sound

the science that focuses on the study of

properties and transmission of sound is

called acoustics ,a person who works in this

field is an acoustician,while someone working

in the field of acoustic technology is an audio engineer

In physics, sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through
a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
In human physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by
the brain.[1] Humans can only hear sound waves as distinct pitches when the frequency lies between
about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and is not
perceptible by humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound. Different animal
species have varying hearing ranges.

Acoustics[edit]
Main article: Acoustics
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in
the field of acoustics is an acoustician, while someone working in the field of acoustical
engineering may be called an acoustical engineer.[2] An audio engineer, on the other hand, is
concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound.
Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines
include aeroacoustics, audio signal processing, architectural acoustics, bioacoustics, electro-
acoustics, environmental noise, musical acoustics, noise
control, psychoacoustics, speech, ultrasound, underwater acoustics, and vibration.[3]
Physics of sound[edit]

Experiment using two tuning forks oscillatingusually at the same frequency. One of the forks is being hit with a rubberized mallet.

Although only the first tuning fork has been hit, the second fork is visibly excited due to the oscillation caused by the periodic change

in the pressure and density of the air by hitting the other fork, creating an acoustic resonance between the forks. However, if we

place a piece of metal on a prong, we see that the effect dampens, and the excitations become less and less pronounced as

resonance isn't achieved as effectively.

Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and
also as a transverse wave in solids(see Longitudinal and transverse waves, below). The sound
waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragmof a stereo speaker. The
sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the
medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the
sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the
medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space.
Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for
a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or
liquid transport the vibrations, while the average position of the particles over time does not change).
During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.[5]
The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:

 A complex relationship between the density and pressure of the medium. This relationship,
affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.
 Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease
the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For
example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed
of the wind if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are
moving in opposite directions, the speed of the sound wave will be decreased by the speed of
the wind.
 The viscosity of the medium. Medium viscosity determines the rate at which sound is attenuated.
For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.
Speed of sound[edit]
Main article: Speed of sound

U.S. Navy F/A-18 approaching the speed of sound. The white halo is formed by condensed water droplets
thought to result from a drop in air pressure around the aircraft (see Prandtl–Glauert singularity).[12]

The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property
of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made
by Isaac Newton. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square
root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density:

This was later proven wrong when found to incorrectly derive the speed. The French
mathematician Laplace corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound
travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but adiabatic. He added another factor to the

equation—gamma—and multiplied by , thus coming up with the equation .

Since , the final equation came up to be , which is also known as the Newton–Laplace

equation. In this equation, K is the elastic bulk modulus, c is the velocity of sound, and is
the density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the bulk
modulus of the medium to its density.
Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For
example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level,
the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula v [m/s] =
331 + 0.6 T [°C]. In fresh water, also at 20 °C, the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s
(5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h;
13,330 mph). The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-
order anharmonic effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation
effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound
(see parametric array).
If relativistic effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the relativistic Euler
equations.
 sound1
/sound/

Learn to pronounce

noun
1. 1.
vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they
reach a person's or animal's ear.
"light travels faster than sound"
o
o
2. 2.
sound produced by continuous and regular vibrations, as opposed to noise.
3.
o
o
o
4.
verb
1. 1.
emit or cause to emit sound.
"a loud buzzer sounded"
synonyms: go (off), resonate, resound, reverberate, blow, blare; More



2. 2.
convey a specified impression when heard.
"he sounded worried"

Alexzander S. Libres
 What are the 5 characteristics of sound?
Sound wave can be described by five characteristics: Wavelength, Amplitude,
Time-Period, Frequency and Velocity or Speed.
 Wavelength. Source: www.sites.google.com. ...
 Amplitude. ...
 Time-Period. ...
 Frequency. ...
 Velocity of Wave (Speed of Wave)
 What causes sound?
 Sound is produced when something vibrates. The vibrating body causes the
medium (water, air, etc.) around it to vibrate. Vibrations in air are called traveling
longitudinal waves, which we can hear. Sound waves consist of areas of high
and low pressure called compressions and rarefactions, respectively.