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SQL Functions: Input Output

The document discusses different types of SQL functions including single-row functions that return one result per row like character functions to manipulate strings and number functions to perform calculations, and multiple-row functions that return one result per set of rows. It provides examples of using character functions like LOWER, UPPER, CONCAT, and number functions like ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD along with the DUAL dummy table to test functions. SQL functions allow users to manipulate and transform data in the database.

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Anis Budiono
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52 views13 pages

SQL Functions: Input Output

The document discusses different types of SQL functions including single-row functions that return one result per row like character functions to manipulate strings and number functions to perform calculations, and multiple-row functions that return one result per set of rows. It provides examples of using character functions like LOWER, UPPER, CONCAT, and number functions like ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD along with the DUAL dummy table to test functions. SQL functions allow users to manipulate and transform data in the database.

Uploaded by

Anis Budiono
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Functions

Input Output

Function

arg 1 Function performs


action
arg 2
Result
value

arg n
Two Types of SQL Functions

Functions

Single-row Multiple-row
functions functions

Return one result Return one result


per row per set of rows
Single-Row Functions
Character

Single-row
General Number
functions

Conversion Date
Character Functions
Character
functions

Case-conversion Character-manipulation
functions functions

LOWER CONCAT
UPPER SUBSTR
INITCAP LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD | RPAD
TRIM
REPLACE
Case-Conversion Functions
• These functions convert the case for character strings:
Function Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course
UPPER('SQL Course') SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course
Using Case-Conversion Functions
• Display the employee number, name, and department number
for employee Higgins:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'higgins';

SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'higgins';
Character-Manipulation Functions
• These functions manipulate character strings:

Function Result
CONCAT('Hello', 'World') HelloWorld
SUBSTR('HelloWorld',1,5) Hello
LENGTH('HelloWorld') 10
INSTR('HelloWorld', 'W') 6
LPAD(salary,10,'*') *****24000
RPAD(salary, 10, '*') 24000*****
REPLACE BLACK and BLUE
('JACK and JUE','J','BL')
TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld') elloWorld
Using the Character-Manipulation
Functions
1
SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME,
job_id, LENGTH (last_name), 2
INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?"
FROM employees 3
WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';

1 2 3
Number Functions
– ROUND: Rounds value to a specified decimal
– TRUNC: Truncates value to a specified decimal
– MOD: Returns remainder of division

Function Result
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
MOD(1600, 300) 100
Using the ROUND Function
1 2
SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),
ROUND(45.923,-1) 3
FROM DUAL;

1 2 3
DUAL is a dummy table that you can use to view results
from functions and calculations.
Using the TRUNC Function
1 2
SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),
TRUNC(45.923,-1) 3
FROM DUAL;

1 2 3
Using the MOD Function
• For all employees with the job title of Sales Representative,
calculate the remainder of the salary after it is divided by 5,000.

SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000)


FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP';
Working with Dates
– The database stores dates in an internal numeric
format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, and
seconds.
– The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
• Enables you to store 21st-century dates in the 20th century
by specifying only the last two digits of the year
• Enables you to store 20th-century dates in the
21st century in the same way

SELECT last_name, hire_date


FROM employees
WHERE hire_date < '01-FEB-88';

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