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Factoriales

The document discusses simplifying ratios involving factorials as n approaches infinity. It shows that: 1) The ratio of (n+1)! over (n-1)! approaches infinity as n increases without bound. 2) The ratio of (n+1)! over (2n-1)! approaches 0 as n increases without bound. 3) The ratio of (3n)! over the product of (2n)! and n! approaches infinity as n increases without bound. 4) The ratio of (4n)! over the square of (2n)! approaches infinity as n increases without bound.

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Cristian Daniel Beretta
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30 views

Factoriales

The document discusses simplifying ratios involving factorials as n approaches infinity. It shows that: 1) The ratio of (n+1)! over (n-1)! approaches infinity as n increases without bound. 2) The ratio of (n+1)! over (2n-1)! approaches 0 as n increases without bound. 3) The ratio of (3n)! over the product of (2n)! and n! approaches infinity as n increases without bound. 4) The ratio of (4n)! over the square of (2n)! approaches infinity as n increases without bound.

Uploaded by

Cristian Daniel Beretta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sample Simplifications and Limits for Factorial Expressions.

Exercises.
Simplify the ratios in #1-4 below:
(n + 1)! (n + 1)n(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
1. = = (n + 1)n
(n − 1)! (n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
2.
(n + 1)! (n + 1)n(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
= =
(2n − 1)! (2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
1
(2n-1)(2n-2) ... (n+2)
3.
(3n)! (3n)(3n − 1)(3n − 2) ... (2n+1)(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)
=
(2n)!n! [(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)][(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)]
(3n)(3n − 1)(3n − 2) ... (2n+1) 3 (3n − 1) (3n − 2) (2n + 3) (2n + 2) (2n + 1)
= = ...
[(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)] 1 (n-1) (n − 2) 3 2 1

4.
(4n)! ( 4 n )( 4 n − 1) ... ( 3n + 1)( 3n )( 3n − 1)( 3n − 2 ) ... (2n+1)(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n-1) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)
2
=
[(2n)!] [(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)][(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)]

( 4 n )( 4 n − 1) ... ( 3n + 1)( 3n )( 3n − 1)( 3n − 2 ) ... (2n+1) 4 ( 4 n − 1) ( 3 n + 1) ( 3 n ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 2 ) ( 2 n + 1)


= = ... ...
[(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)] 2 (2n-1) ( n + 1) (n) 3 2 1

n → ∞.
5. For each of the above four ratios, determine the limit, as
(n + 1)! (n + 1)n(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
lim = lim = lim (n + 1)n = ∞
n→∞ (n − 1)! n→∞ (n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1) n→∞
(n + 1)! (n + 1)n(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
lim = lim =
n→∞ (2n − 1)! n→∞ (2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)

1
lim =0
n→∞ (2n-1)(2n-2) ... (n+2)

(3n)! (3n)(3n − 1)(3n − 2) ... (2n+1)(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)


lim = lim
n→∞ (2n)!n! n→∞ [(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)][(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)]

(3n)(3n − 1)(3n − 2) ... (2n+1)


= lim =
n→∞ [(n)(n-1) ... (3)(2)(1)]
3 (3n − 1) (3n − 2) (2n + 3) (2n + 2) (2n + 1)
lim ... =∞
n→∞ 1 (n-1) (n − 2) 3 2 1
since each of the factors is greater than 1 and the factor 2n+1 is larger than n. It
should be noted that there are exactly the same number of factors, namely n,
between 2n+1 and 3n as there are between 1 and n, so that the factors in the
numerator match those in the denominator as indicated.

(4n)! ( 4 n )( 4 n − 1) ... ( 3n + 1)( 3n )( 3n − 1)( 3n − 2 ) ... (2n+1)(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n-1) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)
lim 2
= lim
n→∞ [(2n)!] n→∞
[(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)][(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)]

( 4 n )( 4 n − 1) ... ( 3n + 1)( 3n )( 3n − 1)( 3n − 2 ) ... (2n+1)


= lim =
n→∞
[(2n)(2n-1) ... (n+1)(n)(n − 1)(n − 2 ) ... ( 3)(2 )(1)]

4 ( 4 n − 1) ( 3 n + 1) ( 3 n ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 2 ) ( 2 n + 1)
lim ... ... =∞
n→∞
2 (2n-1) ( n + 1) (n) 3 2 1

by the same reasoning as in the previous problem.

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