APA VS MLA VS CHICAGO VS HARVARD

REFERENCING STYLES
It is important to know about referencing styles because they will be your
guide to know about the spacing, citation and much more. Check out this APA
vs MLA vs Chicago vs Harvard styles comparison table for the necessary
information and bibliography help.

AMERICANPSYC
MODERNLANGUAGEA CHICAGO MANUAL HARVARD
HOLOGICALASS
SSOCIATION (MLA) STYLE REFERENCING
OCIATION (APA)
 history
courses
MOS  both notes
 most
TLY and
disciplines
social liberal arts bibliograph
USE  common
sciences humanities y system;
D IN style
and author
date
system

 double
SPA space
 double
CIN  no less  double
space  double
than 1″ space
G IN  1″ space
and no  no other
TEX margi  1″ margins
greater restrictions
ns
T than 1,5″
margins

 Times
FON New
12 pt. Times font size 12 pt. 12 pt. Times New Roman
T
New Roman no restrictions on Roman or  no other
SIZE strict
font style Palatino
limitations

 Title
MAI no precise  Title no precise
 Abstra
N guideline  Main Body guideline
ct
 AMERICANPSYC
MODERNLANGUAGEA CHICAGO MANUAL HARVARD
HOLOGICALASS
SSOCIATION (MLA) STYLE REFERENCING
OCIATION (APA)

SEC  Main  Reference

Body s
TION Refere Footnotes
S nces

author-endnote
(Stephen C.
Pepper....12)
IN- match 12 to
TEX  author endnote 12 at the
’s last
TCIT bottom of the
name
ATIO  year page author-date
of the author-page
N/ 12. Stephen C. system
public citation
PAR Pepper, (Smith & Bruce,
ation (Wordsworth 263)
APH World 1997)
RASI (Jones, Hypotheses
NG 1998) (Los
Angeles:
University of
California Press,
1961),
 name
 year
 in
 page  author  author
DIRE quotation
numb  specific  date
CT er marks
page  address it  pager
CITA
to the
TION According According to footnote at ... (Aitchison,
to Jones Folke, ... (184) the bottom 1981, p.67)
(1998, p.
199)

LON  40  more than 4  free- free-standing

G words lines standing block of text
 AMERICANPSYC
MODERNLANGUAGEA CHICAGO MANUAL HARVARD
HOLOGICALASS
SSOCIATION (MLA) STYLE REFERENCING
OCIATION (APA)

DIRE or  omit block of

longer quotation text
CTCI  omit marks  footnotes
TATI quotati  free-
ON on standing
marks block of text
 free-
standi
ng
block
of
typewr
itten
lines

in bibliography or
MOR footnote
E Scott Lash and
two three authors and
THA John Urry, two authors
authors(Weg fewer(Smith,
N1 Economies of (Smith and
ener & Yang, and
AUT Signs & Space Jones, 1948)
Petty, 1994) Moore...(76)
HOR (London: Sage
Publications,
1994), 241-51.

THR
EE Lash, Scott, and
OR John Urry.
MOR Economies of
(Kernis et (Green, et al.,
E Jones et al. (76) Signs & Space.
al., 1993) 1995)
AUT London: Sage
HOR Publications,
S 1994.
 AMERICANPSYC
MODERNLANGUAGEA CHICAGO MANUAL HARVARD
HOLOGICALASS
SSOCIATION (MLA) STYLE REFERENCING
OCIATION (APA)
 its title
or
 first
word  shortened  use
UNK title of the Anonymou
in
NO parent work s or Anon
heses  page title  title
WN
Oxford Essential
AUT
(American (“Impact of World Atlas... Marketing
HOR
Psychologic Global Warming strategy (Anon.,
al 6”) 1999)
Organizatio
n, 2000)
 new
page  Bibliograp
REF with  Works Cited hy
the page at the (Notes and
ERE center end of the Bibliograp
new page with
NCE ed research hy Style)
headin  double  Reference centered heading
LIST
g space s (Author
 double Date Style)
space

REF
ERE https://www.u
NCE sq.edu.au/libr https://owl.english. https://owl.english http://utas.libguid
LIST ary/referenci purdue.edu/media/ .purdue.edu/medi es.com/content.p
EXA ng/apa- pdf/200907010956 a/pdf/130099102 hp?pid=27520&si
MPL referencing- 36_747.pdf 2_717.pdf d=219177
E guide

References:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/3/
https://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-referencing-guide
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20110928111055_949.pdf
https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/315/harvard_referencing/38/citing_quotations_h
arvard_style/1

APA vs MLA Style: What to Know

APA Format Style

If you want to use APA referencing format, then you should be sure on where
you will use it. Usually, the format style of APA is being used in social
sciences. When it comes to the spacing, you need to use double space and
you should use one-inch margin on all sides. One more thing you should not
forget is that you will use the 12 point Times New Roman as the font size. For
main sections, you need to have title, abstract, main body and references. In
addition, for in-text citation or paraphrasing, you need to write the last name of
the author and the year of the publication.

 For example Jones, 2000. You also need to know about direct citation
and in here, you will write the name, year and the page number. For
instance, According to Smith (2000,p.200). For long direct citation, there
are things you need to keep in mind. In here, you need to write 40
words or longer, it is important to omit the quotation marks and have 2
authors. In writing the two authors, here is what you need to do. For
instance; Petty and Wegener, 1995. In writing three or more authors,
you should write the first name of the author together with et al. word
and the year.
 For example Smith et al., 1994. In some cases, you will find the
unknown author. When it comes to this, you need to write the title or the
1st word in the parentheses.
 For example American Psychological Organization, 1990. In writing the
reference list, you need to use double space and write on a new page
with a centered heading. Here is an example of a reference list.
MLA Format Style

MLA format is used in some universities and it is mostly used in liberal arts
humanities. For margins, you need to use one inch on all sides. It is also
important that you will use double space. The font size that is required to use
is 12 and it is easy to follow because there are no restrictions on the style.
When it comes to the main sections, there is no precise or definite guideline.
For in-text citation or paraphrasing, you need to write the author and the page
citation.

 For example, Wordsworth 276. If you need to use direct citation, write
the name of the author and specific page. For instance, “According to
Pennis, … (185).” For long direct citation, you must have more than four
lines, remove the quotation marks and have a free-standing block of
text.
 For authors more than one, here is what you need to do; Yang, Smith,
and Moore… (87). For authors that are more than three and over, you
need to write the last name and the page. For example, Jones et al.
(98). For an unknown author, you should shorten the title of work and
the page. For example; “Impact on Climate Change”. In writing the
reference list, it is important to use double space and the cited page
should be put at end of research. For an example of writing, you can
check out this reference list.

Harvard Format Style and Chicago Format Style

Harvard Format Style

If you are required to use the Harvard format referencing style, it is mostly
used in common style and in most disciplines. For spacing, double space
should be used and there are no any other restrictions. When it comes to font
size, Times New Roman is preferred and there are no any other strict
limitations. It is a good thing that there are no precise guidelines that should
be followed in writing the main sections. In the in-text citations and
paraphrasing, you need to write the author-date system.
  For example Bruce and Smith, 2000.
 Additionally, in writing the direct citation; it is important to write the name
of the author, date and the page. For instance, Smith, 2000, p.78. For
long direct citation, you should use a free-standing block of text.
Moreover, if you will write two authors; you need to write in this way,
Jones and Smith, 1978 and if you need to write more than three
authors, you need to write like this; Smith, et al., 1998.
 In writing an unknown author, using Anon or anonymous is preferred.
Make sure to include the title. For example, Climate Change (Anon.,
2000). For the example of a reference, you need to write like this
example.

Chicago Format Style

As long as you know the Chicago style format, you will not have a hard time.
Chicago (also known as Turabian referencing style) is mostly used in history
courses, both bibliography system and notes and author-date system. For
spacing, it is essential to use double space, not less than one-inch margin and
not greater than 1.5 margins. For font size, make sure to use 12 points
Palatino or Times New Roman. One more thing, if you need to write the main
sections; you should write the title, main body, references, and footnotes.
When it comes to in-text citation or paraphrasing, you need to write the
author-endnote like this James D. Jones….”. Make sure that you match 12 to
the endnote 12 at bottom of the page.

 For example:
James D. Jones,
World
Hypothesis (California: University of California Newspaper, 2000).
 For direct citation, you need to include in quotation marks and address it
to a footnote at the bottom. Make sure also. In the long direct citation,
you should use a free-standing block of text and footnotes. On the other
hand, in writing more than one author, here is an example: John Urry
and Scott Lash
 Economies of Space and Signs
(Canada: Sage Publications, 2000), 223-33.
 In writing more than three authors, here is what you should do. For
instance:
Scott, Urry and John Lash.
Economies of space and signs.
Canada: Sage Publications, 2000.
 In writing an unknown author, you should write the title. For example,
The Impact of the Climate Change… Also, in your reference list, make
sure to have bibliography keeping in mind the bibliography and notes
style and the references taking note of the author-date style. For an
example of the reference list, you can refer to this guide.