Balanced faults – Exercise 1

Z = 1Ω
22 kV

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Balanced faults – Exercise 2

22 kV
1Ω at 22kV 20Ω at 400 kV

22/400kV Transformer
ZT= 120Ω at 400 kV

Fault Current at 22 kV = ?

Fault Current at 400 kV = ?

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Convert Impedance to a common voltage

√ √ MVA at 22kV = MVA at 400 kV

Equivalent circuit taking voltages at 22kV

ZT =0.363Ω

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Calculation

Equivalent circuit taking voltage at 400kV

400 kV
330.6Ω 20Ω

ZT =120Ω

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Consider multiple voltage system
Single Line Diagram

22 kV 400 kV 275 kV

ZL1
Zs ZL2
ZT1 ZT2

11 kV 33 kV 132 kV

ZL4 ZL3
ZT5 ZT4 ZT3

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Very complex NG power system

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Impedances at multiple voltage levels
 Very difficult to express in ohms and confusing.
 Multiple error prone steps required to add impedances.
 Calculating fault currents at different voltage levels is
much more challenging.

For this reason Per unit or Percentage system has been

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Per unit system
 The definition of any quantity(voltage, current, power,
impedance) in the per-unit system is –

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Per unit system
The complete characterization of a per-unit system
requires that all four base values be defined. Given the
four base values, the per-unit quantities are defined a

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Per unit Systems

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Per unit impedance

Z
Vbase Ibase

ZIbase

Voltage drop

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Per unit impedance
The per unit impedance of a circuit or item of equipment is
the voltage drop in the circuit/equipment when it is
carrying a specified current (the base current) expressed
as ratio to the phase to neutral voltage (the base current).

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Base MVA
We can select any quantity (Voltage, Current, Impedance
or Power) as our common base for each section of the
system. However, it is usual practice to take 100MVA
(power) as a common base for the whole power system
network.
So,

Adding up pu impedances is much easier as all have

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Percentage Impedance

In National Grid documents % (Percentage) values for

×
/

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Convert % impedance in Ω

×
%

Voltage % Ω
400 kV 1% 16
275 kV 1% 7.5
132 kV 1% 1.75
33 kV 1% 0.11
11kV 1% 0.012

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Exercise 3
A 275kV overhead line has an impedance of 15Ω. What
is its percentage impedance on 100MVA base?

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Exercise 4
With reference to the following circuit, determine followings for a 3
phase fault
(a) fault MVA
(b) current flowing into the fault
(c) current flowing in OHL
(d) current flowing in generator (G)
All impedances given are on 100MVA base.

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Solution
5 3 1 1.5 % 10.5%

100
100
10.5

952.4

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Fault Currents

952.4
MVA

2000 A

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Fault currents

1375 A

25000 A
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Conversion of base MVA
It may be necessary to convert from one MVA base to
another. This is achieved on a simple ratio as follows.

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 Exercise 5
500MVA 500MVA 240MVA
132 kV
22 kV 400 kV

Zs=25% ZL1= 1% ZT2= 20% ZL2= 2%

With reference to the above circuit, determine for a 3 phase fault

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Solution
%Z ZS ZT1 ZL1 ZT2 ZL1
On rating 25% 15% 1% 20% 2%
On 100MVA 5% 3% 1% 8.33 2%

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Fault Currents

741 A

2244A 25
TGN 166
Electrical parameters (%impedance, %succeptance etc. ) for
circuits or plants can be calculated referring to TGN166.

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TGN166

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Circuit Parameters

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Any Questions?

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