This section is made out of different ideas that fill in as aids for the researchers towards the

objective of this study. Every variable were talked about in connection to its job and use in the

study.

Botanical Termiticide

Damages and economic losses due to termite invasion are enormous, therefore there is a

need for the control of these pests. Termites could be controlled by synthetic insecticides

which remain the primary method used to prevent termite attack on wooden structures (Abdullah

et al.,2011). However, the persistent use of synthetic insecticides in the control of termites is

known to cause aquatic and environmental pollution, lethal effect on non-target organism (Sohail

et al.,2011) and has resulted in the need to search for plant-derived compounds as an alternative

for termite control. Botanical extracts based on locally available plants, have frequently been

claimed to be effective in termite management (Tascioglu et al., 2012). Plant extracts affect insect

pests in several ways including altering the behavior of the insect, growth retardation, toxicity,

oviposition deterrence, feeding inhibition and reduction of fecundity and fertility (Ito and Utebor,

2018; Ito and Ighere, 2017a and b). Among botanical pesticides, essential oils may be considered

as most efficient alternative in controlling termites. (Bultman et al., 1979) tested 42 tropical

African woods and suggested that insecticidal and termiticidal activity of essential oils may be due

to containing volatile compounds majorly.

D-Limonene

D-limonene is a terpene that is found in citrus fruits. This part is very deadly to insects and,

as per researchers, the oil extricated from calamansi rind ended the lives of their bug examples

upon contact with the oil. According to (Konnie H., DVM, MS, DABVT, DACVIM, 2013) Citrus
oil extracts, including d-limonene and linalool, are derived from citrus fruit skin. D-limonene is a

monocyclic terpene with insecticidal properties, especially from the vapor, which primarily acts

as a desiccant. It is toxic to all life stages of the flea with the order of sensitivity from most to least

being eggs, adults, larvae, and pupae. Several products containing citrus oils are marketed to

control ticks, fleas, and other insects and pests. These products include insect sprays, pet dips,

shampoos, and soaps.

In addition, based from (Karr LL, Coats JR., 1988), limonene is an important natural

compound with a wide range of uses. An impressive amount of work has been conducted on the

biotransformation role in the production of other monoterpenes. The promising insecticidal

activity of limonene provides a possible alternative natural insecticide for the control of pests in

an attempt to prevent the spoilage of stored products. The advantage of limonene over synthetic

pesticides in this regard is its biodegradability, which makes it more environmentally friendly for

both fumigation and contact applications.

Calamansi Rind

Calamondin is a cultivar related to Citrus, a citrofortunella, a hybrid between Citrus

reticulate Blanco and Fortunella spp. which is native and widely cultivated in the Philippines.

Study on the volatile constituents of calamondin peel or whole fruit essential oil yielded 54

compounds, including 13 monoterpenes, 7 monoterpene alcohols, 1 monoterpene oxide, 4

monoterpene aldehydes, 2 monoterpene ketones, 4 monoterpene esters, 12 sesquiterpenes, 3

alipathic alcohols, 6 alipathic aldehydes, and 2 alipathic esters, with limonene and ß-myrcene as

major compounds. In a study of essential oil by hydrodistillation, the major component identified

in the peels was limonene (94.0%). Given the fact that calamansi is abundant in the Philippines

and its rind is usually discarded after extraction, the researchers will utilize calamansi rind from
wastes since it provides a high content of d-limonene which is proven to be neurotoxic to insects,

particularly to termites.

Related Studies

This section shows the current discoveries and findings from past investigations in

connection to the subject area that the researchers of this study are directing investigation in.

Effect of Orange Oil Extract on the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera:

Rhinotermitidae)

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinoter-

mitidae), accidentally brought into the United States, has become a major urban pest, causing

damage to structures and live trees. Because of increasing restrictions on the use of conventional

termiticides, attention is focused on finding safer alternative methods for termite management. Oil

from citrus peel, referred to here as orange oil extract (OOE), contains 92% d-limonene, and it is

generally known to be toxic to insects. In laboratory experiments, 96 and 68% termites were killed

in 5 days when OOE at 5 ppm (vol:vol) was dispensed from the top or bottom, respectively, with

termites held at the opposite end of a tight-fitting plastic container. Apart from high mortality,

workers exposed to vapor consumed significantly less after paper than controls. However, when

termites were exposed to OOE vapor, even at 10 ppm, in the void of a model wall, there was very

little mortality. Termites did not tunnel through glass tubes filled with sand treated with 0.2 or

0.4% OOE. Sand treated with OOE was extracted each week for 8 wk to determine the remaining

amount of d-limonene. Results indicated that there was a sharp decline in the quantity of d-

limonene during the first 3 wk to a residual level that gradually decreased over the remaining

period. With a suitable method of application and in combination with other control practices,
OOE can be effectively used for the control of subterranean termites. The study shows the

relationship of orange oil extract and the formosan subterranean termite, revealing the lethal effect

of the former to the latter. This goes to show that the use of citrus oils have significant effects to

termites, hence, the use of calamansi rind extract as a botanical termiticide against Philippine milk

termite is feasible.

Antifeedant Activity of Citrus Waste Wax and its Factions against the Drywood Termite,

Cryptotermes Brevis

Wood is widely used for a variety of purposes in both indoor and outdoor applications, but

as any natural organic material, wood is susceptible to be degraded by many organisms. (Yen and

Chang 2008). Biodegradation of wood caused by termites is recognized as one of the most serious

problems for wood utilization.

Chemical control is the preferred option worldwide to prevent termite attacks.

Nevertheless, environmental pollution and health problems caused by the use of traditional wood

preservatives or synthetic pesticides have increased the search for new and sustainable termite

control methods. The use of pesticides from natural origins appears a particularly attractive

alternative. Natural pesticides protect goods with different modes of action, by either killing the

pest or acting as pest antifeedants or repellents.

Thousands of tons of citrus wax, a waste from the citrus essential oil industry, is discarded

every year; no useful application is described for it. In previous communications, we evaluated the

toxic action of this unused raw material against C. brevis, a major wood pest (Sbeghen-Loss et al

2009). Their results showed that termites died at similar rates if they were either starved (controls)

or fed on wood blocks treated with low concentrations of the wax or its fractions. Therefore, a

possible antifeedant action can be postulated. The use of citrus wastes is proven to be an effective
alternative for commercial termiticide. With that, the researchers will utilize the d-limonene from

Calamansi waste to come up with an organic termiticide.

Limonene, A Citrus Extract, for Control of Mealybugs and Scale Insects

Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in citrus, other fruits, conifers, and

spices. Limonene is the major component in oil recovered from citrus rind when fruits are juiced

(Florida Chemical 2004). It has a strong pleasant odor that is typically associated with the smell

of oranges or lemons. Limonene is used in a variety of food and beverages and is classified by the

U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) compound when

used as a food additive or flavoring (EPA 1994). Limonene is frequently included as an ingredient

in cleaning solutions, particularly those that are designed to cut grease or remove wax or oil

(Florida Chemical 2004).

The toxicity and neurotoxic effects of monoterpenoids (including d-limonene) are

discussed by (Coats et al., 1991), and the suitability of limonene for control of insect pests has

been reviewed by (Ibrahim et al., 2001). Several reports mention using limonene for control of

plant pests, including use on pine seedlings to reduce egg clusters of a notodontidae moth (Tiberi

et al. 1999), and the use 1Ð 6% limonene solutions on carrot to repel a psyllid (Aaltonen et al.

2000, as cited in Ibrahim et al. 2001). (Hummelbrunner and Isman, 2001) used tobacco cutworms

to test acute and sublethal effects of topically applied monoterpenoid essential oil compounds

(including d-limonene). They found that mixtures of different monoterpenes produced a

synergistic effect on mortality, and they developed a proprietary monoterpene mixture containing

0.9% active ingredient for use against foliar feeding pests. Hence, Limonene will be used as a

variable in making the botanical termiticide to see better results in solving the said problem.
The Efficacy of Calamansi Pulp Extract as Insecticide

Citrofortunella microcarpa, the calamondin or calamansi, is a fruit tree in the family

Rutaceae in native Asia. The tree is the result of a hybrid between species in the citrus family and

is unknown in the wild. It is treated as an intergeneric hybrid in the nothogenus Citrofortunella as

Citrofortunella microcarpa.The Calamondin or Calamansi has considerable amount of essential

oils stored in the rind. The most common method of extraction is via steam distillation, cold-press

method and centrifugal extraction. It is ornamental bearing heavy crops of small round fruits. The

fruit is nearly spherical with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 inches. It is apparently native to the Philippine

islands, but is thought by some to be hybrid which arose naturally in China through insect

pollination. Some species of calamansi has strong insecticidal properties (Rica U., 2015).

Therefore, it is proven that calamansi has termiticidal properties that would guarantee a decrease

in the termites’ mortality.

Synthesis

Through the researchers’ eagerness in finding a much more efficient and eco-friendly

termiticide, they found a way to improve their study even more with the help of the related

literatures that were gathered from recent studies. This study aims to prove the effectivity of a bio-

termiticide by having the researchers experiment between various percentages of solutions which

include: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. With the utilization of Calamansi rinds, d-limonene can be

collected from the extricated oil, thus being the sole alternative for making the organic termiticide

as it was proven to have lethal effects on termites, while at the same time lessening and slowly

eradicating aquatic and environmental pollution, as well as lethal effects on the users. And unlike

synthetic termiticides, natural pesticides can give you the option of killing or repelling the pests.
Pesticide plays an important role in Integrated Pest Managements (IPM) on agricultural production

and productivities. Often times, broad spectrum and persistent organo chlorinated hydrocarbon

insecticides are used for management of termites in the world. However, some of the most potent

insecticides used against termites such as aldrin and dieldrin were withdrawn from the market

because of their increased cost from time to time; harmful effects on human health, non-target

organisms, and eventually environmental pollution and due to resistance development (Logan et

al., 1990; Mulroney et al., 2005; Ahmed et al., 2006; Dhaliwal and Koul, 2007; Soomro et al.,

2008; Sileshi et al., 2009). This chapter focuses on existing studies and writings related to the

variables that will be used in this research, especially the properties of d-limonene from calamansi

rind for the independent variable, and mortality rate and the duration time to kill for the dependent

variable. The literatures, research studies and journals that were discovered were utilized to reveal

the significance and relationship of the dependent and independent variable and to completely

comprehend the methods and techniques that the researchers will use. In particular, this section is

essential to the entire research paper and the justification of the structure of this study.

List of References

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2019, from http://

tropical African woods to CoptotermesformosanusShiraki, For. Prod. J.29, 46–51.

Retrieved January 22, 2019, from http://

 Miller, T. (2011, November 21). Antifeedant Activity of Citrus Waste Wax and Its

Fractions Against the DryWood Termite, Cryptotermes brevis. Retrieved January 24,

2019, from http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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