INTRODUCTION

Background Of The Company

1500 V DC

Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train (1500 V DC),
between Bombay Victoria Terminus and Kurla on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway's
(GIPR) Harbour Line, on 3 February 1925. Steep grades on the Western Ghats necessitated
the introduction of electric traction on the GIPR to Igatpuri on the North East Line and
to Pune on the South East Line. 1500 V DC traction was introduced on the suburban section
of the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway between Colaba and Borivili on 5 January
1928, and between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the Madras and Southern Mahratta
Railway on 11 May 1931, to meet growing traffic needs. The last sections of 1500 V DC in
India, from Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai to Panvel and Thane to Vashi, were
upgraded to 25 kV AC in April 2016.

3000 V DC

The electrification of the Howrah-Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway at 3000 V

DC was completed in 1958. The first 3000 V DC EMU service began on the Howrah-
Sheoraphuli section on 14 December 1957. The last section of 3000 V DC in India,
from Howrah to Burdwan, was upgraded to 25 kV AC in 1968.

25 kV AC

The 25 kV AC system emerged as an economical form of electrification as a result of

research and trials in Europe, particularly on French Railways (SNCF). Indian Railways
decided to adopt the 25 kV AC system of electrification as a standard in 1957, with SNCF
their consultant in the early stages, later taken over by the 50 c/s Group. The joint venture
was founded in 1954 by several European railway manufacturers and was dedicated to the
development and construction of locomotives powered by 50 Hz alternating current. It
arranged the supply contracts for the WAM-1, WAG-1 and WAG-3 locomotives and its spare
parts.
The first section electrified with the 25 kV AC system was Raj Kharswan–Dongoaposi, on
the South Eastern Railway, on 15.12.1959 and first electric train run. The first 25 kV
AC EMUs, for Kolkata suburban service, were introduced in September 1962. For system
continuity, the Howrah–Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway and Madras Beach–
Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to 25 kV AC by 1968.

Conversion

Considering the limitations of the existing DC traction system, a decision was made to
convert to 25 kV AC traction in 1996-97. Conversion from DC to AC traction was completed
in 2012 by Western Railway and in 2016 by Central Railway. With this, the entire electrified
mainline rail network in India uses 25 kV AC; DC is used only for metros and trams.

The electrification office was established in Calcutta as Project Office for Railway
Electrification (PORE) in 1951, when electrification of the Howrah–Burdwan section of the
Eastern Railway was begun. A general manager headed the Railway Electrification
Organisation, established in Calcutta in 1959. In 1961, the Northern Railway electrification
office (headed by an engineer-in-chief) was established in Allahabad for the electrification of
the Mughalsarai–New Delhi section. In accordance with the 1978 .
Organisation Structure

Indian Railways is headed by a seven-member Railway Board whose chairman

reports to the Ministry of Railways. Railway Board also acts as the Ministry of Railways. The
officers manning the office of Railway Board are mostly from organised Group A Railway
Services and Railway Board Secretariat Service. IR is divided into 18 zones, headed by
general managers who report to the Railway Board. The zones are further subdivided into 68
operating divisions, headed by divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers of
the engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, stores, accounts,
personnel, operating, commercial, security and safety branches report to their respective
DRMs and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters control
individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory. In addition, there are
a number of production units, training establishments, public sector enterprises and other
offices working under the control of the Railway Board.

Human resources

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and
D) employees. Gazetted employees carry out executive / managerial / officer level tasks. As
of March 2017, the number of personnel (Groups A & B) constitutes 1.2% of the total
strength, while Group C & D account for 92.6% and 6.2% respectively.

There is no direct recruitment of Group B employees in Indian Railways, it's only

promotional, Group B employees are recruited from departmental promotional exam of
Group C employees. Recruitment of Group A employees is carried out by the Union Public
Service Commission Civil Service exam by examination. Recruitment of Group C junior
engineers and depot material superintendents is conducted by the Railway Recruitment
Board. Group C employees are recruited by 21 Railway Recruitment Boards or RRBs, which
are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRB).Group D staffs are recruited
by 16 Railway Recruitment Cells or RRCs

The training of all groups is shared among seven centralized zonal training institutes and 295
training centres located all over India.
Production Services

The Indian Railways manufactures a lot of its rolling stock and heavy engineering
components. This is largely due to historical reasons. As with most developing economies,
the main reason is import substitution of expensive technology related products. This was
relevant when the general state of the national engineering industry was immature.

Production Units, the manufacturing plants of the Indian Railways, are managed directly by
the ministry. The General Managers of the PUs report to the Railway Board. The Production
Units are

 Diesel Locomotive Works,Varanasi

 Responsible for manufacturing all the mainline diesel-electrics used for passenger and
freight traffic. The plant also produces diesel-electric shunters. Currently the factory
is also producing locomotives in collaboration with General Motors, USA.
 Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
 Chittaranjan manufactures Electric Locomotives. Traditionally, the locomotives made
by CLW use DC traction. In recent times, CLW has manufactures locomotives with
AC-AC transmission
 Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works, Patiala
 Earlier called Diesel Component Works, DMW makes key sub-assemblies for Diesel
Locomotives. It also does heavy repair and overhaul of engines and locomotives.
 Integral Coach Factory, Chennai
 The first factory to make coaches for the Indian Railways. The coaches
were monocoque structures.
 Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala
 The second coach factory is a more modern plant and has a much more flexible
automation
 Wheel & Axle Plant, Bangalore
 Makes the cast wheels for wagons and other rolling stock. Axles are forged and
machined in the same plant. Most output is sent out as finished and pressed wheel &
axle sets
 Rail Spring Karkhana, Gwalior
 Market strenghts

 The Indian Railways is among the world’s 3rd largest rail networks. The Indian
Railways route length network is spread over 115,000 km, with 12,617 passenger
trains and 7,421 freight trains each day from 7,349 stations plying 23 million
travellers and 3 million tonnes (MT) of freight daily. India's railway network is
recognised as one of the largest railway systems in the world under single
management.
 The railway network is also ideal for long-distance travel and movement of bulk
commodities, apart from being an energy efficient and economic mode of conveyance
and transport. Indian Railways was the preferred carrier of automobiles in the country
with loading from automobiles traffic growing 16 per cent in 2017-18.
 The Government of India has focused on investing on railway infrastructure by
making investor-friendly policies. It has moved quickly to enable Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in railways to improve infrastructure for freight and high-speed
trains. At present, several domestic and foreign companies are also looking to invest
in Indian rail projects.
 Market Size
 Indian Railways’ revenues increased at a CAGR of 6.20 per cent during FY07-FY18
to US$ 27.71 billion in FY18. Earnings from the passenger business grew at a CAGR
of 6.43 per cent during FY07-FY18 to reach US$ 7.55 billion in 2017-18P. Freight
revenue rose at a CAGR of 6.36 per cent during FY07-FY18 to reach US$ 18.16
billion in 2017-18.
 India was among the top 20 exporters of railways globally, as of 2017. India’s exports
of railways have grown at a CAGR of 27.05 per cent during 2010-2017 to US$
303.29 million. Exports of railways in 2018 stood at US$ 454.99 million.
TRAINING DESCRIPTION

ELECTRIFICATION OF INDIAN RAILWAYS

Power Supply
25 kV, AC, 50 Hz single phase power supply for electric traction is derived from the
grid of State Electricity Boards through traction sub-stations located along the route of the
electrified sections at distance of 35 to 50 km apart. The distance between adjacent
substations may however be even less depending on intensity of traffic and load of trains.
At present there are broadly four different arrangements in existence as under
1. The Supply Authorities supply power at 220/132/110/66 kV Extra High Voltage (EHV) at
each traction substation which is owned, installed, Operated and maintained by the Railways.
2. The Railway receives 3-phase power supply from the supply Authority at a single point
near the grid substation from where the Railway runs its own transmission lines providing its
own traction sub-stations.
3. All EHV and 25 kV equipment is owned, installed, operated and maintained by the Supply
Authority except 25 kV feeder circuit breakers which are owned, installed, operated and
maintained by the Railway.
4. All EHV and 25 kV equipment is owned, installed, operated and maintained by the Supply
Authority but 25 kV feeder circuit breakers alone are operated on remote control by the
Traction Power Controller (TPC).
Duplicate Supply
1. To ensure continuity of supply under all conditions, the high voltage feed to the traction
substations is invariably arranged wither from two sources of power or by a double
transmission line, so that if one source fails the other remains in service. Suitable protective
equipment is installed at the substations to ensure rapid isolation of any fault in transmission
lines and substation equipment, so that the power supply for electric traction is maintained
under all conditions.
2. At each traction substation, normally two single phase transformers are installed, one
which is in service and the other is 100% stand by. The present standard capacity is 21.6
MVA (ONAN)/30.2 MVA (ONAF).
 However transformers of capacity 13.5 MVA (ONAN)/10.8 MVA (ONAN) have also
been used at many of the substations. These transformers step down the grid voltage to 25 kV
for feeding the traction overhead equipment (OHE). 25 kV feeders carry the power from the
substations to feeding posts located near the tracks. Each feeder is controlled by a single pole
circuit breaker equipped with protective devices.
Voltage Regulation
The permissible variation of the bus bar voltage on the bus bars at the grid substations
is +10% and -5% i.e. between 27,500 V and 23750 V. The tapings on the transformers are on
the secondary winding and set to ensure the voltage is maintained as high as possible but not
exceeding 27.5 kV at the feeding post at any time.
25 kV Supply at Traction Substations
1. On the secondary side one transformer circuit breaker and one feeder circuit breaker are
installed with associated double pole isolator the bus bar connections being such that full
flexibility of operation is assured.
2. The traction substation is designed for remote operation.
3. The facilities exist to change over from one feeder to the other by means of isolator/bus
coupler.
4. One end of the secondary winding of the transformer is solidly earthed at the substation
and is connected to track/return feeder through buried rail.
POSTS IN ELECTRIFICATION

Feeding Post (FP)

Each feeder supplies the OHE on one side of the feeding post through interrupters
controlling supply to the individual lines. Thus, for a two track line, there will be four
interrupters at each feeding post.

Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SP)

These posts are situated approximately midway between feeding posts marking the
demarcating point of two zones fed from different phases from adjacent substations. At these
posts, a neutral section is provided to make it impossible for the pantograph of an electric
locomotive of EMU train to bridge the different phases of 25 kV supply while passing from
the zone fed from one substation to the next one.
Since the neutral section remains ‘dead’ warning boards are provided in advance to
warn and remind the Driver of an approaching electric locomotive /EMU to open locomotive
circuit breaker (DJ) before approaching ‘neutral section’. to coast through it and then switch
‘on’ on the other side. Special care is taken in fixing the location of neutral sections on level
tangent tracks far away from signals level crossing gates etc to ensure that the train coasts
through the neutral section at a sufficiently high speed to obviate the possibility of its
stopping and getting stuck within the neutral section.
A paralleling interrupter is provided at each ‘SP’ to parallel the OHE of the up and down
tracks of a double track section ‘bridging interrupters’ are also provided to permit one feeding
post to feed beyond the sectioning post upto the next FP if its 25 kV supply is interrupted for
some reasons These bridging interrupters are normally kept open and should only be closed
after taking special precautions as detailed in these rules.
Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SSP)
One or more SSPs are provided between each FP and adjacent SP depending upon the
distance between them. In a double track section. Normally three interrupters are provided at
each SSP i.e. two connecting the adjacent subsectors of up and down tracks and one for
paralleling the up and down tracks.
Sub-Sectioning Post (SS)
These are provided only occasionally. These are similar to SSPs with provision for
sectioning of the OHE but not paralleling.
Certain Equipment at Switching Stations
Certain equipments are installed at various points to protect the lines, to monitor the
availability of power supply and provide other facilities. These are generally as under-
1. Lightning arresters are provided to protect every sub-station against voltage surges.
2. Auxiliary transformers are provided at all the posts and also at certain intermediate points
to supply ac at 240 V, 50Hz required for signalling and operationally essential lighting
installations. To ensure a fairly steady voltage. Automatic voltage regulators are also
provided where required.
3. Potential transformers are provided at the various switching stations for monitoring supply
to each sub-sector.
4. A small masonry cubicle is provided to accommodate remote control equipment, control
panel, telephone and batteries and battery chargers required for the control of interrupters and
other similar equipments.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF TRACTION SUBSTATION

SPACING AND LOCATION

The sub-station spacings largely depends upon the permissible voltage drop at the
farthest end, which in turn depends upon various factors such as the traffic to be moved,
anticipated traffic in the future and gradients of the section to be electrified. The voltage drop
at the farthest end is calculated both for normal and extended feed conditions on the basis of
given combination of trains on UP & DOWN tracks, loads and specified speeds, track
parameters of the section on the assumed length of the feed zone. The calculations are
repeated for different assumed lengths of feed zone and it is ensured that the voltage at the
farthest end is within the permissible limits.
Alternatively, the power requirement is calculated on the basis of average specific
energy consumption of goods and passenger trains Following figures of specific energy
consumption are taken for level or lightly graded sections.
a) Goods train - 11 kwh. 1000 GTKM
(b) Pass train - 19 kwh. 1000 GTKM

TRACTION POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Indian Railways. purchase electric power from various state electricity boards and as
well as from other electric utilities through their regional grids at different voltage, normally
220/132/110/66 kV. The incoming supply is stepped down to 25 kv. a.c. with the help of step
down transformer. The primary winding of the transformer is connected across two phases of
the three phase effectively earthed system and one terminal of the 25 kV. secondary winding
is connected to the overhead equipment (OHE) and other terminal of the 25 kV. secondary
winding is solidly earthed and connected to the running rails. The load current flows through
the OHE to the locomotive and return through the rails and earth to the traction sub-station.
The substations are provided as close to the railway traction as possible at intervals
varying from 40 to 60 km depending upon the traffic density and track conditions. In the
initial stages of the AC electrification schemes, traction substations were owned and
maintained by electric supply authorities. But later on in the late sixties Indian Railways
started purchasing bulk power at 220 or 132 or 110 or 66 kV. at a single paint and run their
own transmission lines and installed, operated and maintained their own substations.
In addition to two transformer circuit breakers, which are provided each on primary
and secondary side of the traction transformer, the output from the transformer is fed to the
overhead equipment on one side of the substation through a feeder circuit breakers and two
interrupters provided at each line. The transformer breaker acts as a back up to the feeder
breaker. The feeder breaker perform the usual duties of breaking the circuit under the normal
and abnormal conditions according to situation. The interrupter is also a type of circuit
breaker,
but it is non-automatic i.e. it is not called upon to trip under fault conditions. It is
capable to carry the normal rated current and through fault currents. It performs the duty of
breaking the load current and is also called a load switch. All the breakers and interrupters are
outdoor type and remote controlled from Central Control Room. generally situated at the
Railways Divisional Headquarters.
Typical layout of traction substation
Each traction substation is provided with two transformers. Only one transformer
feeds the traction over head equipment on either side of traction substation through the two
feeder circuit breakers. For protection, in all six circuit breakers are provided at each traction
substation out of which two are installed on the primary side and two on the secondary side
of the transformer. These breakers are known as transformer breakers and act as back up
protection to the feeder circuit breakers. Two feeder circuit breakers control the supply to the
overhead equipment. In the event of any fault on the OHE, the feeder circuit breaker will trip
and clear the fault. The interrupter, load switch controls supply for each track.
Approximately midway between two adjacent substations, a dead zone known as
‘neutral section’ or phase break is provided to separate two different phases. The section
between the substation and the neutral section is called sector which is further subdivided into
subsectors by a set of interrupters located at sub sectioning posts situated at intervals of 10 to
15 km. To reduce the voltage drop along the line, both the lines in a double track section are
paralleled at each sub sectioning post and sectioning post with the help of a paralleling
interrptor at each post. At each sectioning post, a bridging interrupters with an under voltage
relay is provided at each line which enables the extension of feed from a substation to the
section fed by an adjacent substation, in case of an emergency caused by failure of the
adjacent substation.
LAYOUT OF SUB-STATION
Once the locations of the traction substation the next step to be followed is the design
of the substation. The layout of the traction substation is influenced by the type and
orientation of transmission lines with respect to tracks to be fed i.e. whether the feeding
transmission lines are parallel to the track or at right angle to the track. Based on these
various combinations of transmission lines and tracks, ten different types of substation
layouts have been standardised by RDSO. These layout plans have been developed after
giving due consideration to the following points.
i) Physical and Electrical clearances between different equipments.
ii) Phase to phase clearances.
iii) Phase to ground clearances
iv) Sectional Clearances.
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIFICATION

Over Head Equipment

Electrical power is generated in three phases with each phase having a phase shift of
1200. The utility power supply system also expects equal loading on all phases. Traction
power system works on single phase 25kV traction system. It now becomes important to use
all the three phases equally and convert them into one phase traction supply. This is achieved
by feeding single phase supply to the adjacent traction substation which is separated by a
neutral section. Each feed covers a distance of about 30-40Km feeding all the trains in that
zone. By the theory of probability, equal numbers of trains in feed zone are expected,
drawing same load current. In this way un-balancing on utility power supply system is
avoided

Neutral Section is defined as short insulated dead overhead equipment separating

sectors fed by two adjacent substations which are normally connected to different phases.

The neutral section is a dead zone and therefore, the locomotive has to negotiate the
section in momentum. The locomotive is switched off while negotiating the neutral section to
avoid flash over at the time of exit and re-entering the live zone. For this, warning board at
500M, 250M and final board for switching OFF and ON are provided. The assistant loco
pilot speak out the approaching neutral section loudly to alert the loco pilot. Loco pilot also
acknowledges the voice by repeating the approaching neutral section and is in readiness to act
so that he should not enter the neutral section with DJ/VCB in ON condition.
TRANSFORMER IN ELECTRIFICATION

Traction Power Transformer

Traction power transformer is the most important and costly equipment of the
substation Therefore, utmost care is taken while designing and selecting the parameters of the
traction power transformers In the initial stages of the electrification, the transformers used
were of 7.3 and 10 MVA ratings, but later on transformers of 13.5 MVA were used in most
of the electrification projects. The readings of the transformer are standardised on the basis of
average spacing between the traction substations, loads to be hauled and gradients of the
section to be electrified
With the introduction of heavy haul trains and increased passenger and goods traffic
the transformer of 13.5 MVA rating are not adequate to meet the load requirements.
Therefore in the on-going electrification schemes transformers with 20 MVA are being used
and on high traffic density routes transformers of 30 MVA rating are being tried.
The duties performed by the traction power transformers are very much different
from the conventional distribution transformers. The traction transformers are subjected to
peaky loads, rapid load variations and frequent short circuits.
Therefore windings of these transformers are specially reinforced to withstand the
high stresses developed due to the following service conditions.
i) Repeated short circuits.
ii) Frequent load variations.
iii) Frequent variation in supply voltage.
iv) Magnetizing in rush current due to repeated switching ‘ON’ of the
transformers from ‘OFF’ position.
v) Overloading of the transformers as specified.
The traction transformers experience frequent short circuits due to various reasons
such as bird dropping a wire across an insulator, insulator failure, flashover of insulators,
switching surges, accidents, activities of miscreants i.e. theft of wires entering of loco in dead
section, flashover of wire under over line structure where clearances are restricted and
mechanical failure of OHE fittings etc. To limit the magnitude of fault current the percentage
impedance for traction transformer has been specified as (12+0.5)%. It shall not be less than
11.5% and not more than 12.5% at any tap position.
Technical particulars of 20 MVA, traction power transformer are as under :-
i) Type ONAN cooled, single phase step down
power transformer, double limb wound core
type for outdoor installation. The
transformers are designed to keep
provision of forced cooling at a future date
without requiring any modification.
ii) Windings Concentric, Disc/interleaned for primary
and secondary windings. Both windings
are uniformly insulated.
iii) Rated frequency 50Hz (±3%)
iv) Rated primary voltage 220 kV, 132 kV, 110 kV, or 66 kV
(As the case may be)
v) Nominal secondary 25 kV Voltage
vi) Rated current Primary 151.5 A (for 132 KVø Secondary 740.7A)
vii) Percentage impedance (12 ± 0.5)% Voltage
viii) Rated MVA at rated 20 MVA Secondary voltage
ix) Overload capacity 50% for 15 minutes & 100% for 5 Minutes
x) Tapping off-circuit +10% to -15% on low voltage side in steps
of 5%
xi) No-load losses 12.5 kW
xii) Load losses 135.0 kW
xiii) Current density Less than 2 Amp. per Sq.mm
CURRENT & POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Bushing type CTs have been provided on primary and secondary side of the traction
transformers and are exclusively meant for differential protection. Separately mounted 132
KV and 25 KV CT and 25 KV PTs are of conventional type.
BOOSTER TRANSFORMERS
In order to reduce inductive interference in adjacent telecommunication
circuit booster transformer on certain section of electrified track installed in
series with the 25KV traction overhead equipment. The primary winding of the
booster transformer is connected to the 25KV overhead equipment .The primary
winding and the secondary winding as in series with the return conductor which
is strung close to the 25KV overhead equipment .Booster transformer with a
rating of 100KVA provide necessary voltage to force the traction return current
from the rail and earth to flow through the return conductor .The booster
transformer have a leakage impedance of about 0.15 ohm each and are spaced
about 2.66Km apart.

Rail Connected Booster Transformer

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Next to transformer, the other important equipment at any substation is the circuit
breaker. Circuit breakers play an important role in the control and performance of a power
supply system. From consideration of cost aspect also the circuit breakers constitute as a
major item. Power circuit breakers are designed not only to carry the rated normal currents
continuously but isolate the faulty section of the system under all normal and abnormal
condition, and shall also be capable of interrupting load currents, capacitive and small
inductive currents. They must be capable of clearing terminal and short line fault and shall
also be capable to operate reliably under all ambient temperatures, under severe polluted
conditions and at high attitudes. Voltages induced in the system due to switching operations
shall be minimum.
Different types of circuit breakers use different types of quenching medium like oil,
compressed air, SF6 gas and vacuum bottles. Till recently Indian Railways were using oil
circuit breakers for control of traction power supply system. In the initial stages of a.c.
electrification these breakers were imported but later on these were procured from reputed
indigenous manufacturers. The maintenance cost of oil circuit breakers particularly when
used as feeder circuit breaker, various from Rs.3000/- to Rs.40,000/- per annum depending
upon the number of trappings. Experience has shown that at some of the traction. substation
oil circuit breakers are just not able to meet the required duty due to very high cost of
maintenance.
To minimise the rising maintenance cost and to keep the down time of the breaker to bare
minimum, Indian Railways have adopted switchgear based on modern technology i.e. SF6
gas and vacuum. In all future electrification schemes, so far as 25 kV feeder circuit breakers
are concerned, will be either of SF6 gas type or vacuum type.

Rated short circuit breaking current (for HV breakers)

Rated short circuit breaking current depends on the three phase short circuit level of
the system. Short circuit levels at present for the different voltages varies between 1000
MVA to 10,000 MVA depending on the proximity of the generating station. Based on the
short circuit levels the rated circuit breaking current values are as under.
Sulphur Hexafluoride (Sf6) Gas
The SF6 Gas in a pure state in inert, exhibits exceptional, thermal stability and has
excellent arc quenching properties as well as exceptional high insulating properties. It is one
of the most stable compounds. inert, non-flammable, nontoxic and odourless. the SF6 gas
remains gas without liquefaction down to - 30 C at the maximum pressure of the puffer type
breakers.
The density of SF6 Gas is about five times that of air and heat dissipation in it is also
much more than in the air. At the atmospheric pressure, the dielectric strength is about 2.4
times that of air and at about 3 kg/cm2 it is same as that of oil.
There is some decomposition of the gas after long periods of arching however, such
decomposition is very little and has no effect up on dielectric strength and interrupting
capability. The solid arc-product formed by arcing is metallic fluoride which appears in the
form of a fine grey powder. This arc generated powder had high dielectric strength under dry
conditions as existing in the breaker. A good quality absorbent is used in the apparatus to
remove most of gaseous decomposed by products. So the level of this gaseous By-product is
kept very very low.
Certain impurities such as air result in the dilution of the SF6 but it is not worth while
bothering to measure the dilution of SF6 Gas at the field as long as the process
recommended is followed.
25 KV INTERRUPTERS
The interrupters are non-automatic circuit breakers which are provided at feeding
posts and switching stations. Inter ruptures are not required to clear the fault, except for the
one which is provided at the sectioning post as bridging interrupter. This interrupter is called
upon to clear the fault under extended feed conditions. The breaking capacity of the
interrupter has been specified as 4000 Amps at a recovery voltage of 27.5 kV and a short time
current with stand capacity of 4000 Amps. for 3 seconds. But now with the use of higher
rating traction transformers, the breaking capacity and normal rated current has been
increased to 8 kA and 800 Amps respectively in the RDSO’s new specification.
ISOLATING SWITCHES
When carrying, out inspection or repair on sub-station equipments, it is essential to
disconnect reliably the unit or the section, on which the work is to be done, from all other live
parts on the installation in order to ensure complete safety of the working staff to guard
against mistakes, it is desirable that this should be done by an apparatus which makes a
visible break in the circuit. Such an apparatus is called the isolating switch or isolator.
Isolators are used to open or close the circuit either when negligible current is flowing or
when no current is flowing through the circuit. These are also called as off load switches. The
location of the isolating switch is decided in the sub-station on the basis of scheme of bus bar
connections. Generally on either side of the circuit breakers, isolators are provided for
attending to maintenance work etc.
Two types of isolating switches have been used in traction substation. On the primary
side i.e. HV side. Isolators used are either of two pole or three pole according to number of
poles. From constructional point of view these may be divided as.
i) Three post, centre post rotating double break type and
ii) Two post single break type.
These isolators are of horizontal break type on the secondary side i.e. 25 KV side, the
isolators used are of vertical break type. The rated normal current of these isolators is fixed to
match the rated current of circuit breakers and bus bars etc.
BUS BARS
Two types of bus bar have been used for traction substation viz. strung type bus bar
on the HV side and rigid type bus bar on LV side i.e. 25 KV side. The strung bus used in the
earlier electrification schemes was consisting of All Aluminium ‘spider’ conductor of size
19/3 99 mm. The capacity of this conductor is adequate only to meet the maximum fault
current of above 17KA, but due to increase in the fault/level of grid system, the value of fault
current has exceeded 25KA. Therefore, to meet the higher requirement of fault current in the
system, use of ‘Zebra’ Acsr conductor has been adopted in the on going electrification
schemes, (size 61/3.18, diameter 28.62 mm). This conductor is capable to withstand fault
currents of the order of 31.5 KA. The tension in the strung bus is kept between 500 to 900
kgf. To keep corona losses within limits, the minimum diameter of conductors (strung bus)
and jumpers shall not be less than 28 mm in case of 220 KV system.
Similarly the rigid type bus used in earlier electrification schemes was of Aluminium
Alloy of 36 mm O.D. (36/28 mm). This bus was capable to carry the normal rated current of
960 Amps. But with the use of 20 MVA, transformers the requirement of rated normal
current has increased to 1500 Amps (for short duration). Therefore, the size of the rigid bus
bar has also been increased to 50 mm O.D. (50/39 mm). This bus is capable to carry
continuous current of 1530 Amps. The rigid type bus is supported on the support insulators
provided at a distance not exceeding 3 m. The minimum height of the 25 KV bus bar has
been kept as 3800 mm. Chances of failure of rigid bus are very remote, but its installation is
costlier than the strung bus.
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Lightning arrestors are also called surge diverters. The primary purpose of a lightning
arrester is to protect the system from getting damaged by the over-voltages caused due to
lightning strokes and switching surges. Lightning arresters absorb the energy and reduce the
over voltage in the system. The ideal arrester is one which draws negligible current at
operating voltage by offering very high impedance and negligible impedance during flow of
current. The breakdown voltage of LA should be kept much lower than that of the other
equipments in the substation, but should not be so low as to cause a power frequency
flashover due due to variation of the supply voltage or normal switching surges. While
selecting a lighting arrester the following points are generally considered.
i) Maximum line to line voltage
ii) The rated discharge current
iii) The power frequency flashover voltage
iv) Impulse flashover voltage
v) Residual discharge voltage
Types of lightning arresters
There are four general types of lightning arresters, namely:-
i. The rod gap type,
ii. Expulsion type,
iii. Conventional value type and
iv. Zinc oxide gapless lightning arresters.
The rod gap and expulsion type lightning arrester do not provide the required level of
protection. The conventional value type LAs have become complicated due to use of large
number of components forming ionising system, trigger systems grading net work,
interrupting and are stretching system. Zinc oxide gapless lighting arrecters are of new
generation and these LA’s have the following advantages over the types of LAs
i) Matching and controlled protective level
ii) Faster response due to elimination of series gap
iii) Energy is absorbed and hence over voltages are reduced.
iv) Light and rugged construction.
v) Improved thermal characteristics.
vi) Better performance under polluted conditions.
vii) Better pressure relief performance.
viii) Better sealing arrangement.
The Location of lighting arrester and precautions to be taken in its
installation:
The lighting arrester shall be installed very close to the apparatus to be protected. A
practical rule is that the distance should not be more than 10m. In case of big transformers
LA is installed immediately after the busing. In case of the incoming Transmission line is
more than 4 km. long then LA’s shall also be provided at the entry of the S/S. The
connections should be solid and direct. Earth connections should be of ample cross section to
carry the rated discharge current & the earthing terminal of the arrester and that of the other
electrical equipments shall be connected together to the main earthing bus.
CLEARANCES
To ensure satisfactory and reliable performance of any electrical net work, it is
essential to provide adequate electrical clearances Electrical clearance is defined as the
minimum distance required between live parts and earthed material (earth clearance) or
between live parts and different potentials (phase clearance) in order to prevent flashovers.
Safety clearance also called as sectional clearance is defined as the minimum distance
required between unscreened live conductor and the limits of a work section. Safety
clearances are required for safety of personnel in inspection, operation and maintenance.
Minimum electrical clearances for outdoor switchgear as stipulated in IS 3072.
Voltage Impulse Minimum Minimum Min clearance
Rating withstand Clearances clearance from any point
level to earth between where they may
phases be
required to stand
to the nearest
unscreened
conductors
air(section
safety clearance)
kV (rms) kV (Peak) (mm) (mm) (mm)
72.5 325 630 750 3230
350 675 810 3270
123 450 920 1065 3520
550 1150 1350 3750
145 550 1150 1350 3750
650 1380 1600 3980
245 875 1800 2000 4400
900 1900 2300 4550
1050 2300 2700 4900
EARTHING
Earthing system is of utmost importance for the purpose of protection in both
electricity supply and utilisation. The primary need of earthing is that in the event of fault
sufficient current shall flow through the fault path so as to operated the protective gear and
preventing dangerous potential rise on parts of electrical equipments that are not alive. It is
therefor, essential that earthing system shall have sufficient cross section and low resistance
to provide a path for the traction current. Earthing also provide the return path for the traction
current, ensures that non current carrying parts such as equipment frames, fencing and
structures are always at ground potential even after the failure of the insulation. Earthing also
helps to reduce the effect of induced voltage in adjacent communication circuits.
Types Of Earthings
There are two types of earthing namely
i) Equipment earthing
ii) System earthing
Equipment Earthing
Equipment earthing is for the safety of operating personal, public and property. In this
earthing all the non-current carrying metallic parts, such as frame of circuit breakers,
interrupters, transformers, potential and current transformer, steel structures, fencing panels
and uprights are connected to main earthing bus also known as earth grid by means of two
separate and direct connectors. During an earth fault in the equipment heavy leakage current
flows to earth resulting in potential rise almost that of live conductor and at that time if any
person comes in contact with the frames or carrying maintenance will get severe shock which
may prove to be fatal. Therefore, it is very essential to maintain a very low earth resistance
value for all the metal parts so as to enable circuit breaking device to trip at pre-determined
value.
System Earthing
In system earthing one leg of the secondary bushing on 25KV side of each traction
power tranformer is solidly earthed by connecting it to the earthing ring by means of two
75mm X 8mm or 80mm X 12mm M.S. flats. Further the earthing ring shall be connected to a
buried rail in the ground by the side of the track by means of four 75mm X 8mm M.S. flats
(for two track section). One of the designated terminals of the secondary of each potential,
current and auxiliary supply transformers is also connected to the earthing ring by means of
duplicate 50mm X 6mm MS flats.
Earth Resistance
At each power supply installations, an earthing ring or bus comprising the required
number of earth electrodes, also called earthing stations; inter connected by means of MS flat
is provided. The combined resistance of system earth is not allowed to exceed the following
limits.
Traction Sub-station - 0.5 ohms
switching station - 2.0 ohms
Booster Transformer Station - 2.0 ohms
Auxiliary supply transformer station - 10.0 ohms
Design Of Grounding System
The design of the grounding earthing system depends on the following considerations
• Magnitude of fault current
• Duration of fault current
• Thermal stability limits of material
• Mechanical strength
• Corrosivity
SCHEME OF PROTECTION
The scheme of protection provided at each traction sub-station can be broadly divided
into the following two categories.
i) Protection of Traction Power Transformer.
ii) Protection of the overhead equipment.
Protection Of Traction Power Transformer
The protection used for the transformer follows conventional methods and comprises
the following :-
(a) Protection against internal faults by means of high speed differential relay with necessary
restraining features to prevent operation due to in rush magnetising current when the
transformer is charged.
(b) Back-up protection of internal earth faults by means of instantaneous restricted earth
leakage relays provided separately on primary and the secondary sides.
(c) Protection against over current by means of non-directional relays with inverse definite
minimum time lag characteristics, provided on one of the phases on the primary side of the
transformer and on the un-earthed leg on the secondary side of the transformer. The relay on
the HV side is also provided with an instantaneous over current element.
(d) Protection against internal faults by means of a buchholz relay
(e) Protection against low oil level
(f) Protection against high oil temperature
(g) Protection against high winding temperature.
(h) Protection against high voltage surges by means of LA.
(i) Protection against direct lightening stroke by means of shielding wire and spikes.
(j) Provision of adjustable arcing horns.
Protection For Overhead Equipment
The scheme of protection of the overhead equipment as adopted comprises the
following relays :-
(a) A ‘Mho” relay for an impedance of 20-25 ohms and a phase angle of 750 for protection
against the earth faults. This relay works on the principle of discrimination between the phase
angle of the fault impedance and the working impedance of the system. This is used for
protection against distance earth faults.
(b) Instantaneous over current protection. This relay provides primary protection to the OHE
on earth faults in the vicinity of the feeding post. The current setting of the relay may
correspond to about 200% of the continuous current rating of the traction transformer.
(c) Wrong phase coupling relay The ‘Mho’ relay with a maximum torque angle of 750 as not
adequate for protection against wrong phase coupling of the two different phases at the
neutral section or at the feeding post during extended feed condition. Therefore, an additional
MHO relay with a maximum torque set at 1250 is provided.
(d) High speed inter tripping relay. In the event of failure of traction sub-station, 25 KV
supply is extended from the adjacent sub-station by closing the bridging interrupter at
sectioning post Under such emergency feed conditions, wrong phase coupling may be caused
at the overlap opposite the failed S. S. by the pantograph of the locomotive, resulting in the
tripping of 25 KV CB at any one of two S/S through wrong phase coupling relay (Mho). This
may result in the formation of an arc at the overlap due to which the OHE may be damaged.
The damage due to arc can be minimised by tripping the feeder circuit breaker at the other
sub-station also.
This is achieved by an inter tripping arrangement through the remote control equipment.
(e) Auto reclosing of feeder circuit breakers single shot auto-reclosing scheme for 25 KV
feeder circuit breakers at the traction sub-station has been adopted to facilitate reclosing of
the 25 KV feeder circuit breaker automatically once after a preset time delay after tripping of
the circuit breaker on OHE fault. This feature will help in quick restoration of traction power
supply to OHE if the fault is of transient nature. It will also help in checking the continuance
of arc in the event of the pantograph of a moving locomotive passing the overlap opposite the
feeding post.
(f) Panto Flash Over protection relay : Panto Flash Over relay is provided for protection of
OHE from flash over at insulated overlap in front of Traction sub - station, when pantograph
passes from live OHE to dead OHE across the overlap.
This relay opens the closed feeder circuit breaker to prevent melting down of OHE. Relay can
be bypassed either locally or Remotely. One relay monitors one Line.
INSULATORS
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the
point of view of reliability of power supply system and safety of the working personnel.
However, the substation design should be such that the quantity of insulators used is a
minimum commensurate with the security of supply.
The creepage distance of the insulators to be used in the traction substation depends on the
degree of pollution level. But as the pollution level, vary from place to place, therefore
insulators to be used at the traction substation have been provided with a creepage distance of
25 mm/ KV so that these insulators are able to withstand the service conditions even under
heavily polluted condition including coastal areas.
For strung bus, standard 10” disc insulators of 7000 Kgf. strength have been used for
system voltage upto 132 KV and for 220 KV traction substation 11” disc insulators of higher
strength have been specified. But for rigid bus, on the primary side of the transformer post
type stack insulators have been used and for 25 KV side only solid core type insulators have
been adopted for all applications. Due to development of solid core insulators even for higher
system voltage and their added advantages over conventional post type stack insulators the
same are being used now for all applications such as bus bar support insulators and isolators.
Insulators used for the constructions of circuit breakers, interrupters, PTs, CTs and bushings
of power transformer are of hollow porcelain housing.