A Smart Grid

T. Halder
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department, Member IEEE
Kalyani Government Engineering College
Kalyani, District- Nadia, West Bengal
PIN-741235, INDIA

Abstract—The paper patently predicts the pulling off the high and sort out the power supply and demand of electrical energy
efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of the power [5]-[8]. This is foreseeable to a smart power grid at which
generation, transmission and distribution systems using smart highly developed technologies and advance power efficiency
grid which brings together the turning points of the power sector, of operating demand of power so that it can be complement
information technology (IT) and the communication data from
the ease of use of electricity and consumers or utilities nourish
head to tail of distributed generation. In the smart grid, the
consumers not only wholesale the additional electricity to utility renewable energy into the versatile devoid of agreement and
through the smart meter of the grid but also the power utility amendment in climate influences the stability or reliability of
prevents the pilferage and provides uninterrupted power. The the power supply [9]-[11] using loss cut in power sector.
common customers also crop the renewable energy to hurl power
to grid to crack down the monopole business in power sector. II. SMART SKILLS OF THE SMART GRID
A smart grid configuration along with the improved set of
Keywords—A Smart Grid; Smart metering; Infrastructures; associations administering and managing the overall textures
Efficiency; Some Challenges; Energy storages; Energy market
will sustain transmission and distribution sector of power
depth; and Results
grids. To rush the system efficiently, attractive aptitude and
I. INTRODUCTION humanizing loyalty, monitoring and control consistency will
also be available to come to an end the customers of electrical
E lectrical energy is the largely malleable arrangement of
power available and it can be accessed by more than five
billion laypeople approximately the globe from beginning to
energy, as long as legal consumers with a comprehensive
information on how and when electrical energy is wormed in
their quarters as shown in Fig. 1.
end a cycle of trial and veteran expertise. Conventional power
coordination is based on federal production plants that supply
end consumer by means of lengthy recognized, unidirectional
transmission and distribution systems which have doled out in
various bags for more than a hundred days, but era is shifting.
Evolution is challenging green power supplies to challenge the
weather change and demand for electricity is swelling. This
profits more electrical energy must be generated from a bigger
diversity of resources. Wind, solar, fossil fuel and geothermal
plants will be attractive, as well as coal, gas and nuclear, with
imperative sentence for the power system. The combination of Fig. 1. Electrical infrastructure of smart grid
renewable, thermal and nuclear power plants will be initiated
by innovative deviations in the excellence of power in the A smart power system ended up, of abundant programmed
grid. Climate changes the accessibility of wind, solar power T&D systems, the entire operating in synchronized, certified
and the manifestation of distributed power production (rooftop and consistent comportments. A power system that carries out
solar panels, as paradigm) will set hurdles issues. Additional hardship conditions with self restorative dealings is attentive
needs restricted to systems to take delivery of transfer power to power marketplace and power utility necessities.
[1]-[4]. The substantial power supply transport is incapable to
administer such complication, and necessities to revolutionize
in the power sector. It highly necessitates being operational
with outstandingly residential interactions and information
technologies to pore over, give the impression of being into

This work is fully supported is taken from the Mr. Jagabndhu Halder, of
Sahapur, West Bengal, PIN-741160 and INDIA
Fig. 2. Communication infrastructure of a smart grid



    


 A power creature that doles out millions of consumers has a only dc power CFL is neutral to ac or dc energy. A dc motor is
smart communications road and rail network facilitating the to be considered as 2.5 times more power conversion efficient
opportune, safe and malleable information roaming looked for in comparison with an ac motor, traditionally carbon brush
alternate enviable –other than any longer system. A fan is on
hurling power to the embryonic digital financial system as
the whole a motor– a dc fan also permits healthier velocity
shown in Fig. 2. To maximize customer returns on assets and control. A refrigerator and air conditioner are both mainly a
operating efficiency execute by delivering the smart grid and motor. A family circle washing machine or grinder is also
critical T&D network equipment which increases energy and domestic motor at which all electronic equipments (mobile,
operational productivity on power reliability, security, quality TV, printer, Xerox machines and computers) consume low
and reduction of green house gas emissions. voltage dc necessitating an ac to dc power converter to charge
the charger. Human race toggled to ac mostly for transmission
of ac to dc power adaptation or vice-versa attract 15 to 45% of
average power losses in power systems as generic features.
IV. ADVANTAGE & DRIVER OF THE SMART GRID

• Assimilate isolated technologies in zone wise

• Smart Grid facilitates improved power executives
• Upbeat administration of power system during disaster
circumstances with a rigid policy of power grids
• Healthier demand of power supply at load side
Fig. 3. Strategic heart on the smart grid • Demand versus outcome management via smart meters
• Superior power quality supply at load side for judgments
Bidirectional communication strategies, which incorporate • Cut green house emissions to save surroundings.
smart meters, that afford information on household energy • Increasing the per capita demand of energy to boost GDP
utilization to both consumer and utilities, will agree to • Necessitates more composite and significant elucidation
customers to put together up to date, tariff policies on with superior power management for the power crisis
alternative above which contraption to utilize and which to • Increasing demand of power for the GDP for a nation
switch off power at any certain time. This will have the • Huge aggregated technical and commercial losses (ATC)
significance of thinning out peak demand as customers budge in distribution sites approximately, 21%-65%
their trivial power consumption to off peak phase in detection • Matured resources (i.e. transformers, feeders and etc)
of economical electrical energy bills whereas a peak saving • Power network to transmit additional energy
may have trivial impact on the power consumption of • Necessitates for consistency of power supply
individual households (Relatives will immobile run their • Better safety and safekeeping of the power system
washing machines, they will just prefer to run them during off-
• Energy billing and higher revenue collection efficiency
peak periods), it will considerably cut the overall consumption
• Prosperity of power distribution companies
of power for the huge residents as shown in Fig. 3. This will
cut the amount of reserve power facility that necessitates to be • Energy merging policy between government & utility
kept on reserve to meet peak demand, and cut the number of • Necessitates for renewable energy to cut injurious green
times that reserve capacity needs to be ramped up and down, house gas emissions in the surroundings
which can be a rather incompetent practice. • Transport of sustainable power in pliable modes
• Improved system efficiency of the green power system
III. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE SMART GRID • Empower the retail customers in power sectors
Energy efficiency is dubiously the best forever, the largest • Perk up the system reliability and energy security
part of sustainable and cheapest approach of sinking
V. CHALLENGES & INVENTIVENESS TOWARDS THE SMART
greenhouse gas emanations in ecosystem. There is further state
GRID
forward reparations. These not only are energy adept
technologies but also take up for an assortment of stage, outlay A smart network or grid is self curative electrical power
reimbursement periods are ewes and the smart grid facilitates circuit that hybridizes the information, smart metering and
energy reserves to be made without negotiation of monetary communications to put aside and carry out information, such
growth. It has been projected that 80 % of primary energy is as information about the persona of utilities and customers in a
misplaced during the process of the power system. Farming parallel involuntary management method. A train of
and exchanging primary energy resources into electrical information technology facilitates the betterment how to
energy, transmission, distribution and ending utilizations. allocate a chunk of power from power plants to consumer’s
Pervasive performance of energy efficiency dealings could ends with. It is highly tied up the customers by the unfasten
reduce the power losses by 30 % with an at once impact on electricity marketplace at which the conventional and non
green house gas emissions. LED lightings system has 10 to conventional power producers put together the dexterous
100 times more proficient as compared to tungsten bulbs, use trading of the power. Here, the consumers not only put up for
sale the additional electricity to utility through the smart meter • Drive through efficient isolation power transformers
of the grid but also the utility prevents the pilferages and • Phase shifter in the hybrid and smart power grids
provides uninterrupted power. Smart grids in India are to be • 12, 18 or 24 pulse fully controlled power converters
adopted to cut distribution losses. It enables decentralized • Passive parallel or series tuned filters in the systems
power generation and optimizations. It also travel around • Active filters for the selective harmonic eliminations
switch over the techniques of storeroom, together with storage
of heat (cool) to handle peak demands, better management of The successive skills of suitable grounding scheme are to
demand and supply to assemble resourcefully at all positions be adopted as a crying need for a power system
of time, by using storage and high cost immediate power • Neutral grounding conductor link at one place and at
resources at local or neighborhood level. It smartly settles on control panel or secondary side of the transformer
to do load shedding if no other options facilitate time of day
• When neutral is linked to earthing system at various
metering with remote monitoring as the following aspects
localities, intrusion may take place with open power
• Current road and rail network is not enough and strategy or market in power sector to meet up demand
necessitate plant expansion to prolong the enlargement
• Power flow and control through good and robust
of the smart grids conductors in unfasten raceways
• The majority of non- conventional power resources
• Emergency loads should not allocate the neutral and
are sporadic and cannot be depend on in its current
the ground conductors in the smart and hybrids.
form for safe and sound power deliver
• Keep away from power conduit as the erthing return
• Assertive documents to transaction with penalty of
corridor, run fanatical earth channel with track
smart grid during top tariffs, off peak, and other allied conductors for the safe and secure systems
subject matters
• Submit to IEEE norms and policies for the adaptation
• Sound operations of the smart grid in flexible market
• Robust monitoring & control of the hybrid system VII. POWER QUALITY ELUCIDATIONS OF THE SYSTEMS
Huge pilot projects are ongoing in the northern area of
• Putting in of surge suppressors in shopper sites
India by the intelligent monitoring & control of the unified
• Installation of voltage regulators in domestic sites
electric power grid using wide area measurements (WAM) for
western power sector. New millennium of Indian technology • Use of efficient power conditioners
and leadership initiative (NMITLI) along with power grid • Use of uninterruptable power supplies system
association of the syndicate in India are shown below • Implementation of smart grid in power sector
• TCS-Leader for the secure software chains • Installation of facts devices as handy purposes
• IIT Mumbai for the reliable technical supports • Use of excellent quality of power devices
• Tata Power Company Limited (Tata Power) • Schedule preventive maintenance works in systems
The substantial PMUs (phasor measurement units) along • Privatization of power sector and open markets
with GPRS system has been instated at four power substations • Implementation of smart metering system
in northern region of India and PDC by NRLDC, Delhi, India. • Re–structure of government policies and the power
The site of the PMUs at Moga-400 KV, Kanpur-400 KV systems for the power networks
substation, Vindhyachal- HVDC, Dadri- HVDC.To utilize • Massive uses of renewable energy to defend global
huge phasor measurements units for the most excellent warming in favour of the mankind
situational consciousness and technology assessments by • Awareness and schedule energy audit programs
means of nominal hardware and software exercise of existing
fiber optic communications associations within a incredibly VIII. DEXTERITIES OF THE SMART GIRD
peewee reprieve of time. Advanced Substation monitoring
• Monitoring in time in power grid
VI. REDUCTION TECHNIQUE FF HARMONICS OF A SMART
• Control over broad aspects in grid systems
GRID
• SCADA systems in power networks
• Segregate harmonic loads on break up circuits with or Power Quality monitoring
without power harmonic passive or active filters • Voltage profile monitoring in online phases
• Harmonic mitigating FACT devices in the systems • Power frequency examinations as domino effects
• Phase shifting or zigzag power transformers • Load or load forecasting as integral parts
• Used to cancel out the unambiguous harmonics by • Power factor of load and phasor measurement units
assembly one voltage circuit 180 degrees out of phase • Harmonics or selective harmonics eliminations
• Suitable filter capacitor backs or DSVC systems Smart metering
• Spot or ledge energy billings for collection efficiency
The following devices should be utilized for UPS and • Remote sensing device like CDMA , GPS and etc
VFD distinctively. • Home area network (HAN) for better performance
• Power line reactors imposed on the light load • SMS alert of energy billings and power interruptions
Communication’s schemes India enables to unquestionably utilize the solar power, as
• Satellite system for performance evaluations bulk resources of supplies, outlays shrink solar photo voltaic
• Radio frequency (RF) for the communications endow with dc power for a propos of six hours a day Rs 110
• Fiber optics communications with firewall per Wh investment indict with 12% interest and earnings in 21
• Cellular phone communications years, quantity to Rs 12 per year (not working out costs of
• Broad brand over power line (BPL) land) costs a petite over Rs 7.25 per kWh presumptuous 12%
• Power line carrier (PLC) in the whole system losses as conflicting to Rs 3 to 5 per kWh for grid power. If
unused immediately, would necessitate feeding to grid, dc to
• Mobile phone communications
Distribution automations ac adaptation losses plus network T&D power losses.
Luxurious coerce is being washed out or power storage spaces
• Sharp switching to control overvoltage
just like more than a few other nonconventional energy
• Sharp control of FACTS devices in systems
elucidations like wind power and power from tidal waves.
• Self counteractive of faulty networks in systems Decentralized solar PV energy resources would be idyllic
• Optimal power losses and allocations in systems in daylight occasions to harmonize grid for straight utilization
Market enormity in administrative center and market places can cut the daylight
• Interval reads of data of the grid coordination hours peak load prerequisite to a substantial degree. Various
• Online study of demand response or curves coupling to ice-battery (charged during off-peak hours)
• Retail communications in power sectors formulates profitable intelligence nowadays endowing with.
Applications There is legroom for solar PV equipments as green power
• Distribution management systems resources.
• Outage management by automation systems A magnitude of solar PV and solar thermal feeding to grid
• Meter data management systems would be caring as regarding of evening peak loads. it cannot
• Web portal systems (WAP) serve up, here dropping load by an attractive efficiency
• Mobile workforce management system reducing power consumptions by opening of time of a day
• Transmission management system smart metering using several storage space (electrical or ice
• SCADA systems in power networks battery charged ) during 5 PM to 7 PM on a regular rule basis.
X. DESIGN ASPECTS OF A SMART GRID
Power transmission coordination optimization, demand side
management of allocation, system optimization and talent • Trading mechanisms in the power sector of India
optimization are the robust features of load forecasting. In the • Buy/sell electricity at the energy stock market
majority parts of India, lucid sunny atmosphere is qualified • Overload preclusion machineries and transmission
260 to 310 days a year. The annual large-scale emission incriminates in the power networks for emergency
fluctuates from 1610 to 2300 kWh/m2. The comparable energy • Online load balancing device in power systems
prospective is about 6000 million GWh of energy per year. • Penalty for additional load demand and contribute in
The maximum annually comprehensive waves are received in real-time coordination and secure smart metering
Rajasthan and northern Gujarat part of India. Energy storage Lay the blameworthiness on transmissions (power line charges
space to support a flexible smart grid performs evaluating & = Xt) defend overload because of the following summits
computing outlay competitiveness of condensed air, pumped • If Xt is far above the ground then demand goes down
hydro, ultra capacitors, flywheels, battery technology and • If Xt is near to the ground then demand goes high
efficient fuel cells. Smart Grid & Electric vehicle addition • Power line incriminates are geologically remarkable
how electric vehicle can optimize or utilize of renewable depending on blocking for the emergency perusal
energy resources; improve efficiency of the power system Maximum efficiency is not an oversize potential due to unseen
administration of allotment of power network, replica outage outlay information and line accusation frontier of a smart grid
executive and AMI assimilation DMS & highly developed
switching claims and incorporated voltage / VAR control. XI. INTELLIGENT DISTRIBUTED AUTONOMOUS POWER
SYSTEMS (IDAPS) & SMART METER
IX. INTREGATION O RENEWABLES
The IDPAS is bearing the following characteristics mentioned
Power switches, disconnections, availability of domestic dc point wise in favour of un-interrupted power
appliances are the big resources of renewable power • Distributed power generation and implementations
integrations. Power horde connectivity to grid dependents on • Loosely connected autonomous power system (APS)
the dimension of plant, distance to the customers reliable • Autonomous power during the off grid conditions
control strategies and methodologies and the accessibility of It carries out instinctive to be in charge of without human
software of power control. The options of power converter intervention, such as fault isolation
(i.e. ac – dc, dc– ac, ac – ac and dc- dc) indubitably rely on the
• Intellectual, hybrid and smart power systems
power transmission to keep up the tight line, load regulations
• Demand side management of power at large
and excellent quality of power at the smart system.
• Safe and sound critical power to the systems
 • Highly developed energy storage system Renewable power generations are considerably growing.
• New-fangled battery technology or skills Aggravated aspiration for renewable energies (23% in 2020)
• Battery technologies of sodium sulfur (NaS) in present scenario of the power sector and expansion of
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) renewable energies sector formulates the generation forecast
• Grid-to-vehicle(G2V) and vehicle-to-grid(V2G) more multifarious distributed generation involves an alteration
• Peak load leg and suitable load forecasting in the scheme organization year wise shown in Fig. 5.
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) illustrates the The full-size business suitcases of smart grid projects are
following features as depicted point wise under the prudent elaborate to infinitely planned and venture judgment not easy
potential of smart grid. Ensuing the power market values but to assemble the repayment from smart grid development are
weighted, bias to the equivalent nodule due to line charging often crack among the dissimilar group of competitors of the
worth sequence the productivity of a project for a definite
• Provide interface between the utility and its
competitor can be very diverse from on the whole settlement
customers
the business box of smart grid projects should take into
• Bi-direction control over load or power flow
account limited facial appearance. The industrial sustainability
• Advanced functionality of the power system
of the rapidity of funds is a solution question. The worth
• Real-time electricity pricing through open market chain of the electrical power neighborhood is shifting. Time
• Precise load characterization in hybrid system perspectives for scheduling and business enterprise can be
• Outage detection /restoration in time very singular from a few years to more than fifty years.
• India asked for all the utilities to deploy the new Precedence should be addressed in order to guarantee an apt
smart meter in favour of open market of electricity exploitation of smart grid technology
XII. RESULTS Table I
Smart grids functionalities gathering input market group of
DG Capital Life Efficiency Fuel Cost O&M Cost
actors and devoted to definite smart grids theme on Electric Units Cost Years (INR/kWh)
vehicles, Integration of renewable energy at low voltage ((INR/kW)
storage, demand management, Island territories and etc. Data IC 70000 20 35% INR 67/litre 6
and feedback from demonstration projects are cooperative FC 350000 10 30% INR420/Unit 30
PV 490000 20 5% 30
among stakeholders from projects provide very precious Hire a fuel cell Car INR 25000 per month including fuel and
inputs to recognize and label compulsory dictatorial changes EV
maintenance charge
as an input to classify functionalities as shown in Fig. 4.
The Table I pertinently depicts electricity supply candidates
through the smart meter of the smart grid. Minimize the total
yearly levelized investments and operating expenses of the
contestant generators issues to the reliability constraints,
Maximum dimension of each technology, and utmost shapes
of units to be inaugurated for power industry for a realm.
Table II

Energy Efficient Market Profundity

Purchase orders Wholesale orders
Number Quantity Price Sl.N0 Price Quantity Number
(INR) (INR)
Fig. 4. The smart grid functionalities 6 60000 526 1 530 55000 5
3 45000 530 2 575 40000 2
1 40000 580 3 604 36000 1
4 60000 800 4 640 54000 3
3 75000 900 5 960 72000 2
3 35000 634 6 640 31000 2
5 95000 950 7 995 90000 3

Energy Efficient market profundity (EEMP) will point out,

if the introverted or inaccessible information (purchaser’s and
vender’s expenditure configurations) is candidly reachable.
Market expenditure is indomitable solely to make available for
demand maximally to a competent market. Disbursement
relies on the purchaser on least amenable and dynamic
demand. Retailers put up for sale least amount and amount
Fig. 5. Year wise comparisons of wind and solar power generations as comparative inventions of power. Outlay of line property
Potential targets proprietor to be a smallest and magnitude proportional asking
price as per energy market profundity as depicted in the Table II The above case study of consequences have incurable the
showing the open power market in power sectors. competence of the droning course of action to terminate the
The power quality issues that plays a significant role in a input of a customer to the points of a common coupling (PCC)
smart grid system is unconditionally depicted by the different where harmonic currents or voltages are mainly specified like
curricula and features in accordance with electromagnetic a reference bus. The modus operandi is very straightforward to
phenomena or electromagnetic interferences. Without human put into practice, since only the system voltage and current
interventions, it is decided on widespread power distribution measurements are obligatory. On the other hand, this fragment
ends at which the voltage and current signal are being scrutinizes on the spotlight of signal scrutiny for the practical
deteriorated by the non linear loads or superfluous loads. The performance problems as tabulated in Table III. These are to be
contamination of the voltage and current waveforms are optimized by the FACTS devices to carry out the qualities of
highlighted by signal and fight revision viewing in the Table III the smart grids.
as per conventional verifications.
XIII. CONCLUSIONS
Table III Smart grid fascinates intelligent, advanced power control
for the next century. Various latest technologies engrosses for
Classes Characteristics supporting sensing, controlling, human interfaces. Charging
Overvoltage transient Sub-characteristics
electricity cost is an elementary infrastructure of power system
5 nS rise time for < 50 nS may be implemented comparable to stock market in smart
Impulsive power grid. The overheads of the smart grid are comparatively
1μS rise for 50 nS to 1mS
high. In accordance with estimation, turning the whole grid
1mS rise time for > 1mS
into a smart one will arraign billions of rupees for Indian
Low frequency : < 5 kHz for 0.3 to 50 mS at 0 to 4
pu power sectors. It is credible and more or less attractive to carry
Oscillatory Medium frequency : 5-500 kHz for 20 μS for 0 to 8 out the progression progressively. India has already initiated
pu the project of smart metering of 60,000 large customers that
High frequency: 0.5-500MHz for 5μS for 0 to 4 pu are held responsible for the partly of the nationalized
Short duration voltage
variations
Sub-characteristics electricity consumptions and this would be comprehensive
Momentary: < 1 pu for 0.5 cycles , 3S afterward to all ten million marital patrons with a predictable
cost of INR 35000 per consumer in power sector. The nest
Interruptions
Temporary : 1 pu for 3S to 1 minute eggs are accomplished by power efficiency possibly will be
doled out as a hook and eye to finance the comprehensive
Instantaneous: 0.1 to 0.9 pu for 0.5 to 30 cycles
bundle projects for the un-interrupted power to customers.
Momentary: 0.1 to 0.9 pu for 30 cycles to 3S
Voltage sag
References
Temporary : 0.1 to 0.9 pu for 3S to 1 minute
[1] T. Halder “Comparative Study of HVDC and HVAC for a Bulk
Sub-characteristics Power Transmission”, IEEE, ICPEC’13 pp-139-144
Instantaneous: 1.1 to 1.8 pu for 0.5 to 30 cycles [2] T. Halder “Hot Modelling and Simulation of High Voltage Direct
Current (HVDC) Power Transmission” IEEE, PEDES-2012, pp 1-6
Voltage swell Momentary: 1.1 to 1.4 pu for 30 cycles to 3S [3] T. Halder, “A Comprehensive Survey of Grid Failure in INDIA”
IEEE, ICPEC’13 pp 704-709
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\
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