1.

N Dimentional number space

In mathematics, the n-dimensional complex coordinate space (or complex n-space) is the set
of all ordered n-tuples of complex numbers. It is denoted , and is the n-fold Cartesian product of
the complex plane with itself. Symbolically, or The variables are the (complex) coordinates on
the complex n-space.Complex coordinate space is a vector space over the complex numbers,
with componentwise addition scalar multiplication. The real and imaginary parts of the
coordinates set up a bijection of withthe real coordinate space . With the standard Euclidean
topology, is a topological vector space over the complex numbers. A function on an open
subset of complex n-space is holomorphic if it is holomorphic in each complex coordinate
separately. Several complex variables is the study of such holomorphic functions in n variables.
More generally, the complex n-space is the target space for holomorphic coordinate systems
on complex manifolds.

2. Function of N Variables

In mathematical analysis, and applications in geometry, applied

mathematics, engineering, natural sciences, and economics, a function of several real
variables or real multivariate function is a function with more than one argument, with all
arguments being real variables. This concept extends the idea of a function of a real variable to
several variables. The "input" variables take real values, while the "output", also called the
"value of the function", may be real or complex. However, the study of the complex valued
functions may be easily reduced to the study of the real valued functions, by considering the
real and imaginary parts of the complex function; therefore, unless explicitly specified, only real
valued functions will be considered in this article.
The domain of a function of n variables is the subset of ℝn for which the function is defined. As
usual, the domain of a function of several real variables is supposed to contain an open subset
of ℝn.

3. Composite function of 2 variables

This article is about function composition in mathematics. For function composition in computer
science, see Function composition (computer science).

Function

x ↦ f (x)

Examples by domain and codomain

X → B, B → X, Bn → B
 X → Z, Z → X

X → R, R → X, Rn → X

X → C, C → X, Cn → X

Classes/properties

Constant · Identity · Linear · Polynomial ·Rational · Algebraic · Analytic · Smooth ·Continuous ·

Measurable · Injective ·Surjective · Bijective

Constructions

Restriction · Composition · λ · Inverse

Generalizations

Partial · Multivalued · Implicit

 v

 t

 e

In mathematics, function composition is an operation that takes two functions f and g and
produces a function h such that h(x) = g(f(x)). In this operation, the function g is applied to the
result of applying the function f to x. That is, the
functions f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are composed to yield a function that
maps x in X to g(f(x)) in Z.

Intuitively, if z is a function of y, and y is a function of x, then z is a function of x. The

resulting composite function is denoted g ∘ f : X → Z, defined by (g ∘ f )(x) = g(f(x)) for
all x in X.[note 1] The notation g ∘ f is read as "g circle f ", "g round f ", "g about f ", "gcomposed
with f ", "g after f ", "g following f ", "g of f", or "g on f ". Intuitively, composing two functions is a
chaining process in which the output of the inner function becomes the input of the outer
function.

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, so all properties
of the latter are true of composition of functions.[1] The composition of functions has some
additional properties.
 4. Polynomials of 2 variables x ,y;

A function in two variables is a function f : D ! R where D is a subset of the plane, R2. Examples.
• The function g : R2 ! R where g(x, y) = xy + 3 is a function in two variables. Notice that g(1, 2)
= 1 · 2 + 3 = 5, that g(0, 7) = 0 ·(7) + 3 = 3, and that g(4, 5) = 4 · 5 + 3 = 23. • Let D be the set of
all vectors in the plane whose x-coordinates are greater than or equal to 0. That is, D = { (x, y) 2
R2 | x 0 }. Then h : D ! R where h(x, y) = px+y is a function in two variables. Notice that h(4, 3) =
p4 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5, and that h(0, 10) = 10. • The function f : R2 ! R where f(x, y) =
x2+2xy+y22x+3y+10 is a function in two variables. Check that f(0, 1) = 0+0+10+3+10 = 14 and
that f(2, 3) = 4 + 12 + 9 4 + 9 + 10 = 32. • g : R2 ! R2 where g(x, y) = 5 is a constant function.
The output of g is always 5, regardless of the input. Functions in two variables have domains
that are subsets of the plane, R2. 112 \\\\\ \\\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\\ Polynomials A degree 0 polynomial in
two variables is a function of the form p(x, y) = a0,0 for some constant number a0,0. For
example, p(x, y) = 4 is a degree 0 polynomial, and so is q(x, y) = 3. These are just constant
functions, and because of that, degree 0 polynomials are often called constant polynomials. A
degree 1 polynomial in two variables is a function of the form p(x, y) = a1,0x + a0,1y + a0,0
where a1,0, a0,1, a0,0 2 R, as long as a1,0 and a0,1 don’t both equal 0. For example, p(x,
y)=2x+4y+5 is a degree 1 polynomial in two variables. So are q(x, y) = 2x + 3, f(x, y) = y, and
g(x, y) = x y. Degree 1 polynomials are often called linear polynomials. A degree 2 polynomial in
two variables is a function of the form p(x, y) = a2,0x2 + a1,1xy + a0,2y2 + a1,0x + a0,1y + a0,0
where a2,0, a1,1, a0,2, a1,0, a0,1, a0,0 2 R, as long as a2,0, a1,1, and a0,2 don’t all equal 0.
For example, p(x, y)=2x2+4xy+7y2+3x+2y8 is a degree 2 polynomial in two variables. So are
q(x, y) = x2 xy, f(x, y) = x2 + y2 1, and g(x, y) = xy + x 3. Degree 2 polynomials are often called
quadratic polynomials.

5. Definition of graph of function 2 variables

In mathematics, the graph of a function f is, formally, the set of all ordered pairs (x, f(x)), such
that x is in the domain of the function f. In the common case where x and f(x) are real numbers,
these pairs are Cartesian coordinates of points in the Euclidean plane and thus form a subset of
this plane, which is a curve in the case of a continuous function. This graphical representation of
the function is also called the graph of the function.
In the case of functions of two variables, that is functions whose domain consists of pairs (x, y),
the graph can be identified with the set of all ordered triples ((x, y, f(x, y)). For a continuous real-
valued function of two real variables, the graph is a surface.
The concept of the graph of a function is generalized to the graph of a relation. To test whether
a graph of a relation represents a function of the first variable x, one uses the vertical line test.
To test whether a graph represents a function of the second variable y, one uses the horizontal
line test. If the function has an inverse, the graph of the inverse can be found by reflecting the
graph of the original function in the line y = x.
In science, engineering, technology, finance, and other areas, graphs are tools used for many
purposes. In the simplest case one variable is plotted as a function of another, typically
using rectangular axes; see Plot (graphics) for details.
In the modern foundations of mathematics, and, typically, in set theory, a function is actually
equal to its graph.[1] However, it is often useful to see functions as mappings,[2] which consist not
only of the relation between input and output, but also which set is the domain, and which set is
the codomain. For example, to say that a function is onto (surjective) or not the codomain
should be taken into account. The graph of a function on its own doesn't determine the
codomain. It is common[3] to use both terms function and graph of a functionsince even if
considered the same object, they indicate viewing it from a different perspective.

6. Distance definition 2 points in Rn

Quick Explanation

When we know the horizontal and vertical distances between two points we can calculate the
straight line distance like this:

distance = √ a2 + b2

Imagine you know the location of two points (A and B) like here.

What is the distance between them?

We can run lines down from A, and along from B, to make a Right Angled Triangle .

And with a little help from Pythagoras we know that:

 a2 + b2 = c2

Now label the coordinates of points A and B.

xA means the x-coordinate of point A

yA means the y-coordinate of point A

The horizontal distance a is (xA − xB)

The vertical distance b is (yA − yB)

Now we can solve for c (the distance between the points):

Start with:c2 = a2 + b2

Put in the calculations for a and b:c2 = (xA − xB)2 + (yA − yB)2

Square root of both sides:

Done!

Examples

Example 1
Fill in the values:

Example 2

It doesn't matter what order the points are in, because squaring removes any negatives:

Fill in the values:

 7. Open ball in Rn

An -dimensional open ball of radius is the collection of points of distance less than from a
fixed point in Euclidean -space. Explicitly, the open ball with center and radius is defined by

The open ball for is called an open interval, and the term open disk is sometimes used
for and sometimes as a synonym for open ball.

8. Close ball in Rn

Consistent with our terminology, open balls are open and closed balls are closed. Proposition
13.35. Let X be a metric space. If x ∈ X and r > 0, then the open ballBr(x) is open and
the closed ball ¯Br(x) is closed.

9. Limit of a function of n variables

We have now examined functions of more than one variable and seen how to graph them. In
this section, we see how to take the limit of a function of more than one variable, and what it
means for a function of more than one variable to be continuous at a point in its domain. It turns
out these concepts have aspects that just don’t occur with functions of one variable.
Limit of a Function of Two Variables

Recall from Section 2.2 that the definition of a limit of a function of one variable:
Let f(x)f(x) be defined for all x≠ax≠a in an open interval containing aa. Let LL be a real number.
Then
limx→af(x)=L(13.2.1)(13.2.1)limx→af(x)=L

if for every ε>0,ε>0, there exists a δ>0δ>0, such that if 0<|x−a|<δ0<|x−a|<δ for all xx in the
domain of ff, then
|f(x)−L|>ε.
 10. Limit of a function of 2 variables

Let y=f(x) be a function of a single variable. Recall that we say limx→cf(x)=L if ∀ϵ>0 ∃δ>0 such
that if 0<∣x−c∣<δ then ∣f(x)−L∣<ϵ. We will now extend the concept of a limit to a function of two
variables. One important similarity to notice between the limit of a one variable function and the
limit of a two variable function is that (x−a)2+(y−b)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√represents the distance
between the point (x,y) and (a,b) in R2. Also, ∣f(x,y)−L∣ represents the distance between the
numbers f(x,y) and L in Ras usual. Thus, another way to formulate the definition above is as
follows. lim(x,y)→(a,b)f(x,y)=L if ∀ϵ>0 ∃δ>0 such that if the point (x,y) is contained in the domain
of f and is within a distance of less than δ but not 0 from (a,b), then the distance
between f(x,y) and L is less than ϵ.
In terms of open disks and open intervals, if Dδ is a open disk centered at (a,b) with radius δ>0,
then for all points (x,y) contained in this disk and the domain of f, then f(x,y) is contained in
the ϵ-neighbourhood of L, i.e, if (x,y)∈Dδ∩D(f) then f(x,y)∈Bϵ(L).
Geometrically, the limit of a two variable function at (a,b) is L implies that for all ϵ>0 then there
exists a δ>0 such that the subsurface generated by the direct image of the open disk centered
at (a,b) but not necessarily containing (a,b), i.e, Dδ∖{(a,b)} is contained between the
planes z=L+ϵ and z=L−ϵ as shown in the image below.
Note that this is analogous to functions of one variable, that is limx→cf(x)=L if ∀ϵ>0 ∃δ>0 such
that if 0<∣x−c∣<δ then L−ϵ<f(x)<L+ϵ, in other words, the portion of the curve generated by the
direct image f((x−c,x+c)∖{c}) lies between the horizontal lines y=L+ϵ and y=L−ϵ.