +

super_villains = {'Fiddler' : 'Isaac Bowin',


'Captain Cold' : 'Leonard Snart',
'Weather Wizard' : 'Mark Mardon',
'Mirror Master' : 'Sam Scudder',
'Pied Piper' : 'Thomas Peterson'}

print(super_villains['Captain Cold'])
# Delete an entry
del super_villains['Fiddler']
print(super_villains)

# Replace a value
super_villains['Pied Piper'] = 'Hartley Rathaway'

# Print the number of items in the dictionary


print(len(super_villains))

# Get the value for the passed key


print(super_villains.get("Pied Piper"))

# Get a list of dictionary keys


print(super_villains.keys())

# Get a list of dictionary values


print(super_villains.values())

17. # CONDITIONALS -------------


# The if, else and elif statements are used to perform different
# actions based off of conditions
# Comparison Operators : ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
# The if statement will execute code if a condition is met
# White space is used to group blocks of code in Python
# Use the same number of proceeding spaces for blocks of code

age = 30
if age > 16 :
print('You are old enough to drive')

# Use an if statement if you want to execute different code


regardless of whether the condition was met or not

if age > 16 :
print('You are old enough to drive')
else :
print('You are not old enough to drive')

# If you want to check for multiple conditions use elif


# If the first matches it won't check other conditions that follow

if age >= 21 :
print('You are old enough to drive a tractor trailer')
elif age >= 16:
print('You are old enough to drive a car')
else :
print('You are not old enough to drive')
# You can combine conditions with logical operators
# Logical Operators: and, or, not

if ((age >= 1) and (age <= 18)):


print("You get a birthday party")
elif (age == 21) or (age >= 65):
print("You get a birthday party")
elif not(age == 30):
print("You don't get a birthday party")
else:
print("You get a birthday party yeah")

18. # FOR LOOPS -------------


# Allows you to perform an action a set number of times
# Range performs the action 10 times 0 – 9

for x in range(0, 10):


print(x , ' ', end="")

# You can use for loops to cycle through a list


grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']
for y in grocery_list:
print(y)
# You can also define a list of numbers to cycle through
for x in [2,4,6,8,10]:
print(x)

# You can double up for loops to cycle through lists


num_list =[[1,2,3],[10,20,30],[100,200,300]];

for x in range(0,3):
for y in range(0,3):
print(num_list[x][y])

19. # WHILE LOOPS -------------


# While loops are used when you don't know ahead of time
how many
# times you'll have to loop
random_num = random.randrange(0,100)

while (random_num != 15):


print(random_num)
random_num = random.randrange(0,100)
# An iterator for a while loop is defined before the loop
i = 0;
while (i <= 20):
if(i%2 == 0):
print(i)
elif(i == 9):
# Forces the loop to end all together
break
else:
# Shorthand for i = i + 1
i += 1
# Skips to the next iteration of the loop
continue

i += 1
20. # FUNCTIONS -------------
# Functions allow you to reuse and write readable code
# Type def (define), function name and parameters it receives
# return is used to return something to the caller of the
function
def addNumbers(fNum, sNum):
sumNum = fNum + sNum
return sumNum

print(addNumbers(1, 4))

# Can't get the value of sumNum because it was created in a


function
# It is said to be out of scope
print(sumNum)

# If you define a variable outside of the function it works every


place
newNum = 0;
def subNumbers(fNum, sNum):
newNum = fNum - sNum
return newNum

print(subNumbers(1, 4))
21. # USER INPUT -------------
print('What is your name?')

# Stores everything typed up until ENTER


name = sys.stdin.readline()

print('Hello', name)

22. # STRINGS -------------


# A string is a series of characters surrounded by ' or "
long_string = "I'll catch you if you fall - The Floor"

# Retrieve the first 4 characters


print(long_string[0:4])

# Get the last 5 characters


print(long_string[-5:])

# Everything up to the last 5 characters


print(long_string[:-5])

# Concatenate part of a string to another


print(long_string[:4] + " be there")
# String formatting
print("%c is my %s letter and my number %d number is %.5f" % ('X',
'favorite', 1, .14))

# Capitalizes the first letter


print(long_string.capitalize())

# Returns the index of the start of the string


# case sensitive
print(long_string.find("Floor"))

# Returns true if all characters are letters ' isn't a letter


print(long_string.isalpha())

# Returns true if all characters are numbers


print(long_string.isalnum())

# Returns the string length


print(len(long_string))

# Replace the first word with the second (Add a number to replace
more)
print(long_string.replace("Floor", "Ground"))
# Remove white space from front and end
print(long_string.strip())

# Split a string into a list based on the delimiter you provide


quote_list = long_string.split(" ")
print(quote_list)

23. # CLASSES AND OBJECTS -------------

class Animal:
# None signifies the lack of a value
# You can make a variable private by starting it with __
__name = None
__height = None
__weight = None
__sound = None

# The constructor is called to set up or initialize an object


# self allows an object to refer to itself inside of the class
def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound):
self.__name = name
self.__height = height
self.__weight = weight
self.__sound = sound
def set_name(self, name):
self.__name = name

def set_height(self, height):


self.__height = height

def set_weight(self, height):


self.__height = height

def set_sound(self, sound):


self.__sound = sound

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

def get_height(self):
return str(self.__height)

def get_weight(self):
return str(self.__weight)

def get_sound(self):
return self.__sound
def get_type(self):
print("Animal")
def toString(self):
return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says
{}".format(self.__name, self.__height, self.__weight, self.__sound)

# How to create a Animal object


cat = Animal('Whiskers', 33, 10, 'Meow')

print(cat.toString())

# You can't access this value directly because it is private


print(cat.__name)
Problem Set-1
Problem 1: Write a program to find whether a given string is
palindrome or not.
Problem 2: Write a program for calculating the nth Fibonacci
number.

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