In plane geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a

common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.[1] Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane, but this
plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane. Angles are also formed by the intersection of two
planes in Euclidean and other spaces. These are called dihedral angles. Angles formed by the
intersection of two curves in a plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the
point of intersection. Similar statements hold in space, for example, the spherical angle formed by
two great circleson a sphere is the dihedral angle between the planes determined by the great
circles.
Angle is also used to designate the measure of an angle or of a rotation. This measure is the ratio of
the length of a circular arc to its radius. In the case of a geometric angle, the arc is centered at the
vertex and delimited by the sides. In the case of a rotation, the arc is centered at the center of the
rotation and delimited by any other point and its image by the rotation.
The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "corner"; cognate words are
the Greek ἀγκύλος (ankylοs), meaning "crooked, curved," and the English word "ankle". Both are
connected with the Proto-Indo-European root *ank-, meaning "to bend" or "bow".[2]
Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other, in a plane, of two lines which meet
each other, and do not lie straight with respect to each other. According to Proclus an angle must be
either a quality or a quantity, or a relationship. The first concept was used by Eudemus, who
regarded an angle as a deviation from a straight line; the second by Carpus of Antioch, who
regarded it as the interval or space between the intersecting lines; Euclid adopted the third concept,
although his definitions of right, acute, and obtuse angles are certainly quantitative.

Types of angles

Individual angles[edit]
 An angle equal to 0° or not turned is called a zero angle.
 Angles smaller than a right angle (less than 90°) are called acute angles ("acute" meaning
"sharp").
 An angle equal to 1/4 turn (90° or π/2 radians) is called a right angle. Two lines that form a right
angle are said to be normal, orthogonal, or perpendicular.
 Angles larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90° and 180°) are
called obtuse angles ("obtuse" meaning "blunt").
 An angle equal to 1/2 turn (180° or π radians) is called a straight angle.
 Angles larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn (between 180° and 360°) are called reflex
angles.
 An angle equal to 1 turn (360° or 2π radians) is called a full angle, complete angle, round
angleor a perigon.
 Angles that are not right angles or a multiple of a right angle are called oblique angles.
Equivalence angle pairs[edit]
 Angles that have the same measure (i.e. the same magnitude) are said to
be equal or congruent. An angle is defined by its measure and is not dependent upon the
lengths of the sides of the angle (e.g. all right angles are equal in measure).
 Two angles which share terminal sides, but differ in size by an integer multiple of a turn, are
called coterminal angles.
 A reference angle is the acute version of any angle determined by repeatedly subtracting or
adding straight angle (1/2 turn, 180°, or π radians), to the results as necessary, until the
magnitude of result is an acute angle, a value between 0 and 1/4 turn, 90°, or π/2 radians. For
example, an angle of 30 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees, and an angle of 150
degrees also has a reference angle of 30 degrees (180–150). An angle of 750 degrees has a
reference angle of 30 degrees (750–720).[4]

Vertical and adjacent angle pairs[edit]

Angles A and B are a pair of vertical angles; angles C and D are a pair of vertical angles.

When two straight lines intersect at a point, four angles are formed. Pairwise these angles are
named according to their location relative to each other.

 A pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X"-
like shape, are called vertical angles or opposite angles or vertically opposite angles. They are
abbreviated as vert. opp. ∠s.[5]
The equality of vertically opposite angles is called the vertical angle theorem. Eudemus of
Rhodes attributed the proof to Thales of Miletus.[6][7] The proposition showed that since both
of a pair of vertical angles are supplementary to both of the adjacent angles, the vertical
angles are equal in measure. According to a historical Note,[7]when Thales visited Egypt, he
observed that whenever the Egyptians drew two intersecting lines, they would measure the
vertical angles to make sure that they were equal. Thales concluded that one could prove
that all vertical angles are equal if one accepted some general notions such as: all straight
angles are equal, equals added to equals are equal, and equals subtracted from equals are
equal.
In the figure, assume the measure of Angle A = x. When two adjacent angles form a straight
line, they are supplementary. Therefore, the measure of Angle C = 180 − x. Similarly, the
measure of Angle D = 180 − x. Both Angle C and Angle D have measures equal to 180
− x and are congruent. Since Angle B is supplementary to both Angles C and D, either of
these angle measures may be used to determine the measure of Angle B. Using the
measure of either Angle C or Angle D we find the measure of Angle B = 180 − (180 − x) =
180 − 180 + x = x. Therefore, both Angle A and Angle B have measures equal to x and are
equal in measure.
 Angles A and B are adjacent.

 Adjacent angles, often abbreviated as adj. ∠s, are angles that share a common vertex
and edge but do not share any interior points. In other words, they are angles that are
side by side, or adjacent, sharing an "arm". Adjacent angles which sum to a right angle,
straight angle or full angle are special and are respectively
called complementary, supplementaryand explementary angles (see "Combine angle
pairs" below).
A transversal is a line that intersects a pair of (often parallel) lines and is associated
with alternate interior angles, corresponding angles, interior angles, and exterior angles.

Combining angle pairs[edit]

The complementaryangles a and b (b is the complement of a, and a is the complement of b).

 Complementary angles are angle pairs whose measures sum to one right angle (1/4 turn, 90°,
or π/2 radians). If the two complementary angles are adjacent their non-shared sides form a right
angle. In Euclidean geometry, the two acute angles in a right triangle are complementary,
because the sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, and the right angle itself
accounts for ninety degrees.
The adjective complementary is from Latin complementum, associated with the
verb complere, "to fill up". An acute angle is "filled up" by its complement to form a right
angle.
The difference between an angle and a right angle is termed the complement of the angle.[9]
If angles A and B are complementary, the following relationships hold:
 (The tangent of an angle equals the cotangent of its complement and its secant equals
the cosecant of its complement.)
The prefix "co-" in the names of some trigonometric ratios refers to the word
"complementary".

The angles a and b are supplementary angles.

 Two angles that sum to a straight angle (1/2 turn, 180°, or π radians) are
called supplementary angles.
If the two supplementary angles are adjacent (i.e. have a common vertex and share just one
side), their non-shared sides form a straight line. Such angles are called a linear pair of
angles.[10]However, supplementary angles do not have to be on the same line, and can be
separated in space. For example, adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary,
and opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral (one whose vertices all fall on a single circle)
are supplementary.
If a point P is exterior to a circle with center O, and if the tangent lines from P touch the circle
at points T and Q, then ∠TPQ and ∠TOQ are supplementary.
The sines of supplementary angles are equal. Their cosines and tangents (unless undefined)
are equal in magnitude but have opposite signs.
In Euclidean geometry, any sum of two angles in a triangle is supplementary to the third,
because the sum of internal angles of a triangle is a straight angle.

Sum of two explementary angles is a complete angle.

 Two angles that sum to a complete angle (1 turn, 360°, or

 An angle that is part of a simple polygonis called an interior angle if it lies on the inside of that
simple polygon. A simple concave polygon has at least one interior angle that is a reflex angle.
In Euclidean geometry, the measures of the interior angles of a triangle add up to π radians,
180°, or 1/2 turn; the measures of the interior angles of a simple convex quadrilateral add up
to 2π radians, 360°, or 1 turn. In general, the measures of the interior angles of a simple
convex polygon with n sides add up to (n − 2)π radians, or 180(n − 2) degrees, (2n − 4) right
angles, or (n/2 − 1) turn.
 The supplement of an interior angle is called an exterior angle, that is, an interior angle and an
exterior angle form a linear pair of angles. There are two exterior angles at each vertex of the
polygon, each determined by extending one of the two sides of the polygon that meet at the
vertex; these two angles are vertical angles and hence are equal. An exterior angle measures
the amount of rotation one has to make at a vertex to trace out the polygon.[11] If the
corresponding interior angle is a reflex angle, the exterior angle should be considered negative.
Even in a non-simple polygon it may be possible to define the exterior angle, but one will have to
pick an orientation of the plane (or surface) to decide the sign of the exterior angle measure.
In Euclidean geometry, the sum of the exterior angles of a simple convex polygon will be one
full turn (360°). The exterior angle here could be called a supplementary exterior angle.
Exterior angles are commonly used in Logo Turtle Geometry when drawing regular polygons.

 In a triangle, the bisectors of two exterior angles and the bisector of the other interior angle
are concurrent (meet at a single point).[12]:p. 149
 In a triangle, three intersection points, each of an external angle bisector with the
opposite extended side, are collinear.[12]:p. 149
 In a triangle, three intersection points, two of them between an interior angle bisector and the
opposite side, and the third between the other exterior angle bisector and the opposite side
extended, are collinear.[12]:p. 149
 Some authors use the name exterior angle of a simple polygon to simply mean the explement
exterior angle (not supplement!) of the interior angle.[13] This conflicts with the above usage.
Plane-related angles[edit]
 The angle between two planes (such as two adjacent faces of a polyhedron) is called a dihedral
angle.[9] It may be defined as the acute angle between two lines normal to the planes.
 The angle between a plane and an intersecting straight line is equal to ninety degrees minus the
angle between the intersecting line and the line that goes through the point of intersection and is
normal to the plane.
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle#Types_of_angles