MODAL VERB

Exercise 1: Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't,
can or can't. More than one answer may be possible.
1. Don't stand up in the boat! You _____ fall in the river!
2. Sue says she's stuck in traffic and she _____ be late.
3. You really _____ start spending more time on your work.
4. Tell Peter he. _____ stay the night here if he wants to.
5. That's a really stupid idea! You _____ be serious, surely!
6. You _____ realize it, but this is very important to me.
7. Don't be silly. You_____ expect me to believe you!
8. We're not sure but we_____ go to Prague for Christmas this year.
9. I learn to fly! You_____ be joking!
10. Bill cooked the lunch, so you _____ expect anything special!
Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with must have been, can’t(couldn’t) have been, have to/had
to (be) and didn’t have to (be):
1. He knows a lot about flying plane. He_____a pilot when he was young.
2. Vera _____at the supermarket this morning. I didn’t see her there.
3. John _____at the bank until 10, so he arrived here five minutes ago.
4. When she _____at the hospital? Early this morning.
5. We had enough foreign currency left at the end of the holiday, so I _____buy any
more.
6. Monica knew exactly what to do. I ____ tell her twice.
7. There _____an accident on South Street because the road is closed off.
8. I left a message on your answer phone last night. You _____out.
9. You _____ waiting long. After all, I’m only five minutes late.
10. The fire alarm went and we _____out of the building in two minutes.
Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences using the given words
1. I think you should give up smoking immediately. (had)
I think you_________________________________________________________
2. It’s necessary for me to bring my passport. (have)
I _________________________________________________________________
3. It’s very inconvenient if you can’t drive. (able)
_________________________________________________________________
4. I am sure that John is not the thief. (can’t)
_________________________________________________________________
5. I am sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. (must)
_________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences using the given words
1. I’m sure that you didn’t lock the front door. Here is the key.
You can’t ___________________________________________________________
2. It was quite unnecessary for you to carry all those parcels home yourself.
You____________________________________________________________
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
You shouldn’t_______________________________________________________
4. I’m sure it wasn’t Mrs. Mai you saw because she is in Boston.
It can’t____________________________________________________________
5. I’m sure Alison made arrangement. I recognized her voice.
It must____________________________________________________________
6. Maybe John’s working this weekend.
John ____________________________________________________________
7. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
He couldn’t possibly__________________________________________________
8. I didn’t apologize. That was wrong of me.
I should____________________________________________________________
9. I am sure it was Judy that I saw in town this morning
It must____________________________________________________________
10. It wasn’t necessary for me to go out after all.
I needn’t___________________________________________________________
Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences using the given words
1. I am sure you were surprised when you heard all the news (must)
You _______________________________when you heard the news
2. It wasn’t necessary for you to do all this work (needn’t)
You _______________________________all this work
3. Someone almost certainly broke the window on purpose. ( must)
The window _______________________________on purpose
4. I’m sure you are very tired after working so hard. (must)
You_______________________________ after working so hard.
5. It is possible that one of the men died on the mountain. (may)
One of the men _______________________________on the mountain.
6. I’m sure that you were driving too fast (been)
You _______________________________ too fast.
7. The thief almost certainly came in through the window. (come)
The thief _______________________________ through the window.
8. If he is not in the office, then I’m sure he’s working at home ( must)
If he is not in the office, he _______________________________
I. Choose the best option for each sentence:
1) Young people ______ obey their parents.
a. must b. may c. will d. ought to
2) Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me. I ______ work very hard
today.
a. can b. may c. should d. would
3) I ______ be delighted to show you round the factory.
a. ought to b. would c. might d. can
4) Leave early so that you ______ miss the bus.
a. didn’t b. won’t c. shouldn’t d. mustn’t
5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ______ have cost a fortune
a. must b. might c. will d. should
6) You ______ to write them today.
a. should b. must c. had d. ought
7) I hope I ______ find it.
a. will b. shall c. could d. must
8) Unless he runs he______ catch the train.
a. will b. mustn’t c. wouldn’t d. won’t
9) ______ you be in Rome tonight.
a. will b. may c. might d. maybe
10) We ______ have time to help you tomorrow.
a. may b. must c. will d. could.
11) "______ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?"
a. May b. Will c. Shall d. Should
12) Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She _____ harder.
a. must have studied c. could have studied
b. should have studied d. must studied
13) He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder. He _____ himself.
a. could have hurt c. must have hurt
b. should have hurt d. will have hurt
14) Marcela didn't come to class yesterday. She _____ an accident.
a. should have had c. must have
b. might have d. may have had
15) John still hasn't come out. He ______ everything for the trip now.
a. must have been preparing c. must be preparing
b. will be preparing d. will have prepared
16) Thomas received a warning for speeding. He _____ so fast.
a. shouldn't have driven c. should have
b. would have driven d. might have driven
17) The photos are black. The X-ray at the airport _____ them.
a. should have damaged c. would have damaged
c. would damage d. must have damaged
18) Tom didn't do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. He _____ his
homework.
a. must have done b. should have done
c. might have d. will have done
19) My car stopped on the high way. It _____ out of gas
a. may run c. must be
b. may have run d. should have run
20) Robert arrived without his book. He _____ it.
a. could have lost c. would have lost
b. should have lost d. will have lost
21) "Where do you think Rooney is today?". "I have no idea. He _____ late."
a. should have left c. would sleep
b. would have sleep d. may have sleep
22) Berbatov painted his bedroomblack. It looks dark and dreary. He _____ a different
color.
a. had to choose c. must have chosen
b. should have chosen d. could have been choosing
23) The children _____ "thank you" to you when you gave them their gifts.
a. will have said c. should have said
b. must say d. should say
24) If we had known your new address, we _____ to see you.
a. came c. will come
b. would have come d. would come
25) These two boys look identical. They _____ twins.
a. must have been c. should be
b. must be d. should have been
II. Rewrite the sentence in the same meaning:
26) Perhaps Susan know the address. (may)
Susan ........................................................................................................
27) It's possible that Joanna didn't receive my message. (might)
Joanna ......................................................................................................
28) The report must be on my desk tomorrow. (has)
The report .................................................................................................
29) I managed to finish all my work. (able)
I ................................................................................................................
30) It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didn't)
Nancy ......................................................................................................
31) The best thing for you to do is to sit down sit down. (better)
You ..........................................................................................................

READING COMPREHENSION:
Exercise 1. Choose from A, B, C, or D the one that best answers each of the questions
in the following passage.

Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modern ferns covered vast
stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top
of trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of
undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horsetails along
the edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.
A great number of these plants were true ferns, reproducing themselves without
fruits or seeds. Others had only the appearance of ferns. Their leaves had organs of
sexual reproduction and produced seeds. Although their “flowers” did not have
corollas, these false ferns (today completely extinct) ushered in the era of flowering
plants. Traces of these floras of the earliest times have been preserved in the form of
fossils. Such traces are most commonly found in shale and sandstone rocks wedged
between coal beds.
Today only tropical forests bear living proof of the ancient greatness of ferns.
The species that grow there are no longer those of the Carboniferous period, but their
variety and vast numbers, and the great size of some, remind us of the time when ferns
ruled the plant kingdom.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Plant reproduction B. How to locate fossils
C. An ancient form of plant life D. Tropical plant life
2. The word “Others” refers to_________.
A. plants B. pillars C. trees D. fronds
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the plants described
in the passage?
A. They once spread over large areas of land.
B. They varied greatly in size.
C. They coexisted with amphibians, mosses, and horsetails.
D. They clung to tree trunks and bushes for support.
4. The word “true” is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. accurate B. genuine C. straight D. dependable
5. The author states that fossils of early plant life are usually found in rocks located
between deposits of_______.
A. coal B. shale C. sandstone D. corollas

Exercise 2. Choose from A, B, C, or D the one that best answers each of the questions
in the following passage.
This symptoms of hay fever include watery and itchy eyes and a runny,
congested nose. People suffering from hay fever may experience occasional wheezing
and repeated bouts of sneezing and may even lose their sense of smell. Some victims
of hay fever may also have stopped-up ears. About 30 percent of those who suffer
from hay fever may develop the symptoms associated with periodic asthma or a sinus
infection. The allergen-antibody theory does not fully explain allergic reactions
because the membranes and glands in eyes and ears are controlled by the independent
nervous system, which keeps these organs in balance. But the independent nervous
system itself is part of the emotional- response center and may cause the feelings of
anger, fear, resentment, and lack of self-confidence in reaction to allergy-causing
substances.
The most common cause of hay fever is the pollen of ragweed, which blossoms
during the summer and autumn. When airborne pollen particles, as well mold, come
into contact with the victim’s membranes, they can cause allergic reactions that release
histamine and result in virtual blockage of air passages. To prevent hay fever or to
decrease the severity of its symptoms, contact with the ragweed pollen should be
reduced. Although some communities have attempted to eliminate the plants that
cause the reactions, elimination programs have not been successful because airborne
pollen can travel considerable distances. Antihistamine can help with short but severe
attacks. Over extended periods of time, however, patients are prescribed a series of
injections of the substance to which they are sensitive in order to increase immunity
and thus be relieved of the seasonal allergy.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the phrase “hay fever” refers to________.
A. fodder for cattle B. a seasonal discomfort
C. viral bacteria D. a lung disease
2. According to the passage, the symptoms of the allergy are predominantly________.
A. abdominal B. intestinal C. respiratory D.
chronic
3. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?
A. Hay fever may cause severe allergic reactions and even death.
B. The cause of allergic reactions has not been determined.
C. The nervous system balances allergic reactions.
D. People should not have an emotional response to allergic reactions.
4. According to the passage, patients suffering from hay fever may also
experience________.
A. hunger pains B. mood swings C. nervous blockages D. sensory
perceptions
5. The word “resentment” is closest in meaning to________.
A. reprieve B. reprisal C. irritation D. grief
6. According to the passage, the irritants are transported by________.
A. wind B. food C. travelers D. air passages
7. The word “blockage” in the passage is closest in meaning to________.
A. obstruction B. bleeding C. enlargement D. dryness
8. According to the passage, to avoid incidents of hay fever, patients need to________.
A. avoid interactions with other patients B. avoid exposure to pollen
C. increase their self-confidence D. take doses of prescribed
medicine.
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a cause of allergies?
A. pollen B. mold C. flowers D. injections
10. A paragraph following this passage would most probably discuss________.
A. how the nervous system alerts patients.
B. how the immune system reacts to allergens.
C. what other diseases can be relieved by vaccines.
D. What flowers are harmless to hay fever patients.

Exercise 3. Choose from A, B, C, or D the one that best answers each of the questions
in the following passage.
A pilot cannot fly by sight alone. In many conditions, such as flying at night
and landing in dense fog, a pilot must use radar, an alternative way of navigating.
Since human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects,
radar can show a pilot how fast nearby planes are moving. The basic principle of radar
is exemplified by what happens when one shouts in a cave. The echo of the sounds
against the walls helps a person determine the size of the cave. With radar, however,
the waves are radio waves instead of sound waves. Radio waves travel at the speed of
light, about 300,000 kilometers in one second. A radar set sends out a short burst of
radio waves. Then it receives the echoes produced when the waves bounce off objects.
By determining the time it takes for the echoes to return to the radar set, a trained
technician can determine the distance between the radar set and other objects. The
word “radar”, in fact, gets its name from the term “radio detection and ranging”.
“Ranging” is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set.
Besides being of critical importance to pilots, radar is essential for air traffic control,
tracking ships at sea, and for tracking weather systems and storms.

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

A. The nature of radar. B. History of radar.
C. Alternatives to radar. D. Types of ranging.
2. According to the passage, what can radar detect besides location of objects?
A. Shape B. Size C. Speed D. Weight
3. The word “exemplified” in the passage can be replaced by_________.
A. “specified” B. “resembled” C. “illustrated” D. “justified”
4. The word “shouts” in the passage most closely means_________.
A. “exclaims” B. “yells” C. “shoots” D. “whispers”
5. Which of the following words best describes the tone of this passage?
A. argumentative B. explanatory C. humorous
D. imaginative
6. According to the passage, the distance between a radar set and an object can be
determined by_________.
A. the time it takes for a burst of radio waves to produce echoes when the waves
bounce off the object
B. the term “ranging” used for detection of the distance between an object and
the radar set
C. the time it takes for the radio waves to produce echoes and bounce off the
object
D. the time it takes for the echoes produced by the radio waves to return to the
radar set
7. Which type of waves does radar use?
A. tidal B. sound C. heat D. radio
8. The word “tracking” in the passage most closely means_________.
A. sending B. searching for C. ranging D. repairing