I.I.S.W.B.M.

Internal Assignment

Paper 102

Department of MSW (1ST SEMESTER)

Name:Deeksha Jha

Roll No:28

Student ID Number:20180400028

Topic: Drug Abuse

Subject: Term Paper on Research Methodology

Teacher’s signature: ____________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my mam Mr;s Dipa Mitra for guiding me in my research
paper. It was due to her support I could complete my paper on time. I would also
like to thank the two rehabilation centres genesis foundation and kripa
foundation. Without their mutual support and cooperation I could have not
completed my work. I would like to sincerely appreciate my three respondents
sanjay,Maithili and suraj without whom the whole work was impossible.

INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO
INTRODUCTION 1-2
LITERATURE REVIEW 2-6
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 6-7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH 7-18
FINDINGS
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 18-19

INTRODUCTION
Drug addiction also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome,is a
condition where a person feels a strong need to take drug. Addiction also involve
different behaviours which include finding it difficult to control the need to use
the drug and feeling the use of drug to be more important than more normal
things such as family and work. When a person is addicted they are usually
addicted to a class of drug. Heroin is a drug that is in Opiate class. Which means
that a person addicted to heroin may also be seem to have an addiction to other
opiates such as Morphine.

Drug abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human
society as the most important social damage. Substance abuse is a nonadaptive
model of drug abuse, which results in adverse problems and consequences and
includes a set of cognitive,behavioral,psychological symptoms.

The world health organization;s report in 2005 shows that there are about 200
million opiate addicts in the world,and the most frequency is in 17-28 year age
group. The onset of drug use is often rooted in adolescence and studies show that
substance abuse is often related to cigarette and alcohol consumption in
adolescence. The goal of drug abuse treatment is to stop drug use and allow
people to lead active lives in family,workplace and community.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Kane(1962) states that the expert committee on drugs liable to produce
addiction which is a sub-division of the WHO.

Palen(1979) states that the use of drugs is seen as a social problem because it
tends to prevent people from leading responsible,self controlled life. Those drugs
which are thought to produce the greatest physiological and psychological
damage and dependency are viewed most harshly.

The WHO in 1969 suggested that a better description would be physical and
psychological dependence.

Rangnathan(1992) has highlighted that Opium or affirm can rightly be called “The
king of Narcotics”. Perhaps no other narcotic enjoys so much popularity as
opium.Strong addictive drugs such as heroin are synthesized from it.

Virk(2002) states that the WHO now no longer recommends the term alcoholism
but prefers the term”alcoholic dependence syndrome”. According to WHO
“Alcoholics are those excessive drinkers whose dependence on alcohol has
attained such a degree as they show a noticeable mental disturbance or an
interference with their mental and bodily health their interpersonal relations and
their smooth social and economic functioning or who show the predominant signs
of such development.
Jha(2009) states that it is because of these drugs in the brain that it is so
challenging for a person who is addicted to stop abusing drugs.

Grover;s(1939) writing shows that drugs are used to defend against aggressive
and sadistic impulses.

Crowley(1972) indicates that the drug addicted persons want to continue drugs to
drive pleasure and mainly to avoid the pain from withdrawal.

Gracious (1994)- Heroin and other drugs users frequently inject directly into their
veins. This is one of major pathways for spreading AIDS. Prison authorities the
world over are discovering not only that more and more of their inmates are ill
with AIDS or carrying HIV, but that prison environment itself is conducive to
spreading the virus. Single sex prisons lead to homosexual encounters both
voluntary and forced while the presence of drugs,together contraband needles
and no means of sterilization leads to rapid transmission through intraveneous
drug use.

Ahuja(2003) states that drug is a chemical substance associated with distinct

physical and/or psychological effects. It alters a person;s normal bodily processes
or functions. A drug is a substance prescribed by a physician or manufactured
expressly for purpose of treating and preventing disease.

According to Stimmel(1993) it is characterized by the compulsive use of

substances resulting in physical or psychological dependency it is usually
accompanied by increased tolerance. The person is unable to restrict the drug
use. As addiction develops, individuals lose control over intake and invest their
energies in obtaining the drug. Today, the drug with the greatest addictive
potential is cocaine “addiction “ unlike “dependency” is always used in negative
sense. within, this powerful negative context many people lose the ability to see
the addict as a person or to think clearly about appropriate approaches to
addiction.

Adolescence is a period of identity formation and experimentation. Part of this

developmental process includes risk taking whether it be unsafe sex, dangerous
driving or substance use. Motives for experimenting with substances vary. Some
youths percieve it as a form a rebellion or sensation-seeking,providing
pleasure,satisfying curiousity or attaining peer-status (Igra &Irwin 1996).

During the slow transition into adulthood substance use can symbolize freedom
providing youth with a seemingly adult status. Positive lifestyle advertisements
and general favourable associations and expectancies from alcohol and tobacco(
Casswell 1998).

A large proportion of adolescents try alcohol or illicit drugs without becoming

frequent or problem users. A developmental perspectives illustrates that alcohol
or other drug experimentation or use is normative in teenage years and use will
likely decline in one;s mid-to-late 20s( Chen &Kandel 1995).

One notable study showed that experimental use of drugs was associated with
good psychological health in late adolescence compared to frequent use or no use
and further that experimenters were the most psychologically adjusted as
children(Shedler & Block 1990).

Some studies of high risk samples demonstrate that “serious” drug users show
using with marijuana use preceding alcohol use, or in certain cases bypassing
marijuana use altogether (Temple &Low 1992).

Glantz and Pickens(1992) state that experimentation and infrequent substance

use is a function of peer and social factors whereas abuse or problem use may be
more associated with biological and psychological factors. This etiological
difference implies that prevention initiatives should distinguish between
substance use and abuse.

Each generation seems compelled to define itself ideologically as the opposite of

previous generation. In 1990s there have been signals of reaction against
“health”moralism among adults too with the substantial comeback of
cigars(Lupton 1994).

Prevalence rates of alcohol,tobacco among youths should always be interpreted

with larger cultural trends in mind. among youth as among adults substances are
often used as items of consumption in much the same way as clothes and music
are used that is to carve out a desired image or to connect oneself with a specific
subculture(McCracken 1992).

Gofton(1994) found that most did not place drugs on a continuum from soft to
hard drugs. Marijuana use was considered highly distinct from heroin and cocaine
and most who were current users of marijuana rejected the myth of progression
to experimenting with these other drugs.

According to (miller 1992) factors has unearthed various potential buffers such as
strong family bond, school commitment,positive adult role models and belief in
one;s self efficacy for a review in risk and protective factors.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1)Describing current treatment practices: such a cross sectional survey is done by
taking specific measures of treatment practices from carefully selected groups of
facilities and patients.

2)Comparing the performance of individual facilities or prescribers: rather than

being primary concerned with summarizing the treatment practices of the group
as a whole, such a study seeks to compare practices between individual facilities
or prescribers or between groups.

3)Periodic monitoring and supervision of specific drug use behaviours: the

indicators can be used to identify facilities or providers whose performance falls
below a specific standard of quality,so that they can be targeted for intensive
supervision.

4)Assesing the impact of intervention: specific indicators can be used to evaluate

the effectiveness of an intervention designed to change prescribing practices, by
providing the capability for measuring practices both before and after the
intervention and in both an intervention and a control group.

We can also provide group work programmes for young people affected. Provide
support and training for those in regular contact with young people affected.

And also there can be ‘hidden harm’ awareness sessions with the patients or
clients.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
I have used CASE STUDY method which is very much useful for trying to test
theoretical models by using them in real world situations. The advantage of case
study is that one can focus on specific and interesting cases. This may an attempt
to test theory with a typical case or it can be a specific topic that is of interest. I
have used three cases to elaborate my topic DRUG ABUSE.

DATA ANALYSIS
CASE STUDY 1
My first case is about a boy whose name is sanjay. I met sanjay in genesis
rehabilation centre. He is 21 years of age. His father is a doctor and his mother is
a housewife. He is suffering from mental depression. He is a shy boy. Six months
before he came here when his condition worsened.

The story starts when he was in the first year of his college. He was an average
student and he took up a subject in which he was least interested into. But on his
parent;s presseure he took up statistics hons. At first he thought he will work hard
and bring good marks in his semester exams.
But this did not happen. He was not able to understand the subject and it was
becoming tougher for him. The subject was too difficult for him to handle. In the
semester exams he did not perform well and his parents were called. His parents
were not happy at his performance and they decided to become more strict with
their son. They took away his mobile phone,stopped his outing with his friends.
They even made a strict routine and schedule for his son which he had to follow.
He was not allow3ed to watch t.v. this was too much for sanjay to handle. He
started arguing with his parents.

Even in his college he could not concentrate in his studies. The professors were
not happy with him and his friends also avoided him since he was not good his
studies. He was all alone. He stopped talking to everybody and mentained his own
personal space.

Slowly and slowly he locked himself in his room stopped going to college. He was
lost in his thoughts. It affected his emotions and overall physical health. He used
to stay in guilt that he could not do anything with his carrer. He lost interest in
friends,family,favourite activities. He used to stay angry with his parents and
stopped talking to them.

Gradually he stopped studying . previously he avoided his breakfast but then he

also started avoiding his lunch too. He lost too much of weight and he became
weak. He always use to sleep in his room and was least bothered about his
surroundings.

He started smoking and started taking alcohol. Stealing money for him was a
normal thing.he used to steal money from his father;s pocket and would go to the
bar. In the bar where he started going regularly he made some friends. Those
friends actually moulded him and inclined him to take drugs. According to his
friends taking drugs is not a crime. But one problem stopped him from taking
drugs and that is money.

But he found a solution to this problem. He used his father;s debit card for
issuing money. And then the first time he consumed drugs in form of cocaine.
Previously it was too high for him to handle but gradually he made himself
stronger to take it. He started stealing in his own house.

All these activities forced his parents to take an action. He was taken to genesis
rehabilation centre for his treatment. There the professionals came to know that
the patient was suffering from mental depression. so they first thought to cure
this. Healthcare professionals employed one type of psychotherapy that rely upon
a sequence of interpersonal treatment sessions with a trained professional.

But this was not enough for him. He used to crave for alcohol. He was not
allowing the doctors to start their treatment. But slowly and slowly doctors
started their treatment process. Doctors used the process of “detoxification”
which enabled him to stop taking the addicting drug as quickly and safely as
possible. Detox gradually reduces the dose of drug or temporarily substitutes
other substances such as methadone or naloxone.

Individual group and family therapy sessions are making him better now. The
therapist help him to develop ways to cope up with his drug cravings. Family
members are helping him to develop better communication skills.

RESEARCH FINDINGS
Here I found out that the boy sanjay is trying to be normal. He is friendly with
others as well as he mentains a cordial relation with other patients. He is also
cooperative with his doctor. He was patient and calm while giving his interview.
He did not hide anything from me and he also opened up with all his problems he
faced.

According to doctors I found out that he will take some more time to fully
recover. They have used behaviour therapy as part of treatment program. It is a
form of psychotherapy which can be done by a psychologist. He also received
counseling from a licensed alcohol and drug counselor.
Overall what I found the centre to be very helpful towards his patients. But they
were bit reluctant while giving out information. But it was due to sanjay I could
actually complete my work. It was only done by his cooperation and support.

CASE STUDY 2
The second story is about a middle class girl Maithili. She belongs to a lower
middle class family whom I met in the rehabilation centre. she has one younger
brother who studies in class 8. Her father is a vegetable seller and her mom is a
housewife. They stayed in a basti in baruipur.It was very difficult for her parents
to make their children self sufficient. Now the girl will pursue her graduation. It
was during when she was in class 7 she was assaulted by her cousin uncle. But
unfortunately she could not reveal this to her parents. Her uncle molested her
many times and when she would revolt he used to blackmail her. He even told her
that no body is going to believe her. She felt more terrible and scared as she had
nothing to do.

One day when she was alone in her house her uncle reached there and started
molesting her. There was no one present in the house who could help her. On
that day she was raped by her uncle who did not listen to her pleas and tears.
After committing this henious crime he left her lying on the floor. But that day
Maithili gathered courage and revealed this to her father whom she thought
would support her. But her father did not support her and he asked the girl to get
married to her uncle because now no one will marry her. He said that they are not
sufficient enough to get her married into a nice family. This was very shocking for
Maithili. She could not believe that her father will not support her and would say
such a thing. She cried bitterly in front of her father but there was no one who
could listen to her tears. She decided that she would reveal this to her mother.

When she told this to her mother she could not control herself and was very
angry on Maithili as she did not tell her before when it actually started. Her
mother wanted to help her. But her father had something else in his mind. We are
living in 21st century but there are somethings which have not changed yet. Her
father believed that it was no use to support her daughter or stand by her
because the society will blame him but instead he must take care of his son.
Maithili was not allowed to go to school. Both Maithili and her brother used to
study in government school. Her mother who wanted to support her could not
say anything because of her father. Her brother was not even allowed to speak to
her. She was locked inside the house. She was completely broken and there was
no one who could see her pain. Her parents who should have been there avoided
her.

Days passed by with her pain increasing but she had no choice left. She felt of
committing suicide but somehow or other she could not do that. One day as usual
she was locked in the house. She sat near her window and one of her classmate
was passing by. He saw her condition and asked her about it. She did not say
anything.

Next day the same boy asked her again about her problem. This time she felt that
the boy is sympathetic towards her. She told him everything. In this way the two
became friends. Everyday he used to pass by her house and she would wait for
her. They developed a really good bonding. One day when he came he had a
ciggarett in his hand and he was smoking. He asked Maithili that she can also try
it’s not bad. Previously she denied but then she started smoking. She really
enjoyed this. The boy told her that the next day she would bring for her
something special. Maithili was very excited as she was given so much of
importance. She was already heart broken but now she enjoyed his company.

The next day the boy had bought marijuana(ganja) with him. The girl had no idea
about it but she enjoyed the fact that her friend had bought something for her.
The boy then asked her to taste it. At first they used to have it in a limit but after
sometime they started abusing it frequently.

The boy used to spend all his pocket money in buying this and then they both
used to enjoy. Maithili unaware of the fact that it will harm her body she
continued enjoying it with her friend. This went on for a few days but when the
boy had no money left or we can say no source left from where he can borrow
money he used illegal means to buy ganja. He started stealing things from his
house then slowly slowly he involved himself into a big robbery.

Maithili also was so much abused to it that it was very difficult for her to stay
without abusing. Her behaviour started changing. She became rude and arrogant
to her family members. It was as if that there is only one goal left for her and that
is abusing drugs. She felt that this is the only way when she can forget all the
physical harm done to her or feeling of pain which was completely destroying her.
When her parents came to know about this they wanted her to get married but
Maithili was against their decision.

Now she hated her parents to a great extent. She was becoming aggressive and it
was very difficult for her parents to control her. Then one day a counselor had
come there for some work. By looking at Maithili she felt that she must help her.
With the help of her she was taken to genesis rehabilation centre where her
treatment would be taking place.

Taking her to the rehabilation centre was against the wish of Maithili. She used to
hate the caretakers who would take care for her. The doctor had to face a lot of
problem while medicating her. Maithili would not listen to anybody. She was only
craving for drug. She did realize the after affects of it but it was only after the
medicating process started she started acting patiently. She used to listen to her
doctors and the workers present there. Gradually her behaviour started changing
and there was a remarkable progress in her personality. She is now more
confident and a different person. The mentality of her parents have also changed.

When I asked her about her future plans she told me that she wants to take up
social work as her subject. The reason behind this is very clear. She told me that
she want to help people who are facing such kind of problems. According to her
this will help her to become a better person as well as help the society.

She told me that this centre has changed her completely into a different person.
She will be finishing her tenure in the centre in a few days and then she will have
a restart of her life. She told me that having drugs is not the solution to any
problem. Running away from a problem is easy but facing it with strength and
courage requires a great heart.

So this is the story of Maithili who really is an inspiration to many youths. She was
also addicted to drugs but now her life has changed completely. She has come to
know the difference between good and bad and she has also learnt to stand for
herself. According to her mother she is a fighter who fights till the end. She wants
her daughter to study and become an example for the nation.

RESEARCH FINDINGS
After studying Maithili;s case I found out that she was very much cooperative with
me while giving out so much details regarding her personal life. She mentained a
cordial relation with me. Though she has almost recovered still I found out that
she was not very much comfortable about revealing her past which is also true
after reading her story.

According to the doctors she was a very tough patient to handle at the begining
but gradually she was controllable. She herself cooperated with her doctor.

What I found out that the professionals or doctors contribute a critical element to
successful treatment by committing themselves to their work as fully as possible.
However, not all doctors involved in the field hold the same level of regard for
their patients/clients. When diagnosing any given individual, a doctor typically
identifies the substances that individual uses as well as the number of relevant
symptoms she is experiencing.

According to Dr mathur “recovery itself is very much challenging. You can’t tell
the difference between someone who used to have an addiction problem and
someone who has never had a problem with drugs. Recovering addicts are some
of the hardest working people I have ever met. They’re brilliant and
kind,dedicated and helpful most people would not associate with someone who
has had an addiction problem because of the stigma associated with this disease.”
This kind of motivational thinking will definately help the drug addicts to come
out of the situation and help them to become a good citizen.

Another thing which I want to conclude is that the centre is really helpful for drug
abuse patients and it is really doing a good job by transforming the drug addicts
into a nice human being. But one thing which I want to say here is that the centre
was very much reluctant about giving information of it’s patients which is actually
good for the clients as well as for the rehabilation centre.

CASE STUDY 3
The third story is about a boy suraj whom I found in Kripa foundation.
It is an ngo located in kalighat area in Kolkata. He belong to a wealthy family. His
father is a buisenessman and her mother is an engineer. He is 18 years now and
he was admitted in the centre almost two years back when he was of 16 years.

He was never a studious child. He was always a below average student and used
to study in a reputated school in Kolkata. He was always very proud of himself for
belonging to an elite family. He was always very popular in his class for his great
looks.

So the story starts when he was in class nine he fell in love with his junior neha
who was in class eight at that time. She was good looking,smart,intelligent and a
down to earth girl. She was the topper of her class and dreamt of becoming a
doctor. Suraj wanted to be with this girl so one day with all his courage he
proposed to her.

But neha who was not willing to be in any kind of relationship rejected his
proposal. She thought that it was too early to be involved in any kind of
relationship. It’s not the correct age and time so they both should focus on their
studies.

But this was great disappointment for suraj. He thought that he is so popular that
no one can reject him. Infact he was also very proud of his family. He did
everything to impress neha. he waited for her all day outside his school missing
his classes but neha who had already said that she want to focus on her studies
did not pay attention. One day when neha was going to her tution class he
stopped her way and forced her to accept his love. But she was reluctant at her
decision. Suraj;s attitude disappointed not only neha but also the teachers as well
as her parents.

Days passed by neha was doing good in her studies but suraj failed in his terminal
exam. His parents were called. The teacher thought that this will improve his
grades in next exam. But they were wrong . he did not perform well in his unit
tests. The class teacher gave him punishments but it was of no use.

Then one day when he was sitting alone in the class his classmate came there and
invited him to his birthday party. Previously he denied after so much of requests
he could not refuse it. So he went to the party. There he found that the girl was
also present there but she was there with her own friends. His classmate varun
was very happy by his presence and there itself he tried alcohol which was a part
of celebration. The party was organized in multi-cuisine restaurant. It can be said
that it was a very high class party.

Suraj forgot his pain and really enjoyed the day. But he din;t knew that this
enjoyment will become a punishment for him. Under the influence of varun he
started taking marijuana. This was not enough for him he stole money from his
father;s pocket to buy cocaine. Slowly and slowly it became an addiction. He
stopped going to school and locked himself in a room. At first he tried not to take
it but as and when he used to remember about neha he would start it again.

Even varun who was his best friend now did not stop him but enjoyed this. Slowly
and slowly he started selling things from the house i:e he sold his phone in order
to buy drugs illegally. His family was very upset seing his condition. Suraj had gone
out of their control. His behaviour towards his mother changed automatically. He
started misbehaving with her. He stopped taking food and was only craving for
drugs.

His parents realized that it is high time that he should be taken to a rehabilation
centre. But there also he was not willing to undergo any kind of treatment. His
situation had become worse. Doctors or any professionals used to get scared
while entering his room. he was becoming very dangerous for other patients as
well.

But one day a counselor was called for him. At first he was not willing to interact
with him but after some time he started interacting with him. Then gradually the
centre started its duty.

At first they offered individual support and attention to the drug addict so they
feel comfortable in sharing their problem. A group session was held which was
more of a n interactive session. This enabled him to better express himself and
have his concerns and opinion heard.

One of the doctors stated that addiction treatment program is primarily focused
on evidence-based psychotherapy. Their goal is to provide each of their residents
with precisely the right combination of
psychological,medical,pharmaceutical,nutritional,alternative and spiritual
practices that will bring each of their recovery.

They feel pride in themselves in their ability to work with each resident closely
and offer him or her the care,support and treatment they need with compassion
and dignity.

Suraj is still in the rehab centre. He need to stay here for few months more and
then only he can go to his house. He has improved but he needs to improve more
to fit himself in the society.

RESEARCH FINDINGS
Suraj was a hard client to deal with. When I reached this rehab centre to interact
with him he was not eager to reveal things about himself. He was hiding a lot of
things . he even tried to misjudge me by giving me false statements but thanks to
the care-taker who was present there took charge of the whole situation and
helped me in studying this case.

Suraj was not liking the fact this story is being told to someone. But the doctors as
well as the entire staff were very much supporting.
His doctor gave me a very important information. He said that all the residential
inpatient treatment centres are very structured and organized with similar
activities and therapies in most centres. This mimimize stress and uncertainity
among residents. Depending on setting and amenities offered daily activities may
vary.

He also gave an example of what a typical day in treatment might look-

MORNINGS: A HEALTHY BREAKFAST AND EARLY

MEETINGS
Sleeping is not part of the program so it is expected to rise early to have a healthy
breakfast. Some programs offer morning classes such as yoga or meditation to
help to begin a new day in relaxed state of mind.

Part of the treatment and recovery process centres on developing new healthy
habits,that are intended to become routine in post-discharge life.

There is often a group session following breakfast led by a counselor or therapists

that focuses on topics related to treatment process the 12-step program
addiction and recovery. The daily meetings in the safety and controlled
therapeutic environment will help the drug addict to begin to recognize patterns
of behaviour.

AFTERNOONS:DAILY THERAPY
These often include:

Cognitive behavioral therapy: is one of the most effective methods used in

addiction centres. CBT hones in behavioral responses to specific triggers. Once
those are identified the therapist guides towards new,healthier responses to
those triggers.

Group therapy: participation in group sessions provides a certain relaxation, as

well participants experience struggles of addiction. It is very beneficial to the
participants to share their personal story with one another to allow for emotional
healing. The group members often develop a sense of fellowship during the
weeks in rehab as trust grows they become more open in their sessions and
develop a sincere compassion and understanding for each other;s battles.

Specialized sessions: this is important for anger management,stress management

or grief counselling,offering coping techniques which can help in improving ability
to handle issues in controllable manner rather than feeling the need to use drug
or alcohol.

Family therapy: family support is very important in treatment process. According

to the doctors it was very much seen in case of suraj. Addiction affects the entire
family enabling behaviours or intense anger and resentment. During the sessions
many issues are resolved and feelings are addressed. Family participation factors

heavily in future support for the addicted person after they are discharged.

CONCLUSION
Drug identification strategies followed by effective interventions help prevent
further illicit drug use. Drug testing can be constructive means of helping youth
overcome denial of their substance abuse. As part of intervention, drug testing
can be used to help youth achieve and mentain recovery and curtail other deviant
behaviours. It can also help juvenile justice agencies achieve the goals of balanced
approach including community protection, youth accountability and competency
development.

Drug testing can have an important role in safety-critical and other occupations
where the public is entitled to expect higher standard of safety. There is no
justification for drug testing simply as a way of policing the private behaviour of
the workforce nor it is an important tool for dealing with most performance
issues. Even where drug testing does have a role it should be approached with
caution and implemented in fair,transparent and inclusive way.

RECOMMENDATION
1)Program planning,development and implementation should include all
potentially affected persons.

2)The program purpose should complement the agency; mission statement.

3)There should be clearly defined rationale and procedure for identifying youth to
be include in the program. For detention programs all youths entering a centre
should be screened. For probation programs,all youth may be screened but it is
usually cost effective to limit ongoing tests to those found to have a substance
abuse problem.

4)The programs must have written policies and procedures that all staff read and
understand. This document should detail areas such as agency;s authority to
perform drug testing procedures. Youth identified as having alcohol and other
drug use problems often need multiple services from a variety of community
services.

5)Drug testing in probation agencies should be used with sufficient frequency and
randomness to identify and deter continued substance abuse.

6)Every use of drug identification measures should be followed by positive and

negative indicators. Positive indicators include enhanced supervision,more
frequent testing and treatment responses. Negative indicators should be followed
by praise, rewards and encouragement.

7)Interventions should be appropriate for the developmental stage of youth and

tailored to individual case plans.

7)Staff involved in the program should receive ongoing training.

8)Ongoing evaluation of the program should be undertaken and the information

obtained from evaluation should be the basis for decisions about the future
direction of the program.