GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL CENTRE, OPP. SAFDURJUNG AIRPORT, NEW DELHI

CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 7 – FLIGHT CREW STANDARDS
TRAINING AND LICENSING
SERIES ‘B’, PART VII
ISSUE I, 16TH AUGUST, 1999
EFFECTIVE : 29TH OCTOBER 2018

F. No. DGCA-16026(10)/3/2018-DFT

Subject: Flying training syllabus for grant of pilots licences and

ratings.

1. INTRODUCTION

For acquiring a pilot’s licence or rating, an applicant has to meet the

applicable requirements stipulated in Schedule-II of the Aircraft Rules,
1937. Amongst other requirements, a candidate has to undergo flying
training in accordance with the syllabus prescribed by the Director
General. This CAR lays down the flying training syllabus for grant of
various pilots’ licences and ratings in accordance with Schedule-II of the
Aircraft Rules, 1937. The syllabus is based on the provisions contained
in ICAO Annex. 1. The CAR is issued under Rule 133A of the Aircraft
Rules.

2. FLYING TRAINING SYLLABUS

2.1 Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane/Microlight)

A pilot trainee shall receive dual instructions in

aeroplanes/microlights as applicable, from an authorised Flight
Instructor who shall ensure that the pilot trainee has operational
experience in at least the following areas to the level of
performance required for the private pilot:

a) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance

determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing;

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b) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision
avoidance precautions and procedures;

c) control of the aeroplane by external visual reference;

d) flight at critically slow airspeeds; spin avoidance;

recognition of, and recovery from, incipient and full stalls;

e) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and

recovery from, spiral dives;

f) normal and cross-wind take-offs and landings;

g) maximum performance (short field and obstacle

clearance) take-offs; short-field landings;

h) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the

completion of a level 180 degree turn;

i) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead-

reckoning and, where available, radio navigation aids;

j) emergency operations, including simulated aeroplane

equipment malfunctions; and

k) operations to, from and transitting controlled aerodromes,

compliance with air traffic services procedures, radio-
telephony procedures and phraseology.

l) Threat and Error management

If the privileges of the licence are to be exercised at night as well,

the applicant shall receive dual instructions in
aeroplanes/microlights in night flying, including take-offs, landings
and navigation.

2.2 Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

A pilot trainee shall receive not less than 20 hours of dual

instructions in helicopters from an authorised Flight Instructor who
shall ensure that the applicant has operational experience in at
least the following areas to the level of performance required for
the private pilot.

a) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance

determination, helicopter inspection and servicing;

b) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision

avoidance precautions and procedures;

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c) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;

d) recovery at the incipient stage from settling with power;

recovery techniques from low-rotor rpm within the normal
range of engine rpm;

e) ground manoeuvring and run-ups; hovering; take-offs and

landings – normal, out of wind and sloping ground;

f) take-offs and landings with minimum necessary power;

maximum performance take-off and landing techniques;
restricted site operations ; quick stops;

g) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead-

reckoning and, where available, radio navigation aids,
including a flight of at least one hour; diversion procedures;

h) emergency operations, including simulated helicopter

equipment malfunctions; auto-rotative approach and
landing;

i) operations to, from and transitting controlled aerodromes,

compliance with air traffic services procedures, radio-
telephony procedures and phraseology; and

j) operational experience in flight solely by reference to

instrument, including the completion of a level 180 degrees
turn, in a suitably instrumented helicopter.

If the privileges of the licence are to be exercised at night as well,

the applicant shall receive dual instructions in helicopters in night
flying including take-offs, landings and navigation.

2.3 Pilot Licence (Glider)

A glider pilot trainee shall have gained, under appropriate

supervision, operational experience in gliders in at least the
following areas;

a) pre-flight operation, including glider assembly and

inspection;

b) techniques and procedures for the landing method used,

including appropriate airspeed limitations, emergency
procedures and signals used;

c) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision

avoidance precautions and procedures;

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d) control of the glider by external visual reference;

e) flight through the flight envelope;

f) recognition of, and recovery from, incipient and full stalls

and spiral dives;

g) normal and cross-wind launches, approaches and

landings;

h) cross-country flying using visual reference and dead-

reckoning; and

i) emergency procedures.

j) Threat and Error management

2.4 Pilot Licence (Balloons)

A balloon pilot trainee shall have gained, under appropriate

supervision, operational experience in free balloons in at least the
following areas;

a) pre-flight operation, including balloon assembly, rigging,

inflation, mooring and inspection;

b) techniques and procedures for launching and ascent,

including appropriate limitation, emergency procedures
and signals used;

c) collision avoidance procedures;

d) control of free balloon by external visual reference;

e) recognition of, and recovery from, rapid descents;

f) cross-country flying using visual reference and dead-

reckoning;

g) approaches and landings, including ground handling; and

h) emergency procedures.

If the privileges of the licence are to be exercised at night, the

trainee pilot shall have gained, under appropriate supervision,
operational experience in balloon night flying.

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2.5 Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)

A pilot trainee shall have received dual instructions in aeroplanes

from an authorised Flight Instructor who shall ensure that the pilot
trainee has operational experience in at least the following areas
to the level of performance required from a Commercial Pilot:

a) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance

determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing;

b) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision

avoidance precautions and procedures;

c) control of the aeroplane by external visual reference;

d) flight at critically slow airspeeds; spin avoidance;

recognition of, and recovery from, incipient and full stalls;

e) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and

recovery from, spiral dives;

f) normal and cross-wind take-offs and landings;

g) maximum performance (short field and obstacle

clearance) take-offs; short-field landings;

h) basic flight manoeuvres and recovery from unusual

attitudes by reference solely to basic flight instruments;

i) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead-

reckoning and radio navigation aids; diversion procedures;

j) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres;

k) operations to, from and transitting controlled aerodromes,

compliance with air traffic services procedures, radio-
telephony procedures and phraseology; and

l) dual instructions in aeroplane in night flying, including take-

offs, landings and navigation.

m) Threat and Error management

2.6 Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

A pilot trainee shall have received dual instructions in helicopters

from an authorised Flight Instructor, who shall ensure that the pilot

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trainee has operational experience in at least the following areas
to the level of performance required from a commercial pilot:

a) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance

determination, helicopter inspection and servicing;

b) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision

avoidance precautions and procedures;

c) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;

d) recovery at the incipient stage from settling with power;

recovery techniques from low-rotor rpm within the normal
range of engine rpm;

e) ground manoeuvring and run-ups; hovering; take-offs and

landings – normal, out of wind and sloping ground steep
approaches;

f) take-offs and landings with minimum necessary power;

maximum performance take-off and landing techniques;
restricted site operations; quick stops;

g) hovering out of ground effect; operations with external

load, if applicable; flight at high altitude;

h) basic flight manoeuvres and recovery from unusual

attitudes by reference solely to basic flight instruments;

i) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead-

reckoning and radio navigation aids; diversion procedures;

j) abnormal and emergency procedures, including simulated

helicopter equipment malfunctions, auto-rotative approach
and landing;

k) operations to, from and transitting controlled aerodromes,

compliance with air traffic services procedures, radio-
telephony procedures and phraseology; and

l) dual instructions in helicopters in night flying, including

take-offs, landings and navigation.

2.7 Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)

A pilot applicant shall have received dual flight instructions

required for the issue of the commercial pilot licence (aeroplane)
and for the issue of Instrument Rating (aeroplane) and acquired
flight experience as required in para 1(e) of Section M of

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Schedule-II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937. The pilot applicant shall
have demonstrated the ability to perform as Pilot-in-Command,
the following procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of
competence appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of
an Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Aeroplane).

a) pre-flight procedures, including the preparation of the

operational flight plan and filing of the air traffic services
flight plan;

b) normal flight procedures and manoeuvres during all

phases of flight;

c) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operations under

normal, abnormal and emergency conditions, including
simulated engine failure, and covering at least the
following:

- transition to instrument flight on take-off;

- standard instrument departures and arrivals;

- en-route IFR procedures and navigation;

- holding procedures;

- instrument approaches to specified minima;

- missed approach procedures;

- landings from instrument approaches

d) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres

related to failures and malfunctions of equipment, such as
power plant, systems and airframe; and

e) procedures for crew incapacitation and crew coordination,

including allocation of pilot tasks, crew cooperation and
use of check-lists in case of multi-pilot aeroplanes.

f) Threat and Error management

2.8 Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

A pilot applicant shall have received the dual flight instructions

required for the issue of the commercial pilot licence (helicopter)
and for the issue of Instrument Rating (helicopter) and acquired
flight experience as required in para 1(e) of Section N of

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Schedule-II of the Aircraft Rules 1937. The pilot applicant shall
have demonstrated the ability to perform as Pilot-in-Command of
a helicopter, the following procedures and manoeuvres:

a) pre-flight procedures, including the preparation of the

operational flight plan and filing of the air traffic services
flight plan;

b) normal flight procedures and manoeuvres during all

phases of flight;

c) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres

related to failures and malfunctions of equipment, such as
power plant, systems and airframe; and

d) procedures for crew incapacitation and crew coordination

including allocation of pilot tasks, crew cooperation and
use of checklists in case of multi-pilot helicopters.

The pilot shall demonstrate the ability to perform the above

procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of competency
appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of an Airline
Transport Pilot Licence (Helicopter).

2.9 Instrument Rating (Aeroplane)

The applicant shall have gained not less than 10 hours of

instrument flight time while receiving dual instrument flight
instructions in aeroplanes from an authorised flight instructor.
The instructor shall ensure that the applicant has operational
experience in at least the following areas to the level of
performance required for the holder of an instrument rating:

a) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of

the flight manual or equivalent document, and appropriate
air traffic services documents in the preparation of an IFR
flight plan;

b) pre-flight inspection, use of checklists, taxiing and pre-

take-off checks;

c) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under

normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at
least:

- transition from visual to instrument flight on take off;

- standard instrument departures and arrivals;
- enroute IFR procedures;

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- proper understanding and use of Instrument

Approach Charts;
- holding procedures;
- instrument approaches to specified minima;
- missed approach procedures;
- landings from instrument approaches, including
circling;

d) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics;

e) If the privileges of the instrument rating are to be exercised

on multi-engined aeroplanes, the applicant shall have
received dual instrument flight instruction in such an
aeroplane from an authorised flight instructor. The
instructor shall ensure that applicant has operational
experience in the operation of the aeroplane solely by
reference to instruments with simulated one engine
inoperative. The exercises of simulated one engine
inoperative shall be carried out at safe altitude, unless
carried out in a flight simulator.

2.10 Instrument Rating (Helicopter)

The pilot shall have gained 10 hours of the instrument flight time
while receiving dual instrument flight instructions in helicopters
from an authorised flight instructor, who shall ensure that the pilot
has operational experience in at least the following areas and to
the level of performance required for the holder of an instrument
rating:

a) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of

the flight manual or equivalent document, and appropriate
air traffic services documents in the preparation of an IFR
flight plan;

b) pre-flight inspection, use of check-lists, taxiing and pre-

take off checks;

c) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under

normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at
least;

- transition from visual to instrument flight on take off;

- standard instrument departures and arrivals;
- en-route IFR procedures;
- holding procedures;
- instrument approaches to specified minima;

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- missed approach procedures;

- landings from instrument approaches, including
circling;

d) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics;

and

e) if appropriate, operation of a multi-engine helicopter in the

above exercises, including operation of the helicopter
solely by reference to instruments with one engine
simulated inoperative. This exercise should be carried out
at a safe altitude unless carried out in a simulator.

2.11 Assistant Flight Instructor and Flight Instructor Rating

(Aeroplane/Helicopter)

The objective of the Flight Instructor Rating training course is to

train the student instructor to teach the ground subjects and air
exercises and to ensure that the student instructor attains a
sufficiently high standard of flying. The training should comprise
at least the following areas:

i) The learning process;

ii) The teaching process;
iii) Training philosophies;
iv) Techniques of applied instructions;
v) Student evaluation and testing;
vi) Training programme development;
vii) Human performance and limitations relevant to flight
instructions;
viii) Hazards involved in simulating systems failures and
malfunctions in the aircraft during flight.
ix) Training administration.
x) Use of training aids.
xi) Elements of effective teaching.
xii) Lesson planning.
xiii) Class-room instructional techniques.
xiv) analysis and correction of student errors.

The student instructor should complete flight training to practise

the principles of basic instructions at PPL level. The applicant
shall have received flying training instructions in at least the
following applicable areas to the level of performance required for
the holder of an Assistant Flight Instructor Rating (AFIR) and
Flight Instructor Rating (FIR) as indicated below:

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Sl.No. Air Exercise AFIR/FIR

1. Familiarisation with aircraft and cockpit AFIR & FIR
2. Preparation for and action after flight AFIR & FIR
3. Air experience, taxiing AFIR & FIR
4. Effects of controls AFIR & FIR
5. Straight and level flight AFIR & FIR
6. Climbing and descending AFIR & FIR
7. Turns AFIR & FIR
8. Slow flight and stalling * AFIR & FIR
9. Steep turn AFIR & FIR
10. Take off and climb AFIR & FIR
11. Approach and landing AFIR & FIR
12. Low flying AFIR & FIR
13. Side slip/forward slip * AFIR & FIR
14. Forced landing AFIR & FIR
15. Pilot navigation, navigation at lower AFIR
levels and reduced visibility
16. Emergencies AFIR & FIR
17. Auto-rotations ** AFIR & FIR
18. Hovering and hover taxying ** AFIR & FIR
19. Transitions and hover taxying ** AFIR & FIR
20. Sideways and backwards flight ** AFIR & FIR
21. Circuit procedure and airmanship AFIR & FIR
22. Cross wind take off and landing * FIR
23. First Solo FIR
24. Precautionary landing FIR
20. Radio navigation and instrument flying FIR
25. Night flying FIR
26. Circuits and emergencies – including FIR
demonstration of simulated engine off
landings and simulated tail rotor failure
**
27. Spot turns ** FIR
28. Vortex ring ** FIR
29. Advanced auto-rotations ** FIR
30. Sloping ground ** FIR
31. Limited power ** FIR
32. Confined areas ** FIR

* For fixed wing aircraft only.

** For helicopters only.

The applicant shall demonstrate on the aeroplane/helicopter for

which Instructor’s rating is sought, his ability to instruct to the
satisfaction of the Examiner.

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3. DOZIER OF TRAINING

The training institute imparting training to pilots shall develop standard

doziers of training instructions, which should cover the entire syllabus
prescribed in this CAR for various licences and ratings. While imparting
training, the flight instructors shall regularly fill the dozier of each trainee
giving details of the progress made by the trainee pilot including
deficiencies observed and the corrective training given.

4. SKILL TEST

After receiving flight training, the pilot trainee shall demonstrate to an

Examiner, his competency to perform the procedures and manoeuvres
prescribed in the syllabus to the degree of competence appropriate to
the privileges of the licence/rating and to :

a) operate the aeroplane/helicopter within its limitations;

b) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

c) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

d) apply aeronautical knowledge;

e) maintain control of the aeroplane/helicopter at all times in

a manner such that the successful outcome of a procedure
or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt;

f) understand and apply crew coordination and

incapacitation procedures and communicate effectively
with the other flight crew members in case of multi-pilot
aeroplane/helicopter; and

g) demonstrate ability to operate multi-engined aeroplanes/

helicopters solely by reference to instruments with one
engine inoperative, or simulated inoperative if the
privileges of the instrument rating are to be exercised on
such aeroplanes/ helicopters.

5. OPERATING PRECAUTIONS

All exercises stipulated in this CAR should be carried out at safe altitude
and within the permissible limits of the aeroplane/helicopter and in
accordance with the procedures laid down by the manufacturers.

(B.S. Bhullar)

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Director General of Civil Aviation

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