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GATE Questions

01. GATE (CSE) 1987, Q.1

(xv) In a circular linked list organization, insertion of a record involves modification
of (2)
A. One pointer
B. Two pointers
C. Three pointers
D. No pointer
(xviii) Let P be a quick sort program to sort number in ascending order. Let t1 and t2 be
the time taken by the program for the inputs [1 2 3 4 5] and [5 4 3 2 1]
respectively. Which of the following holds? (2)
A. t1 = t2
B. t1 > t2
C. t1 < t2
D. t1 = t2 + 5 log 5
02. GATE (CSE) 1987, Q.6(b)
Construct a binary tree whose preorder traversal is K L N M P R Q S T and inorder
traversal is N L K P R M S Q T (6)
1
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2 GATE Questions

03. GATE (CSE) 1987, Q.9

(a) How many binary relations are there on a set A with n elements? (2)
(b) How many one-to-one functions are there from a set A with n elements onto
itself? (2)
(c) Show that the number of odd degree vertex in a finite graph is even. (3)
(d) Specify an adjacency-lists representation of the undirected graph. (3)

04. GATE (CSE) 1987, Q.10

(a) Solve the recurrence equations (2)
T(n) = T(n – 1) + n
T(1) = 1
(b) What is the generating function G(z) for the sequence of Fibonacci numbers?
(2)
05. GATE (CSE) 1988, Q.1 (iii)
Quick sort is ………………. efficient than heapsort in the worst case. (2)
06. GATE (CSE) 1988, Q.2
Answer the following question briefly.
(i) If the transportation problem is solved using some version of the simplex
algorithm, under what conditions will the solution always have integer values?
(2)
(xvi) Write the adjacency matrix representation of the graph given in figure below:
(2)
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GATE Questions 3

07. GATE (CSE) 1988, Q.7

(i) Define the height of a binary tree or sub-tree and also define a height balanced
(AVL) tree. (2)
(ii) Mark the balance factor of each mode on the tree given in Figure 7.1 and state
whether it is height-balanced. (2)

(iii) Into the same tree given in 7(ii) above, insert the integer 13 and show the new
balance factors that would arise if the tree is no rebalanced. Finally, carry the
required rebalancing of the tree and show the new tree with the balance factors on
each mode. (6)
08. GATE (CSE) 1988, Q.13(iv)
Solve the recurrence equations (2)
T(n) = T(n/2) + 1
T(1) = 1
09. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.1(vii)
A hash table with ten buckets with one slot per bucket is shown in Figure 1, with the
symbols S1 to S7 entered into it using some hashing function with linear probing. The
worst case number of comparison required when the symbol being searched is not in the
table is ……………………… (2)

Figure 1
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4 GATE Questions

10. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.2(iii)

Match the pair in the following questions: (2)
(A) O(log n) (p) Heap sort
(B) O(n) (q) Depth-first-search
(C) O(nlog n) (r) Binary search
(D) O(n2) (s) Selection of kth smallest element in a set of n elements
11. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.3(ix) (2)
Which one of the following statement(s) is/are FALSE? (2)
(A) Overlaying is used to run a program which is longer than the address space of the
computer.
(B) Optimal binary search tree construction can be performed efficiently by using
dynamic programming
(C) Depth-first search cannot be used to find connected component of a graph.
(D) Given the prefix and postfix walks over a binary tree, the binary tree can be uniquely
constructed.
12. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.4
Provide the short answer to the following questions:
(i) How many substrings (of all length inclusive) can be formed from a character
string of length n? Assume all characters to be distinct. Prove your answer. (2)
(ii) Compute the postfix equivalent of the following infix arithmetic expression where
a+b*c+d*e≠f; where ≠ represents exponentiation. Assume normal operator
precedence. (2)
(vii) In the graph shown below, the depth-first spanning tree edges are marked with ‘T’.
Identify the forward, backward and cross edges. (2)

13. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.9

An input file has 10 records with keys given below:
25 7 34 2 70 9 61 16 49 19
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GATE Questions 5

This is to be sorted in non-decreasing order.

(i) Sort the input file using QUICKSORT by correctly positioning the first element of
the file/subfile. Show the subfiles obtained at all intermediate steps. Use square
brackets to demarcate subfiles. (6)
(ii) Sort the input file using 2-way-MERGESORT showing all major intermediate
steps. Use square brackets to demarcate subfiles. (4)
14. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.10(a)
Will recursion work correctly in a language with static allocation of all variables?
Explain. (3)
15. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.12(a)
The following figure shows a B-tree where key values are indicated in the records. Each
block can hold upto three records. A record with a key value 34 is inserted into the
B-tree. Obtained the modified B-tree after insertion. (6)

16. GATE (CSE) 1989, Q.13(b)

Find a solution to the following recurrence equation: (4)
T(n) = n + T(n/2)
T(1) = 1
17. GATE (CSE) 1990, Q.2
Match the pair in the following questions.
(v) (2)
(A) Pointer data type (p) Type conversion
(B) Activation record (q) Dynamic data structure
(C) Repeat (r) Recursion
(D) Coercion (s) Nondeterministic loop
(vii) (2)
(A) Strassen’s matrix multiplication algorithm (p) Greedy algorithm
(B) Kruskal’s minimum spanning tree algorithm (q) Dynamic programming
(C) Bi-connected components algorithm (r) Divide-and-Conquer
(D) Floyd’s shortest path algorithm (s) Depth-first search
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6 GATE Questions

(viii) (2)
(A) Heap construction (p) W(nlog10 n)
(B) Constructing hash table with linear probing (q) O(n)
(C) AVL tree construction (r) O(n2)
(D) Digital trie construction (s) O(n log2 n)
18. GATE (CSE) 1990, Q.3
Choose the correct alternatives (more than one may be correct):
(iii) The number of rooted binary trees with n nodes is: (2)
(A) Equal to the number of ways of multiplying (n + 1) matrices.
(B) Equal to the number of ways of arranging n out of 2n distinct elements.
1 Ê 2 nˆ
(C) Equal to
(n + 1) ÁË n ˜¯
(D) Equal to n!
(v) The complexity of comparison based sorting algorithm is: (2)
(A) q (n log n) (B) q (n)
(C) q (n2) (D) q (n n )
19. GATE (CSE) 1990, Q.13
(a) Consider the height balanced tree T1, with values stored at only the leaf nodes shown
in the given figure

(i) Show how to merge to the tree T1 elements from tree T2 shown in the given
figure using the node D of tree T1: (3)
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GATE Questions 7

(ii) What is the time complexity of a merge operation on balanced trees T1 and T2
where T1 and T2 are of height h1 and h2 respectively, assuming rotation scheme
are given. Give reasons. (3)
(b) Consider a hash table with chaining scheme for overflow handling:
(i) What is the worst-case timing complexity of inserting n elements into such a
table? (2)
(ii) For what type of instances does this hashing scheme take the worst case time
for insertion? (2)
20. GATE (CSE) 1990, Q.16
The following algorithm (written in pseudo-Pascal) works on a undirected graph G
Program Explore (G)
procedure Visit (u)
begin
if Adj (u) is not empty
{ comment : Adj (u) is the list of edges incident to u}
then
begin
select an edge from Adj (u);
Let an edge e = (u, v);
remove e from Adj (u) and Adj (v);
Visit (v);
end
else
mark u as a finished vertex and remove u from LIST;
{Comment : LIST is the set of vertices in the graph}
end;
begin
while LIST is not empty
do
begin
Let v ΠLIST;
Visit (v);
end
end

Note: Initially Adj (u) is the list of all edges incident to u and LIST is the set of all
vertices in the graph. They are globally accessible.
What kinds of sub-graphs are obtained when this algorithm traverses the graphs G1 and
G2 shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively? (5)

Figure 1 Figure 2
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8 GATE Questions

(a) What is the commonly known traversal of graphs that can be obtained from the sub-
graphs generated by Program Explore? (2)
(b) Show that the time complexity of the procedure is O(v + e) for a graph with v
vertices and e edges, given that each vertex can be accessed and removed from LIST
in const time. Also show that all the edges of the graph are traversed. (3)
21. GATE (SEA: Computational Method) 1990
I.1 Choose the correct alternatives (Exactly one choice is correct) and write the
corresponding letters only:
1.1 The maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of level k, k ≥ 1 is (2)
(A) 2k + 1
(B) 2k – 1
(C) 2k–1
(D) 2k–1 – 1
1.16 The average case complexity of quick sort algorithm for sorting n elements is
(2)
(A) (n log log n)
(B) (n2)
(C) (n log n)
(D) (n log2 n)
I.3 Construct a binary tree whose preorder and inorder sequences are A B M H E O
C P G J D K L I N F and H M C O E B A G P K L D I N J F respectively, where
A, B, C, D, E, ………. are the labels of the tree nodes. Is it unique? (3)
I.4 Give the necessary number of passes and interchanges to sort the sequence 7, 21,
6, 8, 30, 18, 4, 12 in increasing order by using bubble sort method. (4)
I.8 The following incomplete Pascal procedure merges two sorted lists
(x[l], x[l+1], ……., x[m], m > l and
(y[i], y[i+1], ……., y[j], j > i where
x[l].key £ x[l+1].key £ ………….. £ x[m].key
and
y[i].key £ y[i+1].key £ ………….. £ y[j].key and it obtains in a sorted list
(z[1], z[2], ………. z[k] where k = m + j – l – i + 2.
Complete the procedure by replacing each ‘?’ by the appropriate operator from the
procedure set {>, <, =>, <=, <>, or, and, not}
procedure MERGE (var x, y, z: a file; l, m, i, j: integer); var k, s, t, u: integer;
begin
s: = l;
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GATE Questions 9

k: = 1;
u: = I;
while[(s?m)?(j?u)] do
begin
if x[s].key?y[u].key
then
begin
z[k]: = x[s];
s: = s+1
end
else
begin
z[k]: = y[u];
u: = u+1
end
k: = k+1;
end
if s ? m
then
for t: = u to j do
z[k + t – u]: = y[t]
else
for t: = s to m do
z[k + t – s]: = x[t]
end;
22. GATE (CSE) 1991, Q.1
Fill in the blanks:
(vii) The minimum number of comparisons required to sort 5 elements is
_____________. (2)
(viii) The weighted external path length of the binary tree in the given figure is
_____________. (2)
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10 GATE Questions

(ix) If the binary tree in the following figure is traversed in inorder, then the order in
which the nodes will be visited is _____________. (2)

(x) Consider the following recursive definition of fib: (2)

fib (n) : = if n = 0 then 1
else if n = 1 then 1
else fib (n–1) + fib (n–2)
The number of times fib is called (including the first call) for an evaluation of fib
(7) is _____________.
(xv) The maximum number of possible edges in an undirected graph with n vertices and
k components is _____________. (2)
23. GATE (CSE) 1991, Q.2
Match the pairs in the following question by writing the corresponding letters only.
(2)
n!
A. The number of distinct binary trees with n nodes (P)
2
B. The number of binary string of length 2n with

equal number of 0’s and 1’s ( )

(Q) 3n
n

(R) ( )
2n
C. The number of even permutations of n objects n
D. The number of binary string of length 6n

Which are palindromes with 2n 0’s (S) ( )

1 2n
n +1 n
24. GATE (CSE) 1991, Q.3
Choose the correct alternatives (more than one may be correct) and write the
corresponding letters only:
(vi) Kruskal’s algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph G
with n vertices and m edges has the time-complexity of: (2)
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GATE Questions 11

A. (n2)
B. (m n)
C. (m + n)
D. (m log n)
E. (m2)
(vii) The following sequence of operations is performed on a stack: (2)
PUSH (10), PUSH (20), POP, PUSH (10), PUSH (20), POP, POP, POP, PUSH (20),
POP.
The sequence of values popped out is:
A. 20, 10, 20, 10, 20
B. 20, 20, 10, 10, 20
C. 10, 20, 20, 10, 20
D. 20, 20, 10, 20, 10
E. None of the above
25. GATE (CSE) 1991, Q.14
Consider the binary tree in the given figure:
(a) What structure is represented by the binary tree? (1)
(b) Give the different steps for deleting the node with key 5 so that the structure is
preserved. (2)
(c) Outline a procedure in the pseudo-code to delete an arbitrary node from such a
binary tree with n nodes that preserves the structure. What is the worst case
complexity of your procedure? (3)

26. GATE (CSE) 1991, Q.16(b)

Show that all vertices in an undirected finite graph cannot have distinct degrees, if the
graph has at least two vertices. (5)
27. GATE (SEA: Computational Method) 1991
Choose the correct alternatives (exactly one choice is correct) and write the
corresponding letters only:
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12 GATE Questions

I1.1 The number of different ordered trees with 3 nodes labelled Y, Y, Z are (2)
(A) 16
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D) 24
I1.16 The worst-case time complexity of mergesort for sorting n elements is (2)
(A) (n ) 2

(B) (n log n)
(C) (n2 log n)
(D) (log n)
I3(b) Let A[1: n, 1:n] be a n × n matrix such that A [I, j] = 0 if | i – j | > 1. The entries
A [i, j] for which | i – j | £ 1 are stored in a one-dimensional array B [1: 3n–2]
row-wise. Thus, A[1, 1] is stored in B[1], A[1, 2] in B[2], and so on. Give the
formula for computing the index K in array B of an element A[i, j] in terms of
i and j. (4)
I4(a) If a tree has n1 nodes of degree 1, n2 nodes of degree 2, …. nm nodes of degree
m, give a formula for the number of terminal nodes n0 of the tree in terms of n1,
n2, …., nm. (4)
I5(a) Consider three pegs A, B, C and four disks of different sizes. Initially, the four
disks are stacked on peg A, in order of decreasing size. The task is to move all
the disks from peg A to peg C with the help of peg B. The moves are to be made
under the following constraints:
[i] In each step, exactly one disk is moved from one peg to another.
[ii] A disk cannot be placed on another disk of smaller size. If we denote the
movement of a disk from one peg to another by y Æ y, where y, y are A,
B or C, then represent the sequence of the minimum number of moves to
accomplish this as a binary tree with node labels of the form (y Æ y) such
that the inorder traversal of the tree gives the correct sequence of the moves.
If there are n disks, derive the formula for the total number of moves required
in terms of n: (4)
27. GATE (CSE) 1992, Q.1
Fill in the blanks.
(ix) Complexity of Kruskal’s algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a
undirected graph containing n vertices and m edges, if the edges are sorted is,
__________. (2)
(x) Maximum number of edges in a planner graph with n vertices is __________.
(2)
28. GATE (CSE) 1992, Q.2
Choose the correct alternatives (more than one may be correct) and write the
corresponding letters only:
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GATE Questions 13

(vii) A 2-3 tree is a tree such that (2)

(a) all internal nodes have either 2 or 3 children
(b) all paths from root to the leaves have the same length.
The number of internal nodes of a 2-3 tree having 9 leaves could be
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 7
(vii) A non-planer graph with minimum number of vertices has (2)
(A) 9 edges, 6 vertices
(B) 6 edges, 4 vertices
(C) 10 edges, 5 vertices
(D) 9 edges, 5 vertices
(viii) Following algorithm (s) can be used to sort n integers in the range [1….n3] in O
(n) time (2)
(A) Heap sort
(B) Quick sort
(C) Merge sort
(D) Radix sort
29. GATE (CSE) 1992, Q.3
Write short answers to the following.
(iii) How many edges are there in a forest with p components having n vertices in all?
(2)
(iv) Assume that the last element of the set is used as partition element in Quick sort.
If n distinct elements from the set [1…n] are to be sorted, give an input for which
Quick sort takes maximum time. (2)
30. GATE (CSE) 1992, Q.7
Consider the function F(n) for which the pseudo code is given below:
Function F (n)
begin
F1 ¨ 1
If (n = 1) then F ¨ 3
else For I = 1 to n do
begin
C¨0
For j = 1 to F (n–1) do
begin C ¨ C+1 end
F1 = F1*C
end
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14 GATE Questions

F = F1
end
[n is positive integer greater than zero].
(a) Derive a recurrence relation for F(n). (4)
(b) Solve the recurrence relation for a closed form solution of F(n). (6)
31. GATE (CSE) 1992, Q.9
Suggest a data structure for representing a subset S of integers from 1 to n. Following
operations on the set S are to be performed in constant time (independent of cardinality
of S) (10)
(iii) MEMBER (Y): Check whether Y is in the set S or not
(iv) FIND-ONE (S): If S is non-empty, return one element of the set S (any arbitrary
element will do)
(v) ADD(Y): Add integer y to set S
(vi) DELETE(Y): Delete integer y from S
Give pictorial examples of your data structure. Give routines for these operations in an
English-like language. You may assume that the data structure has been suitably
initialized. Clearly state your assumptions regarding initialization. (10)
32. GATE (SEA: Computational Method) 1992
Choose the correct alternatives (exactly one choice is correct) and write the
corresponding letters only:
I1.(a) Suppose one character at a time comes as an input from a string of letters. There
is an option either to (i) print the incoming letter or to (ii) put the incoming letter
on to a stack. Also a letter from top of the stack can be popped out at any time
and printed. The total number of total distinct words that can be formed out of
a string of three letters in this fashion, is (2)
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
I2.(d) A K-ary tree is such that every node has either K sons or no sons. If L and I are
the number of leaves and internal nodes respectively, then express L in terms of
K and I. (2)
I8. Consider three pegs A, B, C and four disks of different sizes. Initially, the four
disks are stacked on peg A, in order of decreasing size. The task is to move all
the disks from peg A to peg C with the help of peg B. The moves are to be made
under the following constraints: (5)
(i) In each step, exactly one disk is moved from one peg to another.
(ii) A disk cannot be placed on another disk of smaller size.
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GATE Questions 15

If we denote the movement of a disk from one peg to another by y Æ y, where

y, y are A, B or C, then represent the sequence of the minimum number of moves
to accomplish this as a binary tree with node labels of the form (y Æ y) such that
the inorder traversal of the tree gives the correct sequence of the moves.
33. GATE (CSE) 1993, Q.8.1
Consider a simple connected graph G with n vertices and n edges (n>2). Then which of
the following statements are true? (2)
(a) G has no cycles
(b) The graph obtained by removing any edges from G is not considered connected
(c) G has at least one cycle
(d) The graph obtained by removing any two edges from G is not considered connected
(e) None of the above.
34. GATE (CSE) 1993, Q.13
Consider a singly linked list having n nodes. The data items d1, d2, …., dn are stored in
the n nodes. Let Y be a pointer to the jth node (1 £ j £ n) in which dj is stored. A new
data item d stored in a node with address Y is to be inserted. Give an algorithm to insert
d into the list to obtain a list having items d1, d2, ……, dj-1, d, dj, …..dn in that order
without using the header. (5)
35. GATE (CSE) 1993, Q.15
Consider the recursive algorithm given below.
procedure bubblesort(n)
var I, j: index; temp: item;
begin
for i:= 1 to n – 1 do
if [A[i] > A[i+1] then
begin
temp := A[i];
A[i] := A[i+1];
A[i+1] := temp;
end
bubblesort(n–1)
end
Let an be the number of times the ‘if…then…’ statement gets executed when the
algorithm is run with value n. Set up the recurrence relation by defining an in terms of
an-1. Solve for an. (5)
36. GATE (CSE) 1993, Q.26
A stack is used to pass parameters to procedures in a procedure call. (5)
(a) If a procedure P has two parameters as described in procedure definition:
procedure P(var x: integer; y: integer);
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16 GATE Questions

and if P is called by:

P(a,b)
State precisely in a sentence what is pushed onto stack for parameters a and b.
(b) In the generated code for the body of procedure P, how will the addressing of formal
parameters y and y differ? (2)
37. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.1
Choose one of the alternatives for the following questions (2 marks each)
1.5 The number of distinct simple graphs with up to three nodes is
(A) 15
(B) 10
(C) 7
(D) 9
1.6 The recurrence relation that arises in relation to the complexity of binary search is
(A) T(n) = T(n/2) + k, k is a constant
(B) T(n) = 2T(n/2) + k, k is a constant
(C) T(n) = T(n/2) + log n
(D) T(n) = T(n/2) + n.
1.11 In a compact single dimensional array representation for lower triangular matrices
(i.e., all the elements above the diagonal are zero) of size n y n, non-zero elements
(i.e., elements of the lower triangle) of each row are stored one after another,
starting from the first row, the index of the (i, j)th elements of the lower triangular
matrices in this new representation is
(A) i + j
(B) i + j – 1
i(i - 1)
(C) j +
2
j ( j - 1)
(D) i +
2
1.14 Which of the following permutation can be obtained in the output (in the same
order) using a stack assuming that the input is the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in that order?
(A) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
(B) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
(C) 1, 5, 2, 3, 4
(D) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
1.15 The number of substrings (of all lengths inclusive) that can be formed from a
character string of length n is
(A) n
(B) n2
n(n - 1)
(C)
2
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GATE Questions 17

n( n + 1)
(D)
2
1.17 Linked lists are not suitable for data structures for which one of the following
problems?
(A) Insertion sort
(B) Binary search
(C) Radix sort
(D) Polynomial manipulation
1.19 Which of the following algorithm design techniques is used in the quicksort
algorithm?
(A) Dynamic programming
(B) Backtracking
(C) Divide and conquer
(D) Greedy method.
1.22 Which one of the following statements is false?
(A) Optimal binary search tree construction can be performed efficiently using
dynamic programming
(B) Breadth-first search cannot be used to find converted components of a graph
(C) Given the prefix and postfix walks over a binary tree, the binary tree cannot
be uniquely constructed
(D) Depth-first search cannot be used to find converted components of a graph
1.23 Consider the following two functions:
Ï n3 for 0 £ n £ 10,000
g1 (n) = Ì
Ón for n ≥ 10,000
Ïn for 0 £ n £ 100
g1 (n) = Ì 3
Ón for n > 100
Which of the following is true?
(A) g1 (n) is O(g2 (n))
(B) g1 (n) is O(n3)
(C) g2 (n) is O(g1 (n))
(D) g2 (n) is O(n)
38. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.2.5
Fill in the blanks: (2)
The number of edges in a regular graph of degree d and n vertices are …………….
39. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.5
A 3-ary tree is a tree in which every internal node has exactly three children. Use the
induction to prove that the number of leaves in a 3-ary tree with n internal nodes is
2(n – 1) + 3. (5)
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18 GATE Questions

40. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.7

An array A contains n integers in locations A[0], A[1], ….., A[n – 1]. It is required to
shift the elements of the array cyclically to the left by K places, where 1 £ K £ n – 1. An
incomplete algorithm for doing this in linear time, without using another array is given
below. Complete the algorithm in the blanks. Assume all variables are suitably declared.
min: = n;
i: = 0;
while ________________________ do
begin
temp: = A[i];
j: = i;
while ________________________ do
begin
A[j]: = _____________________;
j: = (j+K) mod n;
if j < min then
min: = j;
end;
A[n + i – K) mod n]: = ______________________;
i: = …………………………;
end;
41. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.8
A rooted tree with 12 nodes has its nodes numbered 1 12 in pre-order. When the tree
is traversed in post order, the nodes are visited in the order 3, 5, 4, 2, 7, 8, 6, 10, 11,
12, 12, 9, 1. (5)
Reconstruct the original tree from thus information, that is, find the parent of each node,
and show the tree diagrammatically.
42. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.14
Consider the B+ tree of order d shown in Fig. 7. (A B+ tree of order d contains between
d and 2d keys in each node).
(a) Draw the resulting B+-tree after 100 is inserted in the tree shown in the figure below
(4)

(b) For a B+-tree of order d with n leaf nodes, the number of nodes accessed during a
search is 0 (-——). (2)
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GATE Questions 19

43. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.21

Consider the following recursive function (5)
function fib (n: integer); integer;
begin
if (n = 0) or (n = 1) then fib: = 1
else fib (n–1) + fib (n–2)
end;
The above function is run on a computer with stack of 64 bytes. Assuming that only
return address and parameter are passed on the stack, and that an integer value and an
address take 2 bytes each, estimate the maximum value of n for which the stack will not
overflow. Give reasons for your answer. (5)
44. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.24
An independent set in a graph is a subset of vertices such that no two vertices in the
subset are connected by an edge. An incomplete scheme for greedy algorithm to find a
maximum independent set in a tree is given below:
V: = Set of all vertices in a tree;
I: = f do
begin
select a vertex u ΠV such that
________________ ;
V: = V –{u};
If u is such that
______________ then I: = I U{u}
end;
Output (I);
Complete the algorithm by specifying the property of vertex u in each case. (4)
What is the time complexity of the algorithm? (1)
45. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.25
An array A contains n integers in non-decreasing order, A[1] £ A[2] £ … £ A[n].
Describe, using Pascal-like pseudo code, a linear time algorithm to find i, j such that A[i]
+ A[j] = a given integer M, if such i, j exist. (5)
46. GATE (CSE) 1994, Q.26
A queue Q containing n items and an empty stack S are given. It is required to transfer
all the items from the queue to the stack, so that the item at the front of the queue is on
the top of the stack, and the order of all the other items is preserved. Show how this can
be done in O(n) time using only a constant amount of additional storage. Note that the
only operations which can be performed on the queue and stack are Delete, Insert, Push
and Pop. Do not assume any implementation of the queue or stack. (5)
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20 GATE Questions

47. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.1

Choose the correct alternative for each part. (Each part carries 1 mark)
1.5 Merge sort uses:
(a) Divide-and-conquer strategy
(b) Backtracking approach
(c) Heuristic search
(d) Greedy approach
1.16 For merging two sorted lists of size m and n into a sorted list of size m + n, we
require comparisons of
(a) O(m)
(b) O(n)
(c) O(m + n)
(d) O(log m + log n)
1.17 A binary tree T has n leaf nodes. The number of nodes of degree 2 in T is
(a) log2 n
(b) n – 1
(c) n
(d) 2n
1.25 The minimum number of edges in a connected cyclic graph on n vertices is
(A) n – 1
(B) n
(C) n + 1
(D) none of the above
48. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.2
Choose the correct alternative for each part. (Each part carries 1 mark)
2.21 The postfix expression for the infix expression A + B*(C+D)/F + D*E is:
(a) AB+CD+*F/D+E*
(b) ABCD+*F/DE*++
(c) A*B+CD/F*DE++
(d) A+*BCD/F*DE++
2.22 Which of the following statements is true?
I. As the number of entries in a hash table increases, the number of collision
increases
II. Recursive programs are efficient
III. The worst-case complexity for quick sort is O(n2)
IV. Binary search using a linear linked list is efficient
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and IV
(d) I and III
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GATE Questions 21

49. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.6

What is the number of binary trees with 3 nodes which when traversed in post-order give
the sequence A, B, C? Draw all these binary trees. (5)
50. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.12
Consider the following sequence of numbers
92, 37, 52, 12, 11, 25
Use bubble sort to arrange the sequence in ascending order. Give the sequence at the end
of each of the first five passes. (5)
51. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.22
How many minimum spanning trees does the following graph have? Draw them (weights
are assigned to the edges). (5)

52. GATE (CSE) 1995, Q.24

Prove that in finite graph, the number of vertices of odd degree is always even. (4)
53. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.1
Write in your answer book the correct or the most appropriate answer to the following
multiple choice questions by writing the corresponding letter A, B, C or D against the
sub-question number. (Each carrying 1 mark)
1.11 Which of the following is false?

(A) 100 n log n = O ÊÁ

n log l ˆ
Ë 100 ˜¯
(B) log n = O (log log n)
(C) if 0 < x < y then nx = O(ny)
(D) 2n π O(nk)
1.12 Consider the following statements.
(i) First-in-first-out types of computations are efficiently supported by STACKS.
(ii) Implementing LISTS on linked lists is more efficient than implementing
LISTS on an array for almost all the basic LIST operations.
(iii) Implementing QUEUES on a circular is more efficient than implementing
QUEUES
(iv) Last-in-first-out QUEUES type of computations are efficiently supported by
QUEUES.
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22 GATE Questions

Which of the following is correct?

(A) (ii) and (iii) are true (B) (i) and (ii) are true
(C) (iii) and (iv) are true (D) (ii) and (iv) are true
1.13 An advantage of chained hash table (external hashing) over open addressing
scheme is:
(A) Worst-case complexity of search operations is less
(B) Space used is less
(C) Deletion is easier
(D) None of the above
1.14 In the balanced binary tree in the figure given below, how many nodes will
become unbalanced when a node is inserted as a child of the node “g”?

(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 7
(D) 8
1.15 Which of the following sequences denotes the post-order traversal sequence of the
tree of question 1.14?
(A) f e g c d b a
(B) g c b d a f e
(C) g c d b f e a
(D) f e d g c b a
54. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.2
Write in your answer book the correct or the most appropriate answer to the following
multiple choice questions by writing the corresponding letter A, B, C or D against the
sub-question number. (Each carrying 2 marks)
2.11 The minimum number of interchanges needed to convert the array
89, 19, 40, 17, 12, 10, 2, 5, 7, 11, 6, 9, 70
into a heap with the maximum element at the root node is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
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GATE Questions 23

2.12 The recurrence relation

T(1) = 2
Ê nˆ
T(n) = 3T Á ˜ + n
Ë 4¯
has the solution T(n) equal to
(A) O(n) (B) O(log n)
(C) O(n )¾ (D) none of the above
2.13 The average number of key comparisons done in successful sequential search in
a list of length n is
n -1
(A) log n (B)
2
n n +1
(C) (D)
2 2
2.14 A binary search tree is generated by inserting in order the following integers:
50, 15, 62, 5, 20, 58, 91, 3, 8, 37, 60, 24
The number of nodes in the left sub-tree and right sub-tree of the root is
respectively is
(A) (4, 7) (B) (7, 4)
(C) (8, 3) (D) (3, 8)
2.15 Quick sort is run on two inputs shown below to sort in ascending order
(i) 1, 2, 3, …… n
(ii) n, n – 1, n – 2, ……., 1
Let C1 and C2 be the number of comparisons made for inputs (i) and (ii)
respectively. Then,
(A) C1 < C2
(B) C1 > C2
(C) C1 = C2
(D) We cannot say anything for arbitrary n
54. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.4
A binary search tree is used to locate the number 43. Which of the following probe
sequences are possible and which are not? Explain. (5)
(A) 61 52 14 17 40 43
(B) 2 3 50 40 60 43
(C) 10 65 31 48 37 43
(D) 81 61 52 14 41 43
(E) 17 77 27 66 18 43
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24 GATE Questions

55. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.9

The Fibonacci sequence {f1, f2, f3, …., fn} is defined by the following recurrence: (5)
fn+2 = fn+1 + fn, n ≥ 1; f2 = 1; f1 = 1;
Prove by induction that every third element of the sequence is even.
56. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.14
A two-dimensional array A[1..n][1..n] of integers is partially sorted if
For all i, j Œ [1…., n–1] A[i][j] < A[i][j+1] and.
A[i][j] < A[i+1][j]
Fill in the blanks:

The smallest item in the array is at A[i][j] where i = and j = . (1)

The smallest item is deleted. Complete the following O(n) procedure to insert item x
(which is guaranteed to be smaller than any item in the last row or column) still keeping
A partially sorted. (4)
procedure insert(x: integer);
var i, j: integer;
begin
(1) i:= 1; j:= 1; A[i][j]:= x;

(2) while ( x> x>

(3) if A[i+1][j] < A[i][j] then begin
(4) [i][j]:= A[i+1][j]; i:= i+1;
(5) end
(6) else begin
(7)
(8) end
(9) A[i][j]:=
end

57. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.15

Insert the characters of the string K R P C S N Y T J M into a hash table of size 10.
Use the hash function
h(x) = (ord(x) – ord (‘a’) +1) mod 10
and linear probing to resolve collisions.
(a) Which insertions cause collisions? (2)
(b) Display the final hash table. (3)
58. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.16
A complete undirected, weighted graph G is given on the vertex set {0, 1, .., n–1} for
any fixed ‘n’. Draw the minimum spanning tree of G if
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GATE Questions 25

(a) The weight of the edge (u, v) is |u – v| (2)

(b) The weight of the edge (u, v) is u + v (3)
59. GATE (CSE) 1996, Q.17
Let G be the directed, weighted graph shown below

We are interested in the shortest paths from A

(a) Output the sequence of vertices identified by the Dijkstra’s algorithm for single
source shortest path when the algorithm is started at node A. (2)
(b) Write down the sequence of vertices in the shortest path from A to E. (2)
(c) What is the cost of shortest path from A to E? (1)
60. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.1
The question contains 10 subparts, each carrying 1 mark. Each subpart contains a
multiple choice question. Write in your answer book the subpart number and the letter
A, B, C or D corresponding to the most appropriate answer.
1.4 The concatenation of two lists is to be performed in O(1) time. Which of the
following implementations of a list should be used?
(A) singly linked list (B) doubly linked list
(C) circular doubly linked list (D) array implementation of list
1.5 The correct matching for the following pairs is
(A) All pairs shortest paths (1) Greedy
(B) Quick sort (2) Depth first search
(C) Minimum weight spanning tree (3) Dynamic programming
(D) Connected component (4) Divide-and-conquer
(A) a – 2, b – 4, c – 1, d – 3 (B) a – 3, b – 4, c – 1, d – 2
(C) a – 3, b – 4, c – 2, d – 1 (D) a – 4, b – 1, c – 2, d – 3
1.7 Which of the following is essential for converting an infix expression to the
postfix form efficiently?
(A) An operator stack
(B) An operand stack
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26 GATE Questions

(C) An operand stack and an operator stack

(D) A parse tree
1.10 Heap allocation is required for languages
(A) that support recursion
(B) that support dynamic data structures
(C) that use dynamic scope rules
(D) none of the above
61. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.4
The question contains 10 subparts, each carrying 2 marks. Each subpart contains a
multiple choice question. Write in your answer book the subpart number and the letter
A, B, C or D corresponding to the most appropriate answer.
4.5 A binary search tree contains the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The tree is traversed
in pre-order and the values are printed out. Which of the following sequences is
a valid output?
(A) 5 3 1 2 4 7 8 6 (B) 5 3 1 2 6 4 8 7
(C) 5 3 2 4 1 6 7 8 (D) 5 3 1 2 4 7 6 8

Ê Í n ˙ˆ
4.6 Let T(n) be the function defined by T(1) = 1, T(n) = 2T Á Í ˙˜ + n for n ≥ 2.
Ë Î 2 ˚¯
Which of the following statements is true?
(A) T(n) = O( n ) (B) T(n) = O(n)
(C) T(n) = O(log n) (D) None of the above
4.7 A priority queue Q is used to implement a stack S that stores characters. PUSH(C)
is implemented as INSERT(Q, C, K) where K is an appropriate integer key chosen
by the implementation. POP is implemented as DELETEMIN(Q). For a sequence
of operations, the keys chosen are in
(A) non-increasing order (B) non-decreasing order
(C) strictly increasing order (D) strictly decreasing order
62. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.6
Let G be a graph with 100 vertices numbered 1 to 100. Two vertices i and j are adjacent
iff |i – j| = 8 or |i – j| = 12. The number of connected components in G is
(A) 8 (B) 4
(C) 12 (D) 25
63. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.9
Consider a graph whose vertices are points in the plane with integer co-ordinates (x,y)
such that 1 £ x £ n and 1 £ y £ n, where n ≥ 2 is an integer. Two vertices (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) are adjacent iff |x1 – x2| £ 1v |y1 – y2| £ 1. The weight of an edge {(x1, y1),
(x2, y2)} is ( x1 - x2 )2 + ( y1 - y2 )2 .
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GATE Questions 27

(a) What is the weight of a minimum weight spanning tree in this graph? Write only the
answer without any explanations. (2)
(b) What is the weight of a maximum weight spanning tree in this graph? Write only
the answer without any explanations. (3)
64. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.12
Consider a hash table with n buckets, where external (overflow) chaining is used to
resolve collisions. The hash function is such that the probability that a key value is
1
hashed to a particular bucket is . The hash table is initially empty and K distinct values
n
are inserted in the table.
(a) What is the probability that bucket number 1 is empty after the Kth insertion? (1)
(b) What is the probability that no collision has occurred in any of the K insertions?
(2)
(c) What is the probability that the first collision occurs at the Kth insertion? (2)
65. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.15
Consider the following function.
Function F(n, m: integer): integer;
begin
if(n <= 0) or (m <= 0) then
F:= 1
else
F:= F(n–1, m) + F(n, m–1);
end
Ê nˆ Ê n - 1ˆ Ê n - 1ˆ
Use the recurrence relation Á ˜ = Á + to answer the following questions.
Ë k ¯ Ë k ¯˜ ËÁ k - 1¯˜
Assume n, m are positive integers. Write only the answer without any explanation.
(a) What is the value of F(n, 2)? (2)
(b) What is the value of F(n, m)? (2)
(c) How many recursive calls are made to the function F, including the original call,
when evaluating F(n, m)? (1)
66. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.16
A size balanced binary tree is a binary tree in which for every node, the difference
between the number of nodes in the left and right sub-tree is at most 1. The distance of
a node from the root is the length of the path from the root to the node. The height of
a binary tree is maximum distance of a leaf node from the root.
(a) Prove, by using induction on h, that a size-balanced binary tree of height h contains
at least 2h nodes. (3)
(b) In a size-balanced binary tree of height h ≥ 1, how many nodes are at distance h – 1
from the root? Write only the answer without any explanation. (2)
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28 GATE Questions

67. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.18

Consider the following piece of ‘C’ code fragment that removes duplicates from an
ordered list of integers
struct node {
int val;
struct node *next;
};
typedef struct node Node;
Node *remove-duplicates(Node *head, int *j)
{
Node *t1, *t2;
*j = 0;
t1 = head;
if(t1 !=NULL) t2 = t1 Ænext;
else return head;
*j = 1;
if(t2 ==NULL) return head;
while(t2 != NULL)
{

if(t1.val != t2.val) S1

(*j)++; t1Ænext = t2; t1 = t2; S2

}
t2 = t2 Ænext;
}
t1Ænext = NULL;
return head;
}

Assume the list contains n elements (n ≥ 2) in the following questions.

(a) How many times is the comparison in statement S1 made? (1)
(b) What is the minimum and maximum number of times statements marked S2 get
executed? (2)
(c) What is the significance of the value in the integer pointed to by j when the function
completes? (2)
68. GATE (CSE) 1997, Q.19
A B+ -tree of order d is a tree in which each internal node has between d and 2d key
values. An internal node with M key values has M+1 children. The root (if it is an
internal node) has between 1 and 2d key values. The distance of a node from the root
is the length of the path from the root to the node. All leaves are at the same distance
from the root. The height of the tree is the distance of a leaf from the root.
(a) What is the total number of key values in the internal nodes of a B+ -tree with l
leaves (l ≥ 2)? (2)
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GATE Questions 29

(b) What is the maximum number of internal nodes in a B+ -tree of order 4 with 52
leaves? (1)
(c) What is the minimum number of leaves in a B -tree of order d and height h (h ≥ 1)?
+

(2)
69. GATE (CSE) 1998, Q.1
The question consists of 35 (Thirty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 1
mark. The answers to the multiple choice questions MUST be written only in the boxes
corresponding to the questions in the first page of the answer book.
1.21 Which of the following algorithm design techniques is used in finding all pairs of
shortest distances in a graph?
(a) Dynamic programming (b) Backtracking
(c) Greedy (d) Divide-and-Conquer
1.22 Give the correct matching for the following pairs.
(A) O (log n) (P) Selection
(B) O (n) (Q) Insertion sort
(C) O (n log n) (R) Binary search
(D) O(n2) (S) Merge sort
(a) A – R, B – P, C – Q, D – S (b) A – R, B – P, C – S, D – Q
(c) A – P, B – R, C – S, D – Q (c) A – P, B – S, C – R, D – S
1.23 How many substrings of different lengths (non-zero) can be formed from a
character string of length n?
(a) n (b) n2
(c) 2 n (d) n(n+1)/2
1.24 Which of the following statements is false?
(a) A tree with n nodes has (n – 1) edges.
(b) A labelled rooted binary tree can be uniquely constructed given its post-order
and pre-order traversal results.
(c) A complete binary tree with n internal nodes has (n + 1) leaves.
(d) The maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of height h is (2h+1 – 1).
70. GATE (CSE) 1998, Q.2
The question consists of 20 (Twenty) multiple choice questions, each carrying 2 marks.
The answers to the multiple choice questions MUST be written only in the boxes
corresponding to the questions in the second page of the answer book.
2.11 A complete n-ary tree is one in which every node has 0 or n sons. If x is the
number of internal nodes of a complete n-ary tree, the number of leaves in it is
given by
(a) x(n – 1) + 1 (b) xn – 1
(c) xn + 1 (d) x(n + 1)
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30 GATE Questions

2.12 What value would be the following function return for the input x = 95?
Function fun(x: integer):integer;
begin
if x > 100 then fun:= x – 10
else fun:= fun(fun (x + 11))
end;
(a) 89 (b) 90
(c) 90 (d) 92
2.11 Let A be a two-dimensional array declared as follows:
A: array [1 … 10] [1 … 15] of integer;
Assuming that each integer takes one memory locations the array is stored in row-
major order and the first element of the array is stored at location 100, what is the
address of element A[i][j]?
(a) 15i + j + 84 (b) 15j + i + 84
(c) 10i + j89 (d) 10j + i + 89
71. GATE (CSE) 1998, Q.6(a)
Solve the recurrence relation (2)
xn = 2xn – 1, n>1
x1 = 2
72. GATE (CSE) 1998, Q.17
(a) Let p be a pointer as shown in the figure in a singly linked list. (2)

What do the following assignment statements achieve?

q: = p Æ next
p Æ next: = q Æ next
q Æ next: = (q Æ next) Æ next
(p Æ next) Æ next: = q
(b) Compute the postfix equivalent of the following infix expression. (2)
3 * log (x + 1) – a/2
73. GATE (CSE) 1998, Q.19
Draw the binary tree with the node labels a, b, c, d, e, f and g for which the inorder and
postorder traversals result in the following sequences (5)
Inorder afbcdge
Postorder afcgedb
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GATE Questions 31

74. GATE (CSE) 1999, Q.1

The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 1
mark. For each question, four options are provided, out of which exactly one is correct.
Write only the correct option for each question ONLY in the box provided for the
question in the first sheet of the answer book.
1.12 A sorting technique is called stable if
(A) It takes O(nlog n) time
(B) It maintains the relative order of occurrence of non-distinct elements
(C) It uses divide and conquer paradigm
(D) It takes O(n) space
1.13 Suppose we want to arrange the n numbers stored in an array such that all negative
values occur before all positive ones. Minimum number of exchanges required in
worst case is:
(A) n – 1 (B) n
(C) n + 1 (D) none of the above
1.14 If one uses straight two-ways merge sort algorithm to sort the following elements
in ascending order
20, 47, 15, 8, 9, 4, 40, 30, 12, 17
then the order of these elements after the second pass of the algorithm is:
(A) 8, 9, 15, 20, 47, 4, 12, 17, 30, 40
(B) 8, 15, 20, 47, 4, 9, 30, 40, 12, 17
(C) 15, 20, 47, 4, 8, 9, 12, 30, 40, 17
(D) 4, 8, 9, 15, 20, 47, 12, 17, 30, 40
1.15 The number of articulation points of the following graph is:

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
1.16 If n is a power of 2, then the minimum number of multiplications needed to
compute an is:
(A) log2 n (B) n
(C) n – 1 (D) n
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32 GATE Questions

1.25 Which of the following is correct?

(A) B-trees are for storing data on disk and B+ trees are for main memory
(B) Range queries are faster on B+ trees
(C) B-trees are for primary indexes and B+ trees are for secondary indexes
(D) The height of a B+ tree is independent of the number of records.
75. GATE (CSE) 1999, Q.2
The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 2
marks. For each question, 4 options are provided out of which one or more are correct.
Write ALL the correct options for each question ONLY in the box provided for the
question in the second sheet of the answer book. Credit will be given only if all and only
the correct options are written.
2.20 The minimum number of record movements required to merge five files A (with
10 records), B(with 20 records), C(with 15 records), D(with 5 records) and E(with
25 records) is
(A) 165 (B) 90
(C) 75 (D) 65
2.21 If T1 = O(1), give the correct matching for the following pairs:
(M) Tn = Tn–1 + n (U) Tn = O(n)
(N) Tn = Tn/2 + n (V) Tn = O(nlog n)
(O) Tn = Tn/2 + n log n (W) Tn = O(n2)
(P) Tn = Tn–1 + log n (X) Tn = O(log2 n)
(A) M – W, N – V, O – U, P – X
(B) M – W, N – U, O – V, P – V
(C) M – V, N – W, O – X, P – U
(D) M – W, N – U, O – V, P – X
2.20 Consider the following C function definition
int Trial(int a, int b, int c)
{
if((a >= b) && (c < b)) return b;
else if (a >= b) return Trial(a, c, b);
else return Trial (b, a, c)
}
The function Trial:
(A) Finds the maximum of a, b and c
(B) Finds the minimum of a, b and c
(C) Finds the middle number of a, b and c
(D) Finds none of the above
76. GATE (CSE) 1999, Q.CS8
Let A be a n × n matrix such that the elements in each row and each column are arranged
in ascending order. Draw a decision tree which finds 1st, 2nd and 3rd smallest elements
in minimum number of comparisons. (5)
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GATE Questions 33

77. GATE (CSE) 1999, Q.CS11

(a) Consider the following algorithm. Assume, procedure A and procedure B take O(1)
and O(1/n) unit of time, respectively. Derive the time complexity of the algorithm
in O-notation. (3)
algorithm what(n)
begin
if n = 1 then call A
else begin
what(n-1)
call B(n)
end
end.

(b) Write a constant time algorithm to insert a node with data D just before the node
with address p of a singly linked list. (2)
78. GATE (CSE) 1999, Q.CS12
(a) In a binary tree, a full node is defined to be a node with 2 children. Use the induction
on the height of the binary tree to prove that the number of full nodes plus one is
equal to the numbers of leaves. (3)
(b) Draw the min-heap that results from insertion of the following elements in order into
an initially empty min-heap: 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, 3, 1. Show the result after the deletion of
the root of this heap. (2)
79. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.1
The question consists of 23 (Twenty three) multiple choice questions, each carrying 1
mark. For each question, four options are provided out of which exactly one is correct.
Write only the correct option for each question ONLY in the box provided for the
question in the first sheet of the answer book.
1.13 The most appropriate matching for the following pairs
(X):Depth-first search 1: heap
(Y):Breadth-first search 2: queue
(Z): Sorting 3: stack
(A) X – 1, Y – 2, Z – 3
(B) X – 3, Y – 1, Z – 2
(C) X – 3, Y – 2, Z – 1
(D) X – 2, Y – 3, Z – 1
1.14 Consider the following nested representation of binary trees: (X Y Z) indicates Y
Z are the left and right subtrees, respectively, of node X. Note that Y and Z may
be NULL, or further nested. Which of the following represents a valid binary tree?
(A) (1 2 (4 5 6 7))
(B) (1 ( ( 2 3 4) 5 6) 7)
(C) (1 (2 3 4) (5 6 7))
(D) (1 (2 3 NULL) (4 5))
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34 GATE Questions

1.15 Let s be a sorted array of n integers. Let t(n) denote the time taken for the most
efficient algorithm to determine if there are two elements with sum less than 1000
in s. Which of the following statements is true?
(A) T(n) is O(1)
(B) n £ t(n) £ n log2 n
Ê nˆ
(C) n log2 n £ t(n) < Á ˜
Ë 2¯
Ê nˆ
(D) t(n) = Á ˜
Ë 2¯
80. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.2
The question consists of 26 (Twenty six) multiple choice questions, each carrying 2
marks. For each question, 4 options are provided out of which only one is correct. Write
the correct options for each question ONLY in the box provided for the question in the
second sheet of the answer book.
2.15 Suppose you are given an array s[1 .. n] and a procedure reverse(s, i, j) which
reverses the order of elements in s between positions i and j (both inclusive). What
does the following sequence do, where 1 £ k < n
reverse(s, 1, k);
reverse(s, k+1, n);
reverse(s, 1, n);
(A) Rotates s left by k positions
(B) Leaves s unchanged
(C) Reverses all elements of s
(D) None of the above
2.16 Let LASTPOST, LASTIN and LASTPRE denotes the last vertex visited in a
postorder, inorder and preorder traversal respectively, of a completely binary tree.
Which of the following is always true?
(A) LASTIN = LASTPOST
(B) LASTIN = LASTPRE
(C) LASTPRE = LASTPOST
(D) None of the above
2.17 Consider the following functions
n
f(n) = 3n

g(n) = 2 n log2 n
h(n) = n!
Which of the following is always true?
(A) h(n) is O(f(n))
(B) h(n) is O(g(n))
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GATE Questions 35

(C) g(n) is not O(f(n))

(D) f(n) is O(g(n))
2.18 Let G be an undirected graph with distinct edge weights. Let emax be the edge with
maximum weight and emin the edge with minimum weight.
Which of the following is false?
(A) Every minimum spanning tree of G must contain emin
(B) If emax is an minimum spanning tree, then its removal must disconnect G
(C) No minimum spanning tree contains emax
(D) G has a unique minimum spanning tree
2.19 Let G be an undirected graph. Consider a depth first traversal G, and let T be the
resulting depth first search tree. Let u be a vertex in G and v be the first new
(unvisited) vertex visited after visiting u in the traversal. Which of the following
is always true?
(A) {u, v} must be an edge in G, and u is descendent of v in T
(B) {u,v} must be an edge in G, and v is descendent of u in T
(C) If {u,v} is not an edge in G, then u is leaf in T
(D) If {u,v} is not an edge in G, then u and v must have the same parent in T
81. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.CS13
Suppose a stack implementation supports, in addition to PUSH and POP, an operation
REVERSE, which reverses the order of the elements on the stack.
(a) To implement a queue using the above stack implementation, show how to
implement ENQUEUE using a single operation and DEQUEUE using a sequence of
3 operations (2)
(b) The following postfix expression, containing single digit operands and arithmetic
operators + and *, is evaluated using a stack.
52*34+52**+
Show the contents of the stack
(i) After evaluating 5 2 * 3 4 +
(ii) After evaluating 5 2 * 3 4 + 5 2
(iii) At the end of evaluation (3)
82. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.CS15
Suppose you are given arrays p[1 … N] and q[1 … N] both uninitialized (that is, each
location may contain an arbitrary value), and a variable count, initialized to 0. Consider
the following procedure set and iset.
set (i)
{count = count +1;
q[count] = i
;p[i] = count;
}
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36 GATE Questions

iset (i) {
if (p[i] £ 0 or p[i] >count)
return false;
if (q[p[i]] π i)
return false;
return true;
}

(a) Suppose we make the following sequence of calls:

set(7); set(3); set(9);
After the sequence of calls, what is the value of count, and what do q[1], q[2], q[3],
p[7], p[3], and p[9] contain? (3)
(b) Complete the following statement “the first count elements of ________ contain
values I such that set (__________) has been called” (1)
(c) Show that if set(i) has not been called for some i, then regardless of what p[i]
contains, iset(i) will return false. (1)
83. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.CS16
A recursive program to compute Fibonacci numbers is shown below. Assume you are
also given an array f[0 … M] with all elements initialized to 0.
fib (n) {
if (n > M) error ();
if (n= =0) return 1;
if (n= =1) return 1;
if ( (1)
return (2)
t = fib(n – 1) + fib (n – 2);
(3)
return t;
}

(a) Fill in the boxes with expressions/statements to make fib() store and reuse computed
Fibonacci values. Write the box number and the corresponding contents in your
answer book. (3)
(b) What is the time complexity of the resulting program when computing fib(n)? (2)
84. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.CS17
An array contains four occurrences of 0, five occurrences of 1 and three occurrences of
2 in any order. The array is to be stored using swap operations (elements that are
swapped need not be adjacent).
(a) What is the minimum number of swaps needed to sort such an array in the worst
case? (2)
(b) Give an ordering of elements in the above array so that the minimum number of
swaps needed to sort the array is the maximum. (3)
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GATE Questions 37

85. GATE (CSE) 2000, Q.CS21

(a) Suppose you are given an empty B+ - tree where each node (leaf and internal) can
stored up to 5 key values. Suppose values 1, 2, …, 10 are inserted, in order into the
tree. Show the tree pictorially (1)
(i) after 6 insertions, and
(ii) after all 10 insertions
Do not show the intermediate stages.
(b) Suppose instead of splitting a node when it is full, we try to move a value to the left
sibling. If there is no left sibling, or the left sibling is full, we split the node. Show
the tree after values 1, 2, …, 9 have been inserted. Assume, as in (a), that each node
can hold up to 5 keys. (2)
+
(c) In general, suppose a B - tree node can hold a maximum of m keys, and you insert
a long sequence of keys in increasing order. Then what approximately is the average
number of keys in each leaf level node (2)
(i) in the normal case, and
(ii) with insertion as in (b).
86. GATE (CSE) 2001, Q.CS1
The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 1
mark. For each question, four options are provided out of which exactly one is correct.
Answer each sub-question by darkening the bubble on the ORS using soft HB pencil.
Do not use ORS for rough work. You may like to use the answer book for any rough
work if needed.
1.14 Randomized quick sort is an extension of quick sort where the pivot is chosen
randomly. What is the worst-case complexity of sorting n numbers using
randomized quick sort?
(A) O(n) (B) O(n log n)
(C) O(n2) (D) O(n!)
1.15 Consider an array representation of an n element binary heap where the elements
are stored from index 1 to n of the array. For the element stored at index i of the
array (i £ n), the index of the parent is
(A) i – 1 (B) Îi/2˚
(C) Èi/2˘ (D) (i+1)/2
1.16 Let f(n) = n2 log n and g(n) = n(log)10 be without positive functions of n. Which
of the following statements is correct?
(A) f(n) = O(g(n)) and g(n) π O(f(n))
(B) g(n) = O(f(n)) and f(n) π O(g(n))
(C) f(n) π O(g(n)) and g(n) π O(f(n))
(D) f(n) = O(g(n)) and g(n) = O(f(n))
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38 GATE Questions

87. GATE (CSE) 2001, Q.CS2

The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 2
marks. For each question, four options are provided out of which exactly one is correct.
Answer each sub-question by darkening the bubble on the ORS using soft HB pencil.
Do not use ORS for rough work. You may like to use the answer book for any rough
work if needed.
2.14 Consider an undirected unweighted graph G. Let a breadth-first traversal of G be
done starting from a node r. Let d(r, u) and d(r, v) be the lengths of the shortest
paths from r to u and v respectively in G. If u is visited before v during the
breadth-first traversal, which of the following is correct?
(A) d(r, u) < d(r, v) (B) d(r, u) > d(r, v)
(C) d(r, u) £ d(r, v) (D) None of the above
2.15 How many undirected graphs (not necessarily connected) can be constructed out
of a given set And = {v1, v2, …, vn} of n vertices?
(A) n(n – 1)/2 (B) 2n
(C) n! (D) 2n(n – 1)/2
2.16 What is the minimum number of stacks of size n required to implement a queue
of size n?
(A) One (B) Two
(C) Three (D) Four
88. GATE (CSE) 2001, Q.CS14
(a) Insert the following keys one by one into a binary search tree in order specified.
(2)
15, 32, 20, 9, 3, 25, 12, 1
Show the final binary search tree after insertions.
(b) Draw the binary search tree after deleting 15 from it. (1)
(c) Complete the statements S1, S2 and S3 in the following function so that the function
computes the depth of a binary tree rooted at t. (2)
typedef struct tnode {
int key;
struct tnode *left, *right;
} *Tree;
int depth (Tree t)
{
int x,y;
if (t = = NULL) return 0;
x = depth(t Æleft);
S1: ________________;
S2: if(x > y) return __________;
S3: else return __________;
}
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GATE Questions 39

89. GATE (CSE) 2001, Q.CS15

Consider a weighted undirected graph with vertex set And = {n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6} and
edge set E = {(n1, n2, 2), (n1, n3, 8), (n1, n6, 3), (n2, n4, 4), (n2, n5, 12), (n3, n4, 7),
(n4, n5, 9), (n4, n6, 4)}. The third value in each tuple represents the weight of the edge
specified in the tuple.
(a) Lists the edges of a minimum spanning tree of the graph. (2)
(b) How many distinct minimum spanning tree does this graph have? (1)
(c) Is the minimum among the edge weights of a minimum spanning tree unique over
all possible minimum spanning trees of a graph? (1)
(d) Is the maximum among the edge weights of a minimum spanning tree unique over
all possible minimum spanning trees of a graph? (1)
90. GATE (CSE) 2001, Q.CS22
We wish to construct a B+ tree with fan-out (the number of pointers per node) equal to
3 for the following set of key values:
80, 50, 10, 70, 30, 100, 90
Assume that the tree is initially empty and the values are added in the order given
(a) Show the tree after insertion of 10, after insertion of 30, and after insertion of 90.
Intermediate trees need not be shown. (3)
(b) The key values 30 and 10 are now deleted from the tree in that order. Show the tree
after each deletion. (2)
91. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS1
The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 1
mark. For each question, four options are provided. Choose the most appropriate
alternative and darken its bubble ORS using soft HB pencil. Do not darken more than
one bubble. Do not use ORS for rough work. You may like to use the answer book for
any rough work if needed.
1.3 The solution of the recurrence equation T(2k) = 3T(2k – 1) +1, T(1) = 1 is
(A) 2k (B) (3k+1 – 1)/2
(C) 3 log 2 k (D) 2 log3 k
1.4 The minimum number of colours required to colour the vertices of a cycle with
n nodes in such a way that no two adjacent nodes have the same colour is:
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) n – 2 În/2˚ + 2
1.5 In the worst case, the number of comparisons needed to search a singly linked list
of length n for a given element is
(A) log2 n (B) n/2
(C) log2 n – 1 (D) n
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40 GATE Questions

1.25 The maximum number of edges in a n-node undirected graph without self
loops is
(A) n2 (B) n(n – 1)/2
(C) n – 1 (D) (n+1)(n)/2
92. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS2
The question consists of 25 (Twenty five) multiple choice questions, each carrying 2
marks. For each question, four options are provided out of which exactly one is correct.
Answer each sub-question by darkening the bubble on the ORS using soft HB pencil.
Do not darken more than one bubble. Do not use ORS for rough work. You may like
to use the answer book for any rough work if needed.
2.8 Consider the following declaration of a two-dimensional array in C:
Char a[100][100];
Assuming that the main memory is byte addressable and that the array is stored
starting from address 0, the address of a[40][50] is
(A) 4040 (B) 4050
(C) 5040 (D) 5050
2.9 The number of leaf nodes in a rooted tree of n nodes, with each node having 0
or 3 children is:
(A) n/2 (B) (n – 1)/3
(C) (n – 1)/2 (D) (2n + 1)/3
2.10 Consider the following algorithm for searching a given number x in an unsorted
array A[1...n] having n distinct values:
1. Choose an i uniformly at random from 1 ... n;
2. If A[i] = x then Stop else Goto 1;
Assuming that x is present in A, what is the expected number of comparisons
made by the algorithm before it terminates?
(A) n (B) n – 1
(C) 2n (D) n/2
2.11 The running time of the following algorithm
Procedure A(n)

( ( ))
If n <= 2 return(1) else return A È n ˘ ;
Í ˙
is best described by
(A) O(n) (B) O(log n)
(C) O(log log n) (D) O(1)
2.12 A weight balanced tree is a binary tree in which for each node, the number of
nodes in the left sub-tree is at least half and at most twice the number of nodes
in the right sub-tree. The maximum possible height (number of nodes on the path
from the root to the furthest leaf) of such a tree on n nodes is best described by
which of the following:
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GATE Questions 41

(A) log2n (B) log4/3 n

(C) log3n (D) log3/2 n
+
2.23 A B -tree index is to be built on the Name attribute of the relation STUDENT.
Assuming that all student names are of length 8 bytes, disk blocks are of size 512
bytes, and index pointers are of size 4 bytes. Given this scenario, what would be
the best choice of the degree (i.e. the number of pointers per node) of the B+ -tree?
(A) 16 (B) 42
(C) 43 (D) 44
93. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS6
Draw all binary trees having exactly three nodes labelled A, B, and C on which preorder
traversal gives the sequence C, B, A. (5)
94. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS11
The following recursive function in C is a solution to the towers of Hanoi problem.
(5)
Void move(int n, char A, char B, char C)
{
if(...............) {
move(...............);
printf(“Move disk %d from pole %c to pole %c\n”, n , A, C);
move(...............);
}
}
Fill in the dotted parts of the solution.
95. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS12
Fill in the blanks in the following template of an algorithm to compute all pairs of
shortest path lengths in a directed graph G with n*n adjacency matrix A. A[i, j] equals
1 if there is an edge in G from i to j, and 0 otherwise.
INITIALIZATION: For I = 1 … n
{For j = 1 … n
{If A[i,j] = 0 then P[i, j] = ________ else P[i,j] = _______;}
}
ALGORITHM: For i = 1 ... n
{ For j = 1 … n
{ For k = 1 … n
{P[ _, _ ] = min{ ____________};}
}
}
(a) Copy the complete line containing the blanks in the Initialization step and fill in the
blanks. (1)
(b) Copy the complete line containing the blanks in the Initialization step and fill in the
blanks. (3)
(c) Fill in the blank: The running time of the algorithm is O( _____ ) (1)
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42 GATE Questions

96. GATE (CSE) 2002, Q.CS17

(a) The following table refers to search times for a key in B-trees and B+-trees.

B-tree B+-tree
Successful Unsuccessful Successful Unsuccessful
Search Search Search Search

X1 X2 X3 X4

A successful search means that the key exists in the database and unsuccessful
means that it is not present in the database. Each of the entries X1, X2, X3, and X4
can have a value of either constant or variable: Constant means that the search time
is the same, independent of the specific key value, whereas variable means that it
is depend on the specific key value chosen for the search
Give the correct values for the entries X1, X2, X3, and X4 (for example, X1 =
Constant, X2 = Constant, X3 = Constant, X4 = Constant).

[GATE questions of 2003 and onwards are of MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION types.
Q.1 – Q.30/25/20 each carrying one mark and the rest carrying two marks. Negative
marking 25%]

97. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.4

Let A be a sequence of 8 distinct integers sorted in ascending order. How many distinct
pairs of sequences, B and are there such that (i) each is sorted in ascending order, (ii)
B has 5 and C has 3 elements, and (iii) the result of merging B and C gives A?
(A) 2 (B) 30
(C) 56 (D) 256
98. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.6
Let A T(n) be the number of different binary search trees on n distinct elements. Then
n
T(n) = Â T (k - 1) T ( x ), where x is
k =1

(A) n – k + 1 (B) n – k
(C) n – k – 1 (D) n – k – 1
99. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.8
Let G be an arbitrary graph with n nodes and k components. If a vertex is removed from
G, the number of components in the resultant graph must necessarily lie between
(A) k and n (B) k – 1 and k + 1
(C) k – 1 and n – 1 (D) k + 1 and n – k
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GATE Questions 43

100. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.19

Suppose the numbers 7, 5, 1, 8, 3, 6, 0, 9, 4, 2 are inserted in that order into an initially
empty binary search tree. The binary search tree uses the usual ordering on natural
numbers. What is the inorder traversal sequence of the resultant tree?
(A) 7 5 1 0 3 2 4 6 8 9 (B) 0 2 4 3 1 6 5 9 8 7
(C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (D) 9 8 6 4 2 3 0 1 5 7
101. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.20
Consider the following three claims
I (n+k)m = Q(nm), where k and m are constants
II 2n+1 = O(2n)
III 22n = O(2n)
Which of these claims are correct?
(A) I and II (B) I and III
(C) II and III (D) I, II and III
102. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.21
Consider the following graph

Among the following sequences

I abeghf II a b f e h g
III a b f h g e IV a f g h b e
which are the depth-first traversals of the above graph?
(A) I, II and IV only (B) I and IV only
(C) II, III and IV only (D) I, III and IV only
103. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.22
The usual implementation of insertion sort to sort an array uses linear search to identify
the position where an element is to be inserted into already sorted part of the array. If,
instead, we use binary search to find the position, the worst-case running time will
(A) remain Q(n2) (B) become Q(n (log n)2)
(C) become Q(n log n) (D) become Q(n)
104. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.23
In heap with n elements with the smallest element at the root, the 7th smallest element
can be found in time
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44 GATE Questions

(A) Q(n log n) (B) Q(n)

(C) Q(log n) (D) Q(1)
105. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.35
Consider the following recurrence relation
T(1) = 1
T(n+1) = T(n) + ÍÎ n + 1 ˙˚ for all n ≥ 1

The value of T(m2) for m ≥ 1 is

m
(A) (21m - 39) + 4
6
m
(B) (4 m 2 - 3m + 5)
6
m
(C) (3m 2.5 - 11m + 20) - 5
2
m 5
(D) (5m 5 - 34 m 2 + 137m - 104) +
6 6
106. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.36
How many perfect matchings are there in a complete graph of 6 vertices?
(A) 15 (B) 24
(C) 24 (D) 60
Note: The following information pertains to Q.61 and Q.62.
In a permutation a1 … an of n distinct integers, an inversion is a pair (ai, aj) such that i < j and
ai > aj.
107. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.61
If all permutations are equally likely, what is the expected number of inversions in a
randomly chosen permutation of 1 … n?
(A) n(n – 1)/2 (B) n(n – 1)/4
(C) n(n + 1)/4 (D) 2n Îlog2 n˚
108. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.62
What would be the worst-case time complexity of insertion sort algorithm, if the inputs
are restricted to permutations of 1 … n with at most n inversions?
(A) Q(n2) (B) Q(n log n)
(C) Q(n1.5) (D) Q(n)
109. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.63
A data structure is required for storing a set of integers such that each of the following
operations can be done in O(log n) time, where n is the number of elements in the
set.
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GATE Questions 45

I Deletion of the smallest element

II Insertion of an element if it is not already present
Which of the following data structure can be used for this purpose?
(A) A heap can be used but not a balance binary search tree
(B) A balance binary search tree can be used but not a heap
(C) Both balance binary search tree and heap can be used
(D) Neither balance binary search tree nor heap can be used
110. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.64
Let S be a stack of size n ≥ 1. Starting with the empty stack, suppose we Push the first
n natural numbers in sequence, and then perform n Pop operations. Assume that Push
and POP operations take X seconds each, and Y seconds elapse between the end of one
such stack operation and the start of the next operation. For m ≥ 1, define the stack-life
of m as the time elapsed from the end of Push(m) to the start of the Pop operation that
removes m from S. The average stack-life of an element of this stack is
(A) n(X + Y) (B) 3Y + 2X
(C) N(X + Y) – X (D) Y + 2X
111. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.65
Consider the following 2 – 3 – 4 tree (i.e. B-tree with a minimum degree of two) in
which each data item is a letter. The usual alphabetical ordering of letters is used in
constructing the tree.

What is the result of inserting G in the above tree?

(A) (B)

(C) (D) None of the above

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46 GATE Questions

112. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.66

The cube root of a natural number n is defined as the largest natural number such that
m3 £ n. The complexity of computing the cube root of n (n is represented in binary
notation) is
(A) O(n) but not O(n0.5)
(B) O(n0.5) but not O(log n)k) for any constant k > 0
(C) O(log n)k) for some constant k > 0, but not O(log log n)m) for any constant m>0
(D) O(log log n)k) for some constant k > 0.5, but not O(log log n)0.5)
113. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.67
Let G = (V, E) be an undirected graph with a subgraph G1 = (V1, E1). Weights are
assigned to edges of G as follows.
A single-source shortest path algorithm is executed on the weighted graph (V, E, what)
with an arbitrary vertex v1 of V1 as the source. Which of the following can always be
inferred from the path costs computed?
(A) The number of edges in the shortest paths from v1 to all vertices of G
(B) G1 is connected
(C) V1 forms a clique in G
(D) G1 is a tree
114. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.68
What is the weight of a minimum spanning tree of the following graph?

(A) 29 (B) 31
(C) 38 (D) 41
115. GATE (CSE) 2003, Q.69
Let G = (V, E) be a directed graph with n vertices. Path from vi to vj in G is a sequence
of vertices (vi, vi+1, … vj) such that (vk, vk+1) Œ E for all k in I through j – 1. A simple
path is the path in which no vertex appears more than once.
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GATE Questions 47

Let A be an n × n array initialized as follows.

A[j, k] = 1 if (j, k) ΠE
0 otherwise
Consider the following algorithm.
for i = 1 to n
for j = 1 to n
for k = 1 to n
A[j, k] = max(A[j, k], A[j, i] + A[i, k]);
Which of the following statements is necessarily true for all j and k after termination of
the above algorithm?
(A) A[j, k] £ n
(B) If A[j, j] ≥ n–1, then G has a Hamiltonian cycle
(C) If there exists a path from j to k, A[j, k] contains the longest path length from j to k
(D) If there exists a path from j to k, every simple path from j to k contains at most
A[j, k] edges.
116. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.3
A single array A[1 .. MAXSIZE] is used to implement two stacks. The two stacks grow
from opposite ends of the array. Variables top1 and top2 (top1 < top2) point to the
location of the topmost element in each of the stacks. If the space is to be used
efficiently, the condition for ‘stack full’ is
(a) (top1 = MAXSIZE/2) and (top2 = MAXSIZE/2 + 1)
(b) top1 + top2 = MAXSIZE
(c) (top1 = MAXSIZE/2) or (top2 = MAXSIZE)
(d) top1 = top2 – 1
117. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.4
The following numbers are inserted into an empty binary search tree in the given order:
10, 1, 3, 15, 12, 16. What is the height of the binary search tree (the height is the
maximum distance of a leaf node from the root)?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6
118. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.5
The best data structure to check whether an arithmetic expression has balanced
parenthesis is a
(A) Queue (B) Stack
(C) Tree (D) List
119. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.6
Level order traversal of a rooted tree can be done by starting the root and performing
(A) Preorder traversal (B) Inorder traversal
(C) Depth-first search (D) Breadth-first search
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48 GATE Questions

120. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.7

Given the following input (4322, 1334, 1471, 9679, 1989, 6171, 6173, 4199) and the
hash function x mod 10, which of the following statements are true?
(i) 9679, 1989, 4199 hash to the same value
(ii) 1471, 6171 hash to the same value
(iii) All elements hash to the same value
(iv) Each elements hash to different value
(A) (i) only (B) (ii) only
(C) (i) and (ii) only (D) (iii) or (iv)
121. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.29
The tightest lower bound on the number of comparisons, in the worst case, for
comparison-based sorting is of the order of
(A) n (B) n2
(C) n log n (D) n log2 n
122. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.35
Consider the label sequences obtained by the following pairs of traversals on a labelled
binary tree. Which of these pairs identify a tree uniquely?
(i) Preorder and postorder
(ii) Inorder and postorder
(iii) Preorder and inorder
(iv) Level order and postorder
(A) (i) only (B) (i), (iii)
(C) (iii) only (D) (iv) only
123. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.36
A circularly linked list is used to represent a queue. A single variable p is used to access
the queue. To which node should p point such that both the operations enQueue and
deQueue can be performed in constant time?

(A) Rear node (B) Front node

(C) Not possible with a single pointer (D) Node next to front
124. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.37
The elements 32, 15, 20, 30, 12, 25, 16 are inserted one by one in the given order into
a max heap. The resultant max heap is
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GATE Questions 49

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

125. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.38

Assume that the operators +, –, × are left associative and ^ is right associative. The order
of precedence (from highest to lowest) is ^, ×, +, –. The postfix expression
corresponding to the infix expression a+b×c-d^e^f is
(A) abc×+def ^ ^ – (B) abc×+de ^ f ^ –
(C) ab+c×d–e ^f ^ (D) – +a×bc ^ ^ def
126. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.39
Two matrices M1 and M2 are to be stored in arrays A and B respectively. Each array can
be stored either in row-major or column-major order in contiguous memory locations.
The time complexity of an algorithm to compute M1 × M2 will be:
(A) Best if A is in row-major, and B is in column-major order
(B) Best if both are in row-major order
(C) Best if both are in column-major order
(D) Independent of the storage scheme
127. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.40
Suppose each set is represented as a linked list with elements in arbitrary order. Which
of the operations among union, intersection, membership, and cardinality will be the
slowest?
(A) union only (B) intersection, membership
(C) membership, cardinality (D) union, intersection
128. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.42
What does the following algorithm approximate? (Assume m > 1, Π> 0).
x = m;
y = 1;
while (x – y > Œ)
{ x = (x + y) / 2;
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50 GATE Questions

y = m / x
}
print (x);
(A) log m (B) m2
(C) m1/2 (D) m1/3
129. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.43
Consider the following C program segment:
struct CellNode{
struct CellNode *leftChild;
int element;
struct CellNode *rightChild;
};
int Dosomething(struct CellNode *ptr)
{
int value = 0;
if(ptr != NULL)
{ if(ptr -> leftChild != NULL)
value = 1 + DoSomething (ptr -> leftChild);
if(ptr -> rightChild != NULL)
value = max(value, 1 + DoSomething (ptr -> rightChild);
}
}
The value returned by the function DoSomething when a pointer to the root of a non-
empty tree is passed as argument is:
(A) The number of leaf nodes in the tree
(B) The number of nodes in the tree
(C) The number of internal nodes in the tree
(D) The height of the tree
130. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.44
Suppose we run Dijkstra’s single source shortest path algorithm on the following edge-
weighted directed graph with vertex P as the source.
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GATE Questions 51

In what order do the nodes get included into the set of vertices for which the shortest
path distances are finalized?
(A) P, Q, R, S, T, U (B) P, Q, R, U, S, T
(C) P, Q, R, U, T, S (D) P, Q, T, R, U, S
131. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.52
The order of an internal node in a B+ tree index is the maximum number of children it
can have. Suppose that a child pointer takes 6 bytes, the search field takes 14 bytes, and
the block size is 512 bytes. What is the order of the internal node?
(A) 24 (B) 25
(C) 26 (D) 27
132. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.77
The minimum number of colours required to colour the following graph, such that no
two adjacent vertices are assigned the same colour, is

(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
133. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.78
Two n bit binary strings S1 and S2, are chosen randomly with uniform probability. The
probability that the hamming distance between these strings (the number of positions
where the two strings differ) is equal to d is
n n
Cd Cd
(A) (B)
2 n
2d
d 1
(C) n (D)
2 2d
134. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.79
How many graphs on n-labelled vertices exist which have at least (n2 – 3n)/2) edges?
( n^2-3n) / 2
(A) (n^2–n)/2C
(n^2–3n)/2 (B) Â ( n^2-n )
Ck
k =0

n
(C) (n^2–n)/2C
n (D) Â ( n^2-n) / 2
Ck
k =0
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52 GATE Questions

135. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.81

Let G1 = (V, E1) and G2 = (V, E2) be connected graphs on the same vertex set V with
more than two vertices. If G1 « G2 = (V, E1 « E2) is not a connected graph, then the
graph G1 » G2 = (V, E1 » E2)
(A) cannot have a cut vertex
(B) must have a cycle
(C) must have a cut-edge (bridge)
(D) has chromatic number strictly greater than those of G1 and G2
136. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.82
Let A[1 … n] be an array storing a bit (1 0r 0) at each location, and f(m) is a function
whose time complexity is Q(m). Consider the following program fragment written in a
C like language:
counter = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{ if (A[i] == 1) counter++;
else { f(counter); counter = 0;}
}
The complexity of this program fragment is
(A) W(n2) (B) W(n log n) and O(n2)
(C) Q(n) (D) O(n)
137. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.83
The time complexity of the following C function is (assume n > 0):
int recursive (int n) {
if (n = = 1)
return (1);
else { f(counter); counter = 0;}
return (recursive (n – 1) + recursive (n – 1));
}

The complexity of this program fragment is

(A) O(n) (B) O(n log n)
(C) O(n2) (D) O(2n)
138. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.84
The recurrence equation
T(1) = 1
T(n) = 2T(n – 1) + n, n ≥ 2
evaluates to
(A) 2n+1 – n – 2 (B) 2n – n
(C) 2n+1 – 2n – 2 (D) 2n + n
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GATE Questions 53

139. GATE (CSE) 2004, Q.85

A program takes as input a balance binary search tree with n leaf nodes and computes
the value of a function g(x) for each node x. If the cost of computing g(x) is minimum
{no. of leaf nodes in left-subtree of x, no. of leaf-nodes in right-subtree of x}, then the
worst-time case complexity of the program is
(A) Q(n) (B) Q(n log n)
(C) Q(n )
2 (D) Q(n2 log n)
140. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.5
What is the number of edges in an acyclic undirected graph with n vertices?
(A) n – 1 (B) n
(C) n + 1 (D) 2n – 2
141. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.13
Let P be a singly linked list. Let Q be the pointer to an intermediate node x in the list.
What is the worst-case time complexity of the best-known algorithm to delete the node
x from the list?
(A) O(n) (B) O(log2 n)
(C) O(log n) (D) O(1)
142. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.37
What is the number of vertices in an undirected connected graph with 27 edges, 6
vertices of degree 2, 3 vertices of degree 4 and remaining of degree 3?
(A) 10 (B) 11
(C) 18 (D) 19
143. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.52
A program attempts to generate as many permutations as possible of the string ‘abcd’
by pushing the characters a, b, c, d in the same order onto a stack, but it may pop off
the top character at any time. Which one of the following strings CANNOT be generated
using this program?
(A) abcd (B) dcba
(C) cbad (D) cabd
144. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.53
An array of integers of size n can be converted into a heap by adjusting the heaps
rooted at each internal node of the complete binary tree starting at the node
Î(n – 1)/2˚, and doing this adjustment up to the root node (root node is at index 0)
in the order Î(n – 1)/2˚, Î(n – 3)/2˚, …, 0. The time required to construct a heap in
this manner is
(A) O(log n) (B) O(n)
(C) O(n log log n) (D) O(n log n)
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54 GATE Questions

145. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.54

Which of the following binary trees has its inorder and preorder traversals as BCAD and
ABCD, respectively?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

146. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.55

Let f(n), g(n) and h(n) be functions defined for positive integers such that f(n) = O(g(n)),
g(n) π O(f(n)), g(n) = O(h(n)) and h(n) = O(g(n)). Which one of the following statements
is FALSE?
(A) f(n) = O(g(n) + h(n)) (B) f(n) = O(h(n))
(C) h(n) π O(f(n)) (D) f(n)h(n) π O(g(n)h(n)
147. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.56
Consider the undirected graph below.

Using Prim’s algorithm to construct a minimum spanning tree starting with node A,
which one of the following sequences of edges represents a possible order in which the
edges would be added to construct the minimum spanning tree?
(A) (E, G), (C, F), (F, G), (A, D), (A, B), (A, C)
(B) (A, D), (A, B), (A, C), (C, F), (G, E), (F, G)
(C) (A, B), (A, D), (D, F), (F, G), (G, E), (F, C)
(D) (A, D), (A, B), (D, F), (F, C), (F, G), (G, E)
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GATE Questions 55

148. GATE (IT) 2004, Q.57

Consider a list of recursive algorithms and a list of recurrence relations as shown below.
Each recurrence relation corresponds to exactly one algorithm and is used to derive the
time complexity of the algorithm.
P. Binary search I. T(n) = T(n–k) + T(k) + cn
Q. Merge sort II. T(n) = 2T(n–1) + 1
R. Quick sort III. T(n) = T(n/2) + cn
S. Tower of Hanoi IV. T(n) = T(n/2) + 1
(A) P – II, Q – III, R – IV, S – I (B) P – IV, Q – III, R – I, S – II
(C) P – III, Q – II, R – IV, S – I (D) P – IV, Q – II, R – I, S – III
149. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.2
An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is:
(A) Same as the abstract class
(B) A data type that cannot be instantiated
(C) A data type for which only the operations defined on it can be used, but none else
(D) All of the above
150. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.5
A program P reads in 500 integers in the range [0, 100] representing the scores of 500
students. It then prints the frequency of each score above 50. What would be the best
way for P to store the frequencies?
(A) An array of 50 numbers
(B) An array of 100 numbers
(C) An array of 500 numbers
(D) A dynamically allocated array of 550 numbers
151. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.6
An undirected graph G has n nodes. Its adjacency matrix is given by an n × n square
matrix whose (i) diagonal elements are 0s and (ii) non-diagonal elements are 1s. Which
one of the following is TRUE?
(A) Graph G has no minimum spanning tree (MST)
(B) Graph G has a unique MST of cost n – 1
(C) Graph G has multiple distinct MSTs, each of cost n – 1
(D) Graph G has multiple minimum spanning trees of different costs.
152. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.7
The time complexity of computing the transitive closure of a binary relation on a set of
n elements is known to be:
(A) O(n) (B) O(n log n)
3/2
(C) O(n ) (D) O(n3)
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56 GATE Questions

153. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.11

Let G be a simple connected graph with 13 vertices and 19 edges. Then, the number of
faces in the planar embedding of the graph is:
(A) 6 (B) 8
(C) 9 (D) 13
154. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.33
In postorder traversal of a given binary search tree, T produces the following sequence
of keys
10, 9, 23, 22, 27, 25, 15, 50, 95, 60, 40, 29
Which one of the following sequences of keys can be the result of an inorder traversal
of tree T?
(A) 9, 10, 15, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 40, 50, 60, 95
(B) 9, 10, 15, 22, 40, 50, 60, 95, 23, 25, 27, 29
(C) 29, 15, 9, 10, 25, 22, 23, 27, 40, 60, 50, 95
(D) 95, 50, 60, 40, 27, 23, 22, 25, 10, 9, 15, 29
155. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.34
A Priority-Queue is implemented as a Max-Heap. Initially, it has 5 elements. The level-
order traversal of the heap is given below:
10, 8, 5, 3, 2
Two new elements ‘1’ and ‘7’ are inserted in the heap in that order. The level-order
traversal of the heap after the insertion of the elements is:
(A) 10, 8, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1 (B) 10, 8, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5
(C) 10, 8, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5 (D) 10, 8, 7, 3, 2, 1, 5
156. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.35
How many distinct binary search trees can be created out of 4 distinct keys?
(A) 5 (B) 14
(C) 24 (D) 42
157. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.36
In a complete k-ary tree, every internal node has exactly k children. The number of
leaves in such a tree with n internal nodes is:
(A) nk (B) (n–1)k + 1
(C) n(k – 1) + 1 (D) n(k – 1)
158. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.37
Suppose T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n, T(0) = T(1) = 1
Which of the following is FALSE?
(A) T(n) = O(n2) (B) T(n) = Q(n log n)
(C) T(n) = W(n2) (D) T(n) = O(n log n)
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GATE Questions 57

159. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.38

Let G(V, E) be an undirected graph with positive edge weights. Dijkstra’s single source
shortest path algorithm can be implemented using heap data structure with time
complexity:
(A) O(| V |2) (B) O(| E | + | V | log | V |)
(C) O(| V | log | V |) (D) O((| E | +| V |) log | V |)
160. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.39

Í n ˙
Suppose there are Èlog n˘ sorted lists of Í ˙ elements each. The time complexity of
Î log n ˚
producing a sorted list of all these elements is: (Hint: Use a heap data structure)
(A) O(n log log n) (B) Q(n log n)
(C) W(n log n) (D) W(n3/2)
161. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.81
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 81a & 81b:
Consider the following C function:
double foo (int n) {
int i;
double sum;

if (n = = 0) return 1.0;
else {
sum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; I < n; i++)
sum += foo(i);
return sum;
}
}

Q.81a The space complexity of the above function is:

(A) O(1) (B) O(n)
(C) O(n!) (D) O(nn)
Q.81b Suppose we modify the above function foo() and store the values of foo (i), 0
< = i < n, as and when they are computed. With this modification, the time
complexity for function foo() is significantly reduced. The space complexity of
the modified function would be:
(A) O(1) (B) O(n)
(C) O(n2) (D) O(n!)
162. GATE (CSE) 2005, Q.82
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 82a & 82b:
Let s and t be two vertices in a undirected graph G = (V, E) having distinct positive edge
weights. Let [X, Y] be partition of V such that s ΠX and t ΠY. Consider the edge e
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58 GATE Questions

having the minimum weight amongst all those edges that have one vertex in X and one
vertex in Y.
(a) The edge e must definitely belong to:
(A) The minimum weighted spanning tree of G
(B) The weighted shortest path from s to t
(C) Each path from s to t
(D) The weighted longest path from s to t
(b) Let the weight of an edge e denote the congestion on that edge. The congestion on
a path is defined to be the maximum of the congestions on the edges of the path.
We wish to find the path from s to t having minimum congestion. Which of the
following paths is always such a path of minimum congestion?
(A) A path from s to t in the minimum weighted spanning tree
(B) A weighted shortest path from s to t
(C) An Euler walk from s to t
(D) A Hamiltonian path from s to t
163. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.12
The numbers 1, 2, …, n are inserted in a binary search tree in some order. In the resulting
tree, the right subtree of the root contains p nodes. The first number to be inserted in the
tree must be
(A) 134 (B) 133
(C) 124 (D) 123
164. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.13
A function f defined on stacks of integers satisfies the following properties.
f(f) = 0 and
f(push(S, i) = max(f(S), 0) + i for all stacks S and integers i.
If a stack S contains the integers 2, –3, 2, –1, 2 in order from bottom to top, what is f(S)?
(A) 6 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 2
165. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.14
In depth-first traversal of a graph G with n vertices, k edges are marked as tree edges.
The number of connected components in G is
(A) k (B) k + 1
(C) n – k – 1 (D) n – k
166. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.15
In the following table, the left column contains the names of standard graph algorithms
and the right column contains the time complexities of the algorithms. Match each
algorithm with its time complexity.
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GATE Questions 59

1: Bellman-Ford algorithm A: O(m log n)

2: Kruskal’s algorithm B: O(n3)
3: Floyd-Warshall algorithm C: O(nm)
4: Topological sorting D: O(n + m)

(A) 1 Æ C, 2 Æ A, 3 Æ B, 4 Æ D
(B) 1 Æ B, 2 Æ D, 3 Æ C, 4 Æ A
(C) 1 Æ C, 2 Æ D, 3 Æ A, 4 Æ B
(D) 1 Æ B, 2 Æ A, 3 Æ C, 4 Æ D
167. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.16
A hash table contains 10 buckets and uses linear probing to resolve collisions. The key
values are integers and the hash function used is key % 10. If the values 43, 165, 62,
123, 142 are inserted in the table, in what location would the key value 142 be inserted?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6
168. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.50
In a binary tree, for every node the difference between the number of nodes in the left
and right subtrees is at most 2. If the height of the tree is h . 0, then the minimum number
of nodes in the tree is
(A) 2h–1 (B) 2h–1 + 1
(C) 2h–1 – 1 (D) 2h
169. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.51
Let T(n) be a function defined by the recurrence
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n for n ≥ 2 and
T(1) = 1
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) T(n) = Q(log n) (B) T(n) = Q( n )
(C) T(n) = Q(n) (D) T(n) = Q(n log n)
170. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.52
Let G be a weighted undirected graph and e be an edge with maximum weight in G.
Suppose there is minimum weight spanning tree in G containing edge e. Which of the
following statements is always true?
(A) There exists a cutest in G having all edges of maximum weight.
(B) There exists a cycle in G having all edges of maximum weight.
(C) Edge e can be contained in a cycle.
(D) All edges in G have the same weight.
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60 GATE Questions

171. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.54

The following C function takes a singly linked list of integers as a parameter and
rearranges the elements of the list. The list is represented as pointer to structure. The
function is called with the list containing integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in the given order.
What will be the contents of the list after the function completes?
struct node {int value; struct node *next;};
void rearrange(struct node *list) {
struct node *p, *q;
int temp;
if(!list || !list ’! next) return;
p = list; q = list Æ next;
while(q) {
temp = p Æ value;
p Æ value = q Æ value;
q Æ value = temp;
p = q Æ next;
q = p? p Æ next : 0;
}
}

(A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (B) 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7
(C) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6 (D) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1
174. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.55
A binary search tree contains the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. When the tree is traversed
in preorder and the values in each node printed out, the sequence of values obtained
is 5, 3, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 7. If the tree is traversed in postorder, the sequence obtained would
be
(A) 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 7, 6, 5
(C) 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8, 5 (D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 7, 8, 6, 5
175. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.56
Let G be a directed graph whose vertex set is the set of number from 1 to 100. There
is an edge from a vertex i to a vertex j iff either j = i + 1 or j = 3i. The minimum number
of edges in a path in G from vertex 1 to 100 is:
(A) 4 (B) 7
(C) 23 (D) 99
176. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.58
Let a be an array containing n integers in increasing order. The following algorithm
determines whether there are two distinct numbers in the array whose difference is a
specified number S > 0.
i = 0; j = 1;
while(j < n) {
if (E) j++;
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GATE Questions 61

else if ( a[j] – a[i] = = S) break;

else i++;
}
if (j < n) printf (‘yes’) else printf(‘no’);
Choose the correct expression for E.
(A) a[j] – a[i] > S (B) a[j] – a[i] < S
(C) a[i] – a[j] < S (D) a[i] – a[j] > S
177. GATE (IT) 2005, Q.59
Let a and b be two sorted arrays containing n integers each, in non-decreasing order. Let
c be a sorted array containing 2n integers obtained by merging the two arrays a and b.
Assuming the arrays are indexed starting from 0. Consider the following four statements.
I a[i] ≥ b[i] => c[2i] ≥ a[i]
II a[i] ≥ b[i] => c[2i] ≥ b[i]
III a[i] ≥ b[i] => c[2i] £ a[i]
IV a[i] ≥ b[i] => c[2i] £ a[i]
Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) Only I and II (B) Only I and IV
(C) Only II and III (D) Only III and IV
178. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.10
In a binary max heap containing n numbers, the smallest element can be found in time
(A) Q(n) (B) Q(log n)
(C) Q(log log n) (D) Q(1)
179. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.11
Consider a weighted complete graph G on the vertex set {v1, v2, …, vn} such that the
weight of the edge (vi-, vj) is 2| i – j |. The weight of a minimum spanning tree of G is
(A) n – 1 (B) 2n – 2
Ê nˆ
(C) Á ˜ (D) n2
Ë 2¯

180. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.12

To implement Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm on undirected graphs so that it runs in
linear time, the data structure to be used is
(A) Queue (B) Stack
(C) Heap (D) B–Tree
181. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.13
A scheme for sorting binary trees in an array X is as follows. Indexing of X starts at 1
instead of 0. The root is stored at X[1]. For a node stored at X[i], the left child, if any
is stored in X[2i] and the right child, if any, in X[2i + 1]. To be able to store any binary
tree on n vertices the minimum size of X should be
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62 GATE Questions

(A) log2 n (B) n

(C) 2n + 1 (D) 2n – 1
182. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.14
Which one of the following in place sorting algorithms needs the minimum number of
swaps?
(A) Queue sort (B) Insertion sort
(C) Selection sort (D) Heap sort
183. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.15
Consider the following C-program fragment in which i, j, and n are integer variables.
for (i = n, j = 0; i > 0; i / = 2, j + = i);
Let val( j ) denote the value stored in the variable j after termination of the loop. Which
of the following is true?
(A) val(j) = Q(log n) (B) val(j) = Q( n )
(C) val(j) = Q(n) (D) val(j) = Q(n log n)
184. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.16
Let S be an NP–complete problem and Q and R be two other problems not known to
NP. Q is polynomial–time reducible to S and S is polynomial–time reducible to R.
Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) R is NP-complete (B) R is NP hard
(C) Q is NP-complete (D) Q is NP hard
185. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.17
An element in an array X is called a leader if it is greater than all elements to the right
of it in X. The best algorithm to find all leader in an array
(A) Solves it in linear time using a left to right pass of the array
(B) Solves it in linear time using a right to left pass of the array
(C) Solves it using divide and conquer in time Q(n log n)
(D) Solves it in time Q(n2)
186. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.21
For each element in a set of size 2n, an unbiased coin is tossed. The 2n coin tosses are
independent. An element is chosen if the corresponding coin toss were head. The
probability that exactly n elements are chosen is
Ê 2 nˆ Ê 2 nˆ
ÁË n ˜¯ ÁË n ˜¯
(A) (B)
4n 2n
1 1
(C) (D)
Ê 2nˆ 2
ÁË n ˜¯
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GATE Questions 63

187. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.47

Consider the following graph

Which one of the following cannot be the sequence of edges added, in that order, to a
minimum spanning tree using Kruskal’s algorithm?
(A) (a-b), (d-f), (b-f), (d-c), (d-e) (B) (a-b), (d-f), (d-c), (b-f), (d-e)
(C) (d-f), (a-b), (d-c), (b-f), (d-e) (D) (d-f), (a-b), (b-f), (d-e), (d-c)
188. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.48
Let T be a depth-first search tree in an undirected graph G. Vertices u and v are leaves
of this tree T. The degrees of both u and v in G are at least 2. Which one of the following
statements is true?
(A) There must exist a vertex w adjacent to both u and v in G
(B) There must exist a vertex w whose removal disconnects u and v in G
(C) There must exist a cycle in G containing u and v
(D) There must exist a cycle in G containing u and v and all its neighbours in G
189. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.49
An implementation of queue Q, using stacks S1 and S2 is given below:
void insert (Q, x) {
push (S1, x);
}
void delete (Q) {
if (stack-empty (S2)) then
if (stack-empty (S1)) then {
print (“ Q is empty”);
return;
}
else while (! (stack-empty (S1))) then {
x = pop (S1);
push (S2, x);
}
x = pop (S2);
}

Let n insert and m (£ n) delete operations be performed in an arbitrary order on an empty

queue Q. Let x and y be the number of push and pop operations performed respectively
in the process. Which one of the following is true for all m and n?
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64 GATE Questions

(A) n+m£x< 2n and 2m £ y £ n + m

(B) n+m£x< 2n and 2m £ y £ 2n
(C) 2m £ x < 2n and 2m £ y £ n + m
(D) 2m £ x < 2n and 2m £ y £ 2n
190. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.50
A set X can be represented by an array x[n] as follows:

Ï1 if i Œ X
x[i] = Ì
Ó0 otherwise
Consider the following algorithm in which x, y and z are boolean arrays of size n:
Algorithm zzz (x[ ], y[ ], z[ ]) {
int I;
for (i = 0; i< n; ++i)
z[i] = x[i] ^ ~ y[i] v (~ x[i] ^ y[i])
}

The set Z computed by the algorithm is

(A) (X » Y) (B) (X « Y)
(C) (X – Y) « (Y – X) (D) (X – Y) » (Y – X)
191. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.51
Consider the following recurrence:

( )
T(n) = 2T ÈÍ n ˘˙ +1, T(1) = 1

Which one of the following is true?

(A) T(n) = Q(log n) (B) T(n) = Q( n )
(C) T(n) = Q(n) (D) T(n) = Q(n log n)
192. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.52
The median of n elements can be found in O(n) time. Which one of the following is
correct about the complexity of quick sort, in which median is selected as pivot?
(A) Q(n) (B) Q(n log n)
(C) Q(n )
2 (D) Q(n3)
193. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.53
Consider the following C-function in which a[n] and b[n] are two sorted integer arrays
and c[n + m] be another array.
void xyz (int a[ ], int b[ ], int c[ ]) {
int i, j, k;
i = j = k = 0;
whle (i < n) && (j< m))
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GATE Questions 65

if (a [i] < b[j] ) c [ k++ ] = a [ i++ ];

else c [ k++ ] = b [ j++ ];
}
Which of the following condition(s) hold(s) after the termination of the while loop?
(i) j < m, k = n + j – 1, and a [n – 1] £ b [j] if i = n
(ii) i < n, k = m + i – 1, and b [m – 1] £ a [i] if j = m
(A) only (i) (B) only (ii)
(C) either (i) or (ii) but not both (D) neither (i) nor (ii)
194. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.54
Given two arrays of numbers a1, …, an and b1, …, bn where each number is 0 or 1, the
fastest algorithm to find the largest span (i, j) such that
ai + ai+1 + … + aj = bi + bi+1 + … + bj or report that there is no such span,
(A) Takes O(3n) and W(2n) time if hashing is permitted
(B) Takes O(n3) and W(n2.5) time in the key comparison model
(C) Takes Q(n) time and space
(D) Takes O( n ) time only if the sum of the 2n elements is an even number
195. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.55
Consider these two functions and two statements S1 and S2 about them.

int work1 (int *a, int i, int j)

{
int x = a[i + 2];
a[j] = x +1;
return a[i +2] – 3;
}

int work2 (int *a, int i, int j)

{
int t1 = i + 2;
int t2 = a[t1];
a[j] = t2 + 1;
return t2 – 3;
}

S1: The transformation from work1 to work2 is valid, i.e. for any program state and
input arguments, work2 will compute the same output and have the same effect on
program state as work1
S2: All transformations applied to work1 to get work2 will always improve the
performance (i.e. reduce CPU time) of work2 compared to work1
(A) S1 is false and S2 is false (B) S1 is false and S2 is true
(C) S1 is true and S2 is false (D) S1 is true and S2 is true
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66 GATE Questions

196. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.56

Consider the following code written in a pass-by reference language like FORTRAN and
these statements about the code.
subroutine swap(ix, iy)
it = ix
L1: ix = iy
L2: ix = it
end
ia = 3
ib = 8
call swap (ia, ib + 5)
print *, ia, ib
end

S1: The compiler will generate code to allocate a temporary nameless cell, initialize it
to 13, and pass the address of the cell to swap
S2: On execution the code will generate a runtime error on line L1
S3: On execution the code will generate a runtime error on line L2
S4: The program will print 13 and 8
S5: The program will print 13 and
(A) S1 and S2 (B) S1 and S4
(C) S3 (D) S1 and S5
197. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.57
Consider this C code to swap two integers and these five statements: The code

void swap (int *px, int *py) {

*px = *px - *py;
*py = *px + *py;
*px = *py - *px
}

S1: will generate a compilation time error

S2: may generate a segmentation fault at runtime depending on the arguments passed
S3: correctly implements the swap procedure for all input pointers referring to integers
stored in memory locations accessible to the process
S4: implements the swap procedure correctly for some but not all valid input pointers
S5: may address or subtract integers pointers
(A) S1 (B) S2 and S3
(C) S2 and S4 (D) S2 and S5
Common Data for Questions 71, 72, 73
The 2n vertices of a graph G correspond to all subsets of size n, for n ≥ 6. Two vertices of G
are adjacent if and only if the corresponding sets intersect in exactly two elements.
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GATE Questions 67

198. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.71

The number of vertices of degree zero in G is
(A) 1 (B) n
(C) n + 1 (D) 2n
199. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.72
The maximum degree of a vertex in G is
Ê n / 2ˆ n / 2
(A) Á 2 (B) 2n–2
Ë 2 ˜¯
(C) 2n–3 × 3 (D) 2n–1
200. GATE (CSE) 2006, Q.73
The number of connected components in G is
(A) 2 (B) n + 2
2n
(C) 2n/2 (D)
n
201. GATE (IT) 2006, Q.9
In a binary tree, the number of internal nodes of degree 1 is 5, and the number of internal
nodes of degree 2 is 10. The number of leaf nodes in the binary tree is
(A) 10 (B) 11
(C) 12 (D) 15
202. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 10
A problem in NP is NP-complete if
(A) it can be reduced to the 3-SAT problem in polynomial time
(B) 3-SAT problem can be reduced to it in polynomial time
(C) it can be reduced to any other problem in NP in polynomial time
(D) some problem in NP can be reduced to it in polynomial time
203. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 11
If all the edge weights of an undirected graph are positive, then any subset of edges that
connects all the vertices and has minimum total weight is a
(A) Hamiltonian cycle (B) grid
(C) hypercube (D) tree
204. GATE (IT) 2006, Q.25
Consider the undirected graph G defined as follows. The vertices of G are bit strings of
length n. We have an edge between vertex u and vertex v if and only if u and v differ
in exactly one bit position (in other words, v can be obtained from u by flipping a single
bit). The ratio of the chromatic number of G to the diameter of G is
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68 GATE Questions

(A) 1/2n–1 (B) 1/n

(C) 2/n (D) 3/n
205. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 44
Which of the following sequences of array elements forms a heap?
(A) {23, 17, 14, 6, 13, 10, 1, 12, 7, 5}
(B) {23, 17, 14, 6, 13, 10, 1, 5, 7, 12}
(C) {23, 17, 14, 7, 13, 10, 1, 5, 6, 12}
(D) {23, 17, 14, 7, 13, 10, 1, 12, 5, 7}
206. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 45
Suppose that we have numbers between 1 and 100 in a binary search tree and want to
search for the number 55. Which of the following sequences CANNOT be the sequence
of nodes examined?
(A) {10, 75, 64, 43, 60, 57, 55}
(B) {90, 12, 68, 34, 62, 45, 55}
(C) {9, 85, 47, 68, 43, 57, 55}
(D) {79, 14, 72, 56, 16, 53, 55}
207. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 46
Which of the following is the correct decomposition of the directed graph given below
into its strongly connected components?

(A) {P, Q, R, S}, {T}, {U}, {V} (B) {P, Q, R, S, T, V}, {U}
(C) {P, Q, S, T, V}, {R}, {U} (D) {P, Q, R, S, T, U, V}
208. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 47
Consider the depth-first search of an undirected graph with 3 vertices P, Q and R. Let
discovery time d(u) represent the time instant when the vertex u is first visited, and finish
time f(u) represent the time instant when the vertex u is last visited. Given that
d(P) = 5 units f(P) = 12 units
d(Q) = 6 units f(Q) = 10 units
d(R) = 14 units f(R) = 18 units
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the graph?
(A) There is only one connected component
(B) There are connected components, and P and R are connected
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GATE Questions 69

(C) There are connected components, and Q and R are connected

(D) There are connected components, and P and Q are connected
209. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 50
Which one of the choices given below would be printed when the following program is
executed?
#include<stdio.h>
void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
static int *temp;
temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
void printab( )
{
static int i, a = -3, b = -6;
i = 0;
while (i<=0)
{
if ((i++)%2 = = 1) continue;
a = a + i;
b = b + i;
}
swap(&a, &b);
printf(“a = %d, b=%d\n”, a, b);
}
main( )
{
printab( );
printab( );
}

(A) a = 0, b = 3 (B) a = 3, b = 0
a = 0, b = 3 a = 12, b = 9
(C) a = 3, b = 6 (D) a = 6, b = 3
a = 3, b = 6 a = 15, b = 12
210. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 51
Which one of the choices given below would be printed when the following program is
executed?
#include<stdio.h>
int a1[] = {6, 7, 8, 18, 34, 67};
int a2[] = {23, 56, 28, 29};
int a3[] = {-12, 27, -31};
int *x[] = {a1, a2, a3};
void print( int *a[])
{
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70 GATE Questions

printf(“%d,”, a[0][2]);
printf(“%d,”, *a[2]);
printf(“%d,”, *++a[0]);
printf(“%d,”, *(++a)[0]);
printf(“%d,”, a[-1][+1]);
}
main( )
{
print(x);
}
(A) 8, –12, 7, 23, 8 (B) 8, 8, 7, 23, 7
(C) –12, –12, 27, –31, 23 (D) –12, –12, 27, –31, 56
211. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 52

Ê mˆ
The following function computes the value of Á ˜ correctly for all legal values m and
Ë n¯
n (m ≥ 1, n ≥ 0 and m > n)
int func( int m, int n)
{
if (E) return 1;
else return (func(m-1, n) + func(m-1, n-1));
}

(A) (n = = 0) || (m = = 1) (B) (n = = 0) && (m = = 1)

(C) (n = = 0) || (m = = n) (D) (n = = 0) && (m = = n)
Common data for Questions 71–73:
An array X of n distinct integers is interpreted as a complete binary tree. The index of the first
element of the array is 0.
212. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 71
The index of the parent element X[i], i π 0, is
(A) Îi/2˚ (B) È(i – 1)/2˘
(C) Èi/2˘ (D) Èi/2˘ –1
213. GATE (IT) 2006, Q. 72
If only the root node does not satisfy the heap property, the algorithm to convert the
complete binary tree into a heap has the best asymptotic time complexity of
(A) O(n) (B) O(log n)
(C) O(n log n) (D) O(n log log n)
214. GATE (IT) 2006, Q.73
If the root node is at level 0, the level of element X[i], i π 0, is
(A) log2 i (B) Èlog2 (i + 1)˘
(C) Îlog2 (i + 1)˚ (D) Èlog2 i˘
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GATE Questions 71

215. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.4

Let G be the non-planar graph with the minimum possible number of edges. Then G has
(A) 9 edges and 5 vertices (B) 9 edges and 6 vertices
(C) 10 edges and 5 vertices (D) 10 edges and 6 vertices
216. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.5
Consider the DAG with V = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, shown below.

Which one the following is NOT a topological ordering?

(A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 (B) 1 3 2 4 5 6
(C) 1 3 2 4 6 5 (D) 3 2 4 1 6 5
217. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.12
The height of a binary tree is the maximum number of edges in any root to leaf path.
The maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of height h is:
(A) 2h (B) 2h–1 – 1
h+1
(C) 2 – 1 (D) 2h+1
218. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.13
The maximum number of binary trees that can be formed with three unlabelled nodes
is:
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 4 (D) 3
219. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.14
Which of the following sorting algorithms has the lowest worst-case complexity?
(A) Merge sort (B) Bubble sort
(C) Quick sort (D) Selection sort
220. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.15
Consider the following segment of C-code:
int j, n;
j = 1;
whle ( j < = n)
j = j * 2;
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72 GATE Questions

The number of comparisons made in the execution of the loop for any n > 0 is:
(A) Èlog2 n˘ + 1 (B) n
(C) Èlog2 n˘ (D) Îlog2 n˚ + 1
221. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.38
The following postfix expression with single digit operands is evaluated using a stack:
823^/23*+51*–
Note that ^ is the exponentiation operator. The top two elements of the stack after the
first *is evaluated are:
(A) 6, 1 (B) 5, 7
(C) 3, 2 (D) 1, 5
222. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.39
The inorder and preorder traversal of a binary tree are
d b e a f c g and a b d e c f g, respectively.
The postorder traversal of the binary tree is
(A) d e b f g c a (B) e d b g f c a
(C) e d b f g c a (D) d e f g b c a
223. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.40
Consider a hash table of size seven, with starting index zero, and a hash function (3x +
4) mod 7. Assuming the hash table is initially empty, which of the following is the
contents of the table when the sequence 1, 3, 8, 10 is inserted into the table using closed
hashing? Note that – denotes an empty location in the table.
(A) 8, –, –, –, –, –, 10 (B) 1, 8, 10, –, –, –, 3
(C) 1, –, –, –, –, –, 3 (D) 1, 10, 8, –, –, –, 3
224. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.41
In an unweighted, undirected connect graph, the shortest path from a node S to every
node is computed most efficiently, in terms of time complexity, by
(A) Dijkstra’s algorithm starting from S.
(B) Warshall’s algorithm.
(C) Performing a DFS starting from S.
(D) Performing a BFS starting from S.
225. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.42
Consider the following C function:
int f(int n)
{
static int are = 0;
If (n < = 0) return 1;
If (n > 3)
{ r = n;
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GATE Questions 73

return f (n – 2) + 2;
}
return f(n – 1) + r;
}

What is the value of f(5)?

(A) 3 (B) 7
(C) 9 (D) 18
226. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.43
A complete n-ary tree is a tree in which each node has n children or no children. Let
I be the number of internal nodes and L be the number of leaves in a complete n-ary tree.
If L = 41, and I = 10, what is the value of n?
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
227. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.44
In the following C function, let n ≥ m.
int gcd(n, m)
{
If (n % m = = 0) return m;
n = n % m;
return gcd(m, n);
}

How many recursive calls are made by this function?

(A) Q(log2 n) (B) W(n)
(C) Q(log2 log2 n) (D) Q( n )
228. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.45
What is the time complexity of the following recursive function:
int Dosomething (int n) {
If (n < = 2)
return 1;
else
return Dosomething floor(sqrt (n))) + n);
}
(A) Q(n) (B) Q(n log2 n)
(C) Q(log2 n) (D) Q(log2 log2 n)
229. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.46
Consider the following C program segment where CellNode represents a node in a
binary tree:
struct CellNode {
struct CellNode *leftChild;
int element;
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74 GATE Questions

struct CellNode *rightChild;

};
int GetValue (struct CellNode *ptr) {
int value = 0;
if ( ptr ! = NULL) {
if (( ptr Æ leftChild = = NULL) && ( ptr Æ rightChild = = NULL))
value = 1;
else
value = value + GetValue(ptr Æ leftChild) + GetValue(ptr
Æ rightChild);
}
return (value);
}

The value returned by GetValue when a pointer to the root of a binary tree is passed as
its argument is:
(A) The number of nodes in the tree
(B) The number of internal nodes in the tree
(C) The number of leaf nodes in the tree
(D) The height of the tree.
230. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.47
Consider the process of inserting an element into a Max Heap, where the Max Heap is
represented by an array. Suppose we perform a binary search on the path from the new
leaf to the root to find the position for the newly inserted element, the number of
comparisons performed is:
(A) Q(log2 n) (B) Q(log2 log2 n)
(C) Q(n) (D) Q(n log2 n)
231. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.49
Let w be the minimum weight among all edge weights in an undirected connected graph.
Let e be a specific edge of weight w. Which of the following is FALSE?
(A) There is a minimum spanning tree containing e.
(B) If e is not in a minimum spanning tree T, then in the cycle formed by adding e to
T, all edges have the same weight.
(C) Every minimum spanning tree has an edge of weight w.
(D) e is present in every minimum spanning tree.
232. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.50
An array of n numbers is given, where n is an even number. The maximum as well as
the minimum of these n numbers needs to be determined. Which of the following is
TRUE about the number of comparisons needed?
(A) At least 2n – c comparisons, for some constant c, are needed.
(B) At least 1.5n – 2 comparisons are needed.
(C) At least n log2 n comparisons are needed.
(D) None of the above.
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GATE Questions 75

233. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.51

Consider the following C code segment:
int IsPrime(n)
{
int i, n;
for (i = 2; i <= sqrt (n); i++)
if(n % i = = 0)
{printf (“ Not Prime\n”); return 0;}
return 1;
}

Let T(n) denote the number of times the for loop is executed by the program on input
n. Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) T(n) = O ( n ) and T(n) = W ( n )
(B) T(n) = O ( n ) and T(n) = W(1)
(C) T(n) = O(n) and T(n) = W ( n )
(D) None of the above.
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 84 & 85
Suppose that a robot is placed on the Cartesian plane. At each step it is allowed to move either
one unit up or right, i.e., if it is at (i, j) then it can move to either (i + 1, j) or (i, j +1).
234. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.84
How many distinct paths are there for the robot to reach the point (10, 10) starting from
the initial position (0,0)?
Ê 20 ˆ
(A) Á ˜ (B) 220
Ë10 ¯
(C) 210 (D) None of the above
235. GATE (CSE) 2007, Q.84
Suppose that the robot is not allowed to traverse the line segment from (4, 4) to (5, 4).
With this constraint, how many distinct paths are there for the robot to reach (10, 10)
starting from (0, 0)?
(A) 29 (B) 219
Ê 8 ˆ Ê 11ˆ Ê 20 ˆ Ê 8 ˆ Ê11ˆ
(C) Á ˜ ¥ Á ˜ (D) Á ˜ - Á ˜ ¥ Á ˜
Ë 4¯ Ë 5 ¯ Ë 10 ¯ Ë 4¯ Ë 5 ¯

236. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.25

What is the largest m such that every simple connected graph with n vertices and n edges
contains at least m different spanning trees?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) n
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76 GATE Questions

237. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.26

Consider n jobs J1, J2,…, Jn such that job Ji has execution time ti and a non-negative
n
 wiTi
i =1
integer weight w. The weighted mean completion time of the job is defined to be n
 wi
i =1

where Ti is the completion time of job Ji. Assuming that there is only one processor
available, in what order must the job be executed in order to minimize the weighted
mean completion time of the jobs?
(A) Non-decreasing order of ti
(B) Non-increasing order of wi
(C) Non-increasing order of witi
(D) Non-increasing order of with/ti
238. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.27
The function f is defined as follows:
int f(int n) {
if (n <= 1) return 1;
else if (n % 2 = =) return f(n/2));
else return f(3n – 1);
}

Assuming that arbitrarily large integers can be passed as a parameter to the function,
consider the following statements.
(i) The function f terminates for finitely many different values of n ≥ 1.
(ii) The function f terminates for infinitely many different values of n ≥ 1.
(iii) The function f does not terminate for finitely many different values of n ≥ 1.
(iv) The function f does not terminate for infinitely many different values of n ≥ 1
Which one of the following options is true of the above?
(A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (iv)
(C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv)
239. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.28
Consider a hash function that distributes keys uniformly. The hash table size is 20. After
hashing of how many keys will the probability that any new key hashed collides with
an existing one exceed 0.5.
(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 10
240. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.29
When searching for the key value 60 in a binary search tree, nodes containing the key
values 10, 20, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90 are traversed, not necessarily in the order given. How
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GATE Questions 77

many different orders are possible in which these key values can occur on the search
path from the root node containing the value 60?
(A) 35 (B) 64
(C) 128 (D) 5040
241. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.30
Suppose you are given an implementation of a queue of integers. The operations that can
be performed on the queue are:
isEmpty(Q) — returns true if the queue is empty, false otherwise.
delete(Q) — deletes the element at the front of the queue and returns its value.
insert(Q, i) — inserts the integer i at the rear of the queue.
Consider the following function:
void f(queue Q)
{
int i;
if(!isEmpty (Q)) {
i = delete(Q);
f(Q)
insert(Q, i);
}
}

What operation is performed by the above function f?

(A) Leaves the queue Q unchanged
(B) Reverses the order of elements in the queue Q
(C) Deletes the element at the front of the queue Q and inserts it at the rear keeping the
other elements in the same order
(D) Empties the queue Q.
242. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.51
Consider the following C program:
#include<stdio.h>
#define EOF -1
void push(int); /* Push the argument on the stack */
int pop(void); /* pop the top of the stack */
void flagError();
int main( )
{ int c, m, n, r;
while ((c = getchar( )) != EOF)
{ if (isdigit(c))
push (c)
else if (c = = ‘+’) || (c = = ‘*’))
{ m = pop( );
n = pop( );
are = (c = = ‘+’) ? n + m : n*m;
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78 GATE Questions

push(r);
}
else if (c != ‘ ‘)
flagError( );
}
printf(“%c”, pop( ));
}

What is the output of the program for the following input?

52*332+*+
(A) 15 (B) 25
(C) 30 (D) 150
243. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.52
Given the following algorithm for sorting an array X of N numbers:
SUBROUTINE SORT(X, N)
IF (N < 2)
RETURN
FOR ( i = 2 TO N INCREMENT BY 1)
FOR (j = 1 TO i INCREMENT BY 1)
IF (X[i] > X[j])
CONTINUE
TEMP = X[i]
X[i] = X[j]
X[j] = TEMP
END FOR
END FOR
END SUBROUTINE

A good approximation of Halstead’s estimated program length is

(A) 20 (B) 50
(C) 80 (D) 110
Statements for linked Answer Questions 84 & 85
Consider the B+ tree in the adjoining figure, where each node has at most two keys and three
links.
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GATE Questions 79

244. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.84

Keys K15 and then K25 are inserted into this tree in that order. Exactly how many of
the following nodes (disregarding the links) will be present in the tree after the two
insertions?

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
245. GATE (IT) 2007, Q.85
Now the keys K50 are deleted from the B+ tree resulting after the two insertions made
earlier. Consider the following statements about the B+ tree resulting after this deletion.
(i) The height of the tree remains the same.

(ii) The node (disregarding the links) is present in the tree.

(iii) The root node remains unchanged (disregarding the links).
Which of the following option is true?
(A) Statements (i) and (ii) are true
(B) Statements (ii) and (iii) are true
(C) Statements (iii) and (i) are true
(D) All the statements are false
246. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.6
Let r denote number system radix. The only value(s) of r that satisfy the equation
121r = 11r is/are
(A) decimal 10
(B) decimal 11
(C) decimal 10 and 11
(D) any value > 2
247. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.7
The most efficient algorithm for finding the number of connected components in an
undirected graph on n vertices and m edges has time complexity
(A) Q (n)
(B) Q (m)
(C) Q (m + n)
(D) Q (mn)
248. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.19
The Breadth First Search algorithm has been implemented using the queue data structure.
One possible order of visiting the nodes of the following graph is
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80 GATE Questions

(A) MNOPQR
(B) NQMPOR
(C) QMNPRO
(D) QMNPOR
249. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.20
The data blocks of a very large file in the Unix file system are allocated using
(A) contiguous allocation
(B) linked allocation
(C) indexed allocation
(D) an extension of indexed allocation
250. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.23
Which of the following statements is true for every planar graph on n vertices?
(A) The graph is connected.
(B) The graph is Eulerian.
(C) The graph has a vertex-cover of size at most 3n/4.
(D) The graph has an independent set of size at least n/3.
251. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.27
Aishwarya studies either computer science or mathematics everyday. If she studies
computer science on a day, then the probability that she studies mathematics the next day
is 0.6. If she studies mathematics on a day, then the probability that she studies computer
science the next day is 0.4. Given that Aishwarya studies computer science on Monday,
what is the probability that she studies computer science on Wednesday?
(A) 0.24
(B) 0.36
(C) 0.40
(D) 0.60
252. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.39
Consider the following functions:
f(n) = 2n
g(n) = n!
h(n) = nlog n
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GATE Questions 81

Which of the following statements about the asymptotic behaviour off(n), g(n), and h(n)
is true?
(A) f(n) = O(g(n)); g(n) = O(h(n))
(B) f(n) = W(g(n)); g(n) = O(h(n))
(C) g(n) = O(f(n)); h(n) = O(f(n))
(D) h(n) = O(f(n)); g(n) = W(f(n))
253. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.40
The minimum number of comparisons required to determine if an integer appears more
than n/2 times in a sorted array of n integers is
(A) Q(n)
(B) Q(log n)
(C) Q(log* n)
(D) Q(1)
254. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.41
A B-tree of order 4 is built from scratch by 10 successive insertions. What is the
maximum number of node splitting operations that may take place?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
255. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.42
G is a graph of n vertices and 2n – 2 edges. The edges of G can be partitioned into two
edge-disjoint spanning trees. Which of the following is NOT true for G?
(A) For every subset of k vertices, the induced subgraph has at most 2k – 2 edges.
(B) The minimum cut in G has at least two edges.
(C) There are two edge-disjoint paths between every pair of vertices.
(D) There are two vertex-disjoint paths between every pair of vertices.
256. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.43
Consider the Quicksort algorithm. Suppose there is a procedure for finding a pivot
element which splits the list into two sub-lists each of which contains at least one-fifth
of the elements. Let T(n) be the number of comparisons required to sort n elements. Then
(A) T(n) £ 2T(n/5) + n
(B) T(n) £ T(n/5) + T(4n/5) + n
(C) T(n) £ 2T(4n/5) + n
(D) T(n) £ 2T(n/2) + n
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82 GATE Questions

257. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.45

Dijkstra’s single source shortest path algorithm when run from vertex a in the above
graph, computes the correct shortest path distance to
(A) only vertex a
(B) only vertices a, e, f, g, h
(C) only vertices a, b, c, d
D) all the vertices
258. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.46
You are given the postorder traversal, P, of a binary search tree on the n elements
1, 2, ..., n. You have to determine the unique binary search tree that has P as its
postorder traversal. What is the time complexity of the most efficient algorithm for doing
this?
(A) Q(log n)
(B) Q(n)
(C) Q(n log n)
(D) none of the above, as the tree cannot be uniquely determined.
259. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.47
We have a binary heap on n elements and wish to insert more elements (not necessarily
one after another) into this heap. The total time required for this is
(A) Q(log n)
(B) Q(n)
(C) Q(n log n)
(D) Q(n2)
260. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.62
The following C function takes a singly-linked list of integers as a parameter and
rearranges the elements of the list. The function is called with the list containing the
integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in the given order. What will be the contents of the list after
the function completes execution?
struct node {
int value;
struct node *next;
};
void rearrange (struct node *list) {
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GATE Questions 83

struct node *p, *q;

int temp;

if (!list || !list -> next) return;

p = list; q = list -> next;
while (q) {
temp = p -> value; p -> value =q -> value;
q -> value = temp; p = q -> next;
q = p ? -> next : 0;
}
}
(A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(B) 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7
(C) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6
(D) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1
Common Data for Questions 74 and 75:
Consider the following C functions:
int f1 ( int n )
{
if (n == 0 || n == 1)
return n;
else
return (2*f1(n -1) + 3 * f1(n – 2));
}
int f2 ( int n )
{
int i;
int X[N], Y[N], Z[N];
X[0] = Y[0] = Z[0] = 0;
X[1] = 1; Y[1] = 2; Z[1] = 3;
for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
X[i] = Y[i – 1] + Z[i – 2];
Y[i] = 2 * X[i];
Z[i] = 3 * X[i];
}
return X[n];
}

261. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.74

The running time of f1(n) and f2(n) are
(A) Q(n) and Q(n)
(B) Q(2n) and Q(n)
(C) Q(n) and Q(2n)
(D) Q(2n) and Q(2n)
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84 GATE Questions

262. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.75

f1(8) and f2(8) return the values
(A) 1661 and 1640
(B) 59 and 59
(C) 1640 and 1640
(D) 1640 and 1661
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 78 and 79:
Let xn denote the number of binary strings of length that contain no consecutive 0s.
263. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.78
Which of the following recurrences does satisfy?
(A) xn = 2xn–1
(B) x n = x Î n / 2 ˚ + 1
(C) x n = x În / 2 ˚ + n
(D) xn = xn–1 + xn–2
264. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.79
The value of x5 is
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 8
(D) 16
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 84 and 85:
Consider the following C program that attempts to locate an element x in an array Y[ ]
using binary search. The program is erroneous.
1. f(int Y[10], int x) {
2. int i, j, k;
3. i = 0; j = 9;
4. do {
5. k = (i+j)/2;
6. if (Y[k] < x) I = k; else j = k;
7. } while ((Y[k] != x) && (i<j):
8. if (Y[k] == x) printf (“x is in the array);
9. else printf (“x is not in the array);
10. }

265. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.84

On which of the following contents of Y and x does the program fail?
(A) Y is [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10] and x < 10
(B) Y is [1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19] and x < 1
(C) Y is [2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2] and x > 2
(D) Y is [2 4 5 8 10 12 14 16 18 20] and 2 < x < 20 and x is even
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GATE Questions 85

266. GATE (CSE) 2008, Q.85

The correction needed in the program to make it work properly is
(A) change line 6 to: if (Y[k] < x) i = k+1; else j =k-1;
(B) change line 6 to: if (Y[k] < x) i = k-1; else j = k+1;
(C) change line 6 to: if (Y[k] <= x) i = k; else j = k;
(D) change line 7 to: } while ((Y[k] == x) && (i < j));
267. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.2
A sample space has two events A and B such that probabilities P(A « B) = 1/2, P ( A )
= 1/3, P( B) = 1/3. What is P(A » B)?
(A) 11/12
(B) 10/12
(C) 9/12
(D) 8/12
268. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.3
What is the chromatic number of the following graph?

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
269. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.12
Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) The cost of searching an AVL tree is q (log n) but that of a binary search tree is O(n).
(B) The cost of searching an AVL tree is q (log n) but that of a complete binary tree is
q (n log n).
(C) The cost of searching a binary search tree is O(log n) but that of an AVL tree is q(n).
(D) The cost of searching an AVL tree is q(n log n) but that of a binary search tree is
O(n).
270. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.23
What is the probability that in a randomly chosen group of r people at least three people
have the same birthday?
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86 GATE Questions

365.364 "" (365 - r + 1)

(A) 1 -
365r
365.364 "" (365 - r + 1) 364.363 "" (364 - (r - 2) + 1)
(B) + r C2 ◊365◊
365 r
364r -2
365.364 "" (365 - r + 1) 364.363 "" (364 - (r - 2) + 1)
(C) 1 - + r C2 ◊365◊
365 r
364r -2
365.364 "" (365 - r + 1)
(D)
365r
271. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.27
G is a simple undirected graph. Some vertices of G are of odd degree. Add a node v to
G and make it adjacent to each odd degree vertex of G. The resultant graph is sure to
be
(A) regular
(B) complete
(C) Hamiltonian
(D) Euler
272. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.43
If we use Radix Sort to sort n integers in the range (nk/2, nk), for some k > 0 which is
independent of n, the time taken would be
(A) q (n)
(B) q (kn)
(C) q (n log n)
(D) q (n2)
273. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.44
When n = 22k for some k ≥ 9, the recurrence relation
T (n) = 2T (n / 2) + n , T (1) = 1
evaluates to

(A) n (log n + 1)
(B) n log n
(C) n log n
(D) n log n
274. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.45
For the undirected, weighted graph given below, which of the following sequences of
edges represents a correct execution of Prim’s algorithm to construct a Minimum
Spanning Tree?
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GATE Questions 87

(A) (a, b), (d, f), (f, c), (g, i), (d, a), (g, h), (c, e), (f, h)
(B) (c, e), (c, f), (f, d), (d, a), (a, b), (g, h), (h, f), (g, i)
(C) (d, f), (f, c), (d, a), (a, b), (c, e), (f, h), (g, h), (g, i)
(D) (h, g), (g, i), (h, f), (f, c), (f, d), (d, a), (a, b), (c, e)
275. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.46
The following three are known to be the preorder, inorder and postorder sequences of
a binary tree. But it is not known which is which.
I. MBCAFHPYK
II. KAMCBYPFH
III. MABCKYFPH
Pick the true statement from the following.
(A) I and II are preorder and inorder sequences, respectively.
(B) I and III are preorder and postorder sequences, respectively.
(C) II is the inorder sequence, but nothing more can be said about the other two
sequences.
(D) II and III are the preorder and inorder sequences, respectively.
276. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.47
Consider the following sequences of nodes for the undirected graph given below.

I. a b e fdgc
II. a b e fcgd
III. a d g ebcf
IV. a d b cgef
A Depth First Search (DFS) is started at node a. The nodes are listed in the order they
are first visited. Which all of the above is (are) possible output(s)?
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88 GATE Questions

(A) I and III only

(B) II and III only
(C) II, III and IV only
(D) I, II and III only
277. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.48
Consider a hash table of size 11 that uses open addressing with linear probing. Let h(k)
= k mod 11 be a hash function used. A sequence of records with keys
43 36 92 87 11 4 71 13 14
is inserted into an initially empty hash table, the bins of which are indexed from zero
to ten. What is the index of the bin into which the last record is inserted?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 7
Common Data for Questions 71, 72, and 73:
A Binary Search Tree (BST) stores values in the range 37 to 573. Consider the following
sequences of keys.
I. 81, 537, 102, 439, 285, 376, 305
II. 52, 97, 121, 195, 242, 381, 472
III. 142, 248, 520, 386, 345, 270, 307
IV. 550, 149, 507, 395, 463, 402, 270
278. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.71
Suppose the BST has been unsuccessfully searched for key 273. Which all of the above
sequences list nodes in the order in which we could have encountered them in the
search?
(A) II and III only
(B) I and III only
(C) III and IV only
(D) III only
279. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.72
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) I, II and IV are inorder sequences of three different BSTs
(B) I is a preorder sequence of some BST with 439 as the root
(C) II is an inorder sequence of some BST where 121 is the root and 52 is a leaf
(D) IV is a postorder sequence of some BST with 149 as the root.
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GATE Questions 89

280. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.73

How may distinct BSTs can be constructed with 3 distinct keys?
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 9
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 76 and 77.
A binary tree with n > 1 nodes has n1, n2 and n3 nodes of degree one, two and three
respectively. The degree of a node is defined as the number of its neighbours.
281. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.76
n3 can be expressed as:
(A) n1 + n2 – 1
(B) n1 – 2
È n + n2 ˘
(C) Í 1
Í 2 ˙˙
(D) n2 – 1
282. GATE (IT) 2008, Q.77
Starting with the above tree, while there remains a node n of degree two in the tree, add
an edge between the two neighbours of and then remove n from the tree. How many
edges will remain at the end of the process?
(A) 2 * n1 – 3
(B) n2 + 2 * n1 – 2
(C) n3 – n2
(D) n2 + n1 – 2
283. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.1
Which one of the following is TRUE for any simple connected undirected graph with
more that 2 vertices?
(A) No two vertices have the same degree.
(B) At least two vertices have the same degree.
(C) At least three vertices have the same degree.
(D) All vertices have the same degree.
284. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.11
What is the number of swaps required to sort n elements using selection sort, in the worst
case?
(A) q(n)
(B) q(n log n)
(C) q(n2)
(D) q(n2 log n)
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90 GATE Questions

285. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.12

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding Bellman-Ford shortest path
algorithm?
P. Always finds a negative weighted cycle, if one exists.
Q. Finds whether any negative weighted cycle is reachable from the source.
(A) P only
(B) Q only
(C) Both P and Q
(D) Neither P nor Q
286. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.21
An unbalanced dice (with 6 faces, numbered from 1 to 6) is thrown. The probability that
the face value is odd is 90% of the probability that the face value is even. The probability
of getting any even numbered face is the same.
If the probability that the face is even given that it is greater than 3 is 0.75, which one
of the following options is closest to the probability that the face value exceeds 3?
(A) 0.453
(B) 0.468
(C) 0.485
(D) 0.492
287. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.35
The running time of an algorithm is represented by the following recurrence relation:
ÏÔ n n£3
T (n) = Ì
ÔÓT (n / 3) + cn otherwise
Which one of the following represents the time complexity of the algorithm?
(A) q(n)
(B) q(n log n)
(C) q(n2)
(D) q(n2 log n)
288. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.36
The keys 12, 18, 13, 2, 3, 23, 5 and 15 are inserted into an initially empty hash table
of length 10 using open addressing with hash function h(k) = k mod 10 and linear
probing. What is the resultant hash table?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
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GATE Questions 91

289. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.37

What is the maximum height of any AVL-tree with 7 nodes? Assume that the height of
a tree with a single node is 0.
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
290. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.38
Consider the following graph:

Which one of the following is NOT the sequence of edges added to the minimum
spanning tree using Kruskal’s algorithm?
(A) (b, e) (e, f) (a, c) (b, c) (f, g) (c, d)
(B) (b, e) (e, f) (a, c) (f, g) (b, c) (c, d)
(C) (b, e) (a, c) (e, f) (b, c) (f, g) (c, d)
(D) (b, e) (e, f) (b, c) (a, c) (f, g) (c, d)
291. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.39
In quick sort, for sorting n elements, the (n/4)th smallest element is selected as pivot
using an O(n) time algorithm. What is the worst case time complexity of the quick sort?
(A) q(n)
(B) q(n log n)
(C) q(n2)
(D) q(n2 log n)
292. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.44
The following key values are inserted into a B+-tree in which order of the internal nodes
is 3, and that of the leaf nodes is 2, in the sequence given below. The order of internal
nodes is the maximum number of tree pointers in each node, and the order of leaf nodes
is the maximum number of data items that can be stored in it. The B+-tree is initially
empty.
10, 3, 6, 8, 4, 2, 1
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92 GATE Questions

The maximum number of times leaf nodes would get split up as a result of these
insertions is
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 59 and 60:
Consider a binary max-heap implemented using an array.
293. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.59
Which one of the following array represents a binary max-heap?
(A) {25, 12, 16, 13, 10, 8, 14}
(B) {25, 14, 13, 16, 10, 8, 12}
(C) {25, 14, 16, 13, 10, 8, 12}
(D) {25, 14, 12, 13, 10, 8, 16}
294. GATE (CS&IT) 2009, Q.60
What is the content of the array after two delete operations on the correct answer to the
previous question?
(A) {14, 13, 12, 10, 8}
(B) {14, 12, 13, 8, 10}
(C) {14, 13, 8, 12, 10}
(D) {14, 13, 12, 8, 10}
295. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.01

Let G = (V, E) be a graph. Define £(G) = Â id x d, where id is the number of vertices

d
of degree d in G. If S and T are two different trees with £(S) = £(T), then
(A) | S | = 2| T|
(B) | S | = |T |–1
(C) | S | = |T |
(D) | S | = |T |+1
296. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.10
In a binary tree with n nodes, every node has an odd number of descendants. Every node
is considered to be its own descendant. What is the number of nodes in the tree that have
exactly one child?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) (n – 1)/2
(D) n–1
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GATE Questions 93

297. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.11

What does the following program print?
#include < stdio.h >
void f (int *p, int *q) {
p = q;
*p = 2;
}
int main (){
f(&i , &j);
printf (“%d %d \ n”, i, j);
return 0;
}
(A) 2 2
(B) 2 1
(C) 0 1
(D) 0 2
298. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.13
Which data structure in a compiler is used for managing information about variables and
their attributes?
(A) Abstract Data Type
(B) Symbol Table
(C) Semantic Stack
(D) Parse Table
299. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.18
Consider a B+-tree in which the maximum number of keys in a node is 5. What is the
minimum number of keys in any non-root node?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
300. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.28
The degree sequence of a simple graph is the sequence of the degrees of the nodes in
the graph in decreasing order. Which of the following sequences can not be the degree
sequence of any graph?
I. 7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 II. 6, 6, 6, 6, 3, 3, 2, 2
III. 7, 6, 6, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2 IV. 8, 7, 7, 6, 4, 2, 1, 1
(A) I and II
(B) III and IV
(C) IV only
(D) II and IV
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94 GATE Questions

301. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.35

What is the value printed by the following C program?
#include < stdio.h >
int f (int * a, int n)
{
if (n <= 0) return 0;
else if(*a % 2 = = 0) return * a + f(a + 1,n – 1);
else return * a – f(a + 1, n – 1);
}
int main ( )
{
int a[ ] = {12, 7,13,4,11, 6};
printf(“%d”, f(a,6));
return 0;
}
(A) –9
(B) 5
(C) 15
(D) 19
302. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.36
The following C function takes a simply-linked list as input argument. It modifies the
list by moving the last element to the front of the list and returns the modified list. Some
part of the code is left blank.
typedef struct node {
int value;
struct node *next;
} Node;
Node *move_to_front (Node *head) {
Node *p, *q;
if ((head = = NULL || (head -> next = = NULL)) return head;
q = NULL; p = head;
while ( p - > next ! = NULL) {
q=P;
p=p->next;
}
return head;
}
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GATE Questions 95

Choose the correct alternative to replace the blank line.

(A) q = NULL; p->next = head; head = p;
(B) q->next = NULL; head = p; p->next = head;
(C) head = p; p->next = q; q->next = NULL;
(D) q->next = NULL; p->next = head; head = p;
303. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.50
Consider a complete undirected graph with vertex set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Entry Wij in the
matrix W below is the weight of the edge {i, j}.
0 1 8 1 4
1 0 12 4 9
W = 8 12 0 7 3
1 4 7 0 2
4 9 3 2 0
What is the minimum possible weight of a spanning tree T in this graph such that vertex
0 is a leaf node in the tree T?
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 9
(D) 10
304. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.51
What is the minimum possible weight of a path P from vertex 1 to vertex 2 in this graph
such that P contains at most 3 edges?
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 9
(D) 10
305. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.52
A hash table of length 10 uses open addressing with hash function h(k) = k mod 10, and
linear probing. After inserting 6 values into an empty hash table, the table is as shown
below
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96 GATE Questions

Which one of the following choices gives a possible order in which the key values could
have been inserted in the table?
(A) 46, 42, 34, 52, 23, 33
(B) 34, 42, 23, 52, 33, 46
(C) 46, 34, 42, 23, 52, 33
(D) 42, 46, 33, 23, 34, 52
306. GATE (CS&IT) 2010, Q.53
How many different insertion sequences of the key values using the same hash function
and linear probing will result in the hash table shown above?
(A) 10
(B) 20
(C) 30
(D) 40