Project report:

100 minutes timer

Group Members:
1- Aiman khan
2- Arbaz Yousuf.
Abstract:
COMPONENTS:

1- 7447N.
2- 7490N.
3- Function Generator.
4- SEVEN_SEG_COM_K_GREEN.
5- Vcc.
6- Ground.
Introduction:
A stopwatch is a handheld timepiece designed to measure the amount of time that elapses
between its activation and deactivation. A large digital version of a stopwatch designed for
viewing at a distance, as in a sports stadium, is called a stopclock. In manual timing, the clock is
started and stopped by a person pressing a button. In fully automatic time, both starting and
stopping are triggered automatically, by sensors.

A typical mechanical analog stopwatch.

The timing functions are traditionally controlled by two buttons on the case. Pressing the top
button starts the timer running, and pressing the button a second time stops it, leaving the elapsed
time displayed. A press of the second button then resets the stopwatch to zero. The second button
is also used to record split times or lap times. When the split time button is pressed while the
watch is running, the display freezes then starts then freezes again, allowing the elapsed time to
that point to be read, but the watch mechanism continues running to record total elapsed time.
Pressing the split button a second time allows the watch to resume display of total time.
Stopwatch function in Casio wristwatch.

A digital stopwatch application found on an Android device.

Mechanical stopwatches are powered by a mainspring, which must be periodically wound up by

turning the knurled knob at the top of the watch.
Digital electronic stopwatches are available which, due to their crystal oscillator timing element,
are much more accurate than mechanical timepieces. Because they contain a microchip, they
often include date and time-of-day functions as well. Some may have a connector for external
sensors, allowing the stopwatch to be triggered by external events, thus measuring elapsed time
far more accurately than is possible by pressing the buttons with one's finger. Stopwatches that
count by 1/100 of a second are commonly mistaken[by whom?] as counting milliseconds, rather
than centiseconds. The first digital timer used in organized sports was the Digitimer, developed
by Cox Electronic Systems, Inc. of Salt Lake City Utah (1971).[1] It utilized a Nixie-tube readout
and provided a resolution of 1/1000 second. Its first use was in ski racing but was later used by
the World University Games in Moscow, Russia, the U.S. NCAA, and in the Olympic trials.
The device is used when time periods must be measured precisely and with a minimum of
complications. Laboratory experiments and sporting events like sprints are good examples.
The stopwatch function is also present as an additional function of many electronic devices such
as wristwatches, cell phones, portable music players, and computers.
Methodology
7 segment decoder:

The emission of these photons occurs when the diode junction is forward biased by an external voltage
allowing current to flow across its junction, and in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence.
The actual colour of the visible light emitted by an LED, ranging from blue to red to orange, is decided by the
spectral wavelength of the emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the various impurities
added to the semiconductor materials used to produce it.

7-segment Display
Light emitting diodes have many advantages over traditional bulbs and lamps, with the main ones being their small size, long life,
various colours, cheapness and are readily available, as well as being easy to interface with various other electronic
components and digital circuits.
But the main advantage of light emitting diodes is that because of their small die size, several of them can be connected together
within one small and compact package producing what is generally called a 7-segment Display.
The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists of seven LEDs (hence its name) arranged in a
rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a
numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is sometimes used within the same package thus
allowing the indication of a decimal point, (DP) when two or more 7-segment displays are connected together to display numbers
greater than ten.
Each one of the seven LEDs in the display is given a positional segment with one of its connection pins being brought straight out
of the rectangular plastic package. These individually LED pins are labelled from a through to g representing each individual LED.
The other LED pins are connected together and wired to form a common pin.
So by forward biasing the appropriate pins of the LED segments in a particular order, some segments will be light and others will
be dark allowing the desired character pattern of the number to be generated on the display. This then allows us to display each
of the ten decimal digits 0 through to 9 on the same 7-segment display.
The displays common pin is generally used to identify which type of 7-segment display it is. As each LED has two connecting pins,
one called the “Anode” and the other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display
called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).
The difference between the two displays, as their name suggests, is that the common cathode has all the cathodes of the 7-
segments connected directly together and the common anode has all the anodes of the 7-segments connected together and is
illuminated as follows.
1. The Common Cathode (CC) – In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections of the LED segments are joined
together to logic “0” or ground. The individual segments are illuminated by application of a “HIGH”, or logic “1” signal via a
current limiting resistor to forward bias the individual Anode terminals (a-g).

Common Cathode 7-segment Display

2. The Common Anode (CA) – In the common anode display, all the anode connections of the LED segments are joined together
to logic “1”. The individual segments are illuminated by applying a ground, logic “0” or “LOW” signal via a suitable current limiting
resistor to the Cathode of the particular segment (a-g).

Common Anode 7-segment Display

In general, common anode displays are more popular as many logic circuits can sink more current than they can source. Also
note that a common cathode display is not a direct replacement in a circuit for a common anode display and vice versa, as it is
the same as connecting the LEDs in reverse, and hence light emission will not take place.
Depending upon the decimal digit to be displayed, the particular set of LEDs is forward biased. For instance, to display the
numerical digit 0, we will need to light up six of the LED segments corresponding to a, b, c, d, e and f. Thus the various digits
from 0 through 9 can be displayed using a 7-segment display as shown.

7-Segment Display Segments for all Numbers.

Then for a 7-segment display, we can produce a truth table giving the individual segments that need to be illuminated in order to
produce the required decimal digit from 0 through 9 as shown below.
7-segment Display Truth Table
Individual Segments Illuminated

Decimal
Digit

a b c d E f g

0 × × × × × ×

1 × ×

2 × × × × ×

3 × × × × ×

4 × × × ×

5 × × × × ×

6 × × × × × ×
 7 × × ×

8 × × × × × × ×

9 × × × × ×

Driving a 7-segment Display

Although a 7-segment display can be thought of as a single display, it is still seven individual LEDs within a single package and as
such these LEDs need protection from over current. LEDs produce light only when it is forward biased with the amount of light
emitted being proportional to the forward current.
This means then that an LEDs light intensity increases in an approximately linear manner with an increasing current. So this
forward current must be controlled and limited to a safe value by an external resistor to prevent damage to the LED segments.
The forward voltage drop across a red LED segment is very low at about 2-to-2.2 volts, (blue and white LEDs can be as high as
3.6 volts) so to illuminate correctly, the LED segments should be connected to a voltage source in excess of this forward voltage
value with a series resistance used to limit the forward current to a desirable value.
Typically for a standard red coloured 7-segment display, each LED segment can draw about 15 mA to illuminated correctly, so on
a 5 volt digital logic circuit, the value of the current limiting resistor would be about 200Ω (5v – 2v)/15mA, or 220Ω to the
nearest higher preferred value.
So to understand how the segments of the display are connected to a 220Ω current limiting resistor consider the circuit below.

Driving a 7-segment Display

In this example, the segments of a common anode display are illuminated using the switches. If switch a is closed, current will
flow through the “a” segment of the LED to the current limiting resistor connected to pin a and to 0 volts, making the circuit.
Then only segment a will be illuminated. So a LOW condition (switch to ground) is required to activate the LED segments on this
common anode display.
But suppose we want the decimal number “4” to illuminate on the display. Then switches b, c, f and g would be closed to light the
corresponding LED segments. Likewise for a decimal number “7”, switches a, b, c would be closed. But illuminating 7-segment
displays using individual switches is not very practical.
7-segment Displays are usually driven by a special type of integrated circuit (IC) commonly known as a 7-segment
decoder/driver, such as the CMOS 4511. This 7-segment display driver which is known as a Binary Coded Decimal or BCD to 7-
segment display decoder and driver, is able to illuminate both common anode or common cathode displays. But there are many
other single and dual display drivers available such as the very popular TTL 7447.
This BCD-to-7 segment decoder/driver takes a four-bit BCD input labelled A, B, C and Dfor the digits of the binary weighting of 1,
2, 4 and 8 respectively, has seven outputs that will pass current through the appropriate segments to display the decimal digit of
the numeric LED display.
The digital outputs of the CD4511 are different from the usual CMOS outputs because they can provide up to 25mA of current
each to drive the LED segments directly allowing different coloured LED displays to be used and driven.

Driving a 7-segment Display using a 4511

In this simple circuit, each LED segment of the common cathode display has its own anode terminal connected directly to the 4511
driver with its cathodes connected to ground. The current from each output passes through a 1kΩ resistor that limits it to a safe
amount. The binary input to the 4511 is via the four switches. Then we can see that using a BCD to 7-segment display driver such
as the CMOS 4511, we can control the LED display using just four switches (instead of the previous 8) or a 4-bit binary signal
allowing up to 16 different combinations.
Most digital equipment use 7-segment Displays for converting digital signals into a form that can be displayed and understood by
the user. This information is often numerical data in the form of numbers, characters and symbols. Common anode and common
cathode seven-segment displays produce the required number by illuminating the individual segments in various combinations.
LED based 7-segment displays are very popular amongst Electronics hobbyists as they are easy to use and easy to understand.
In most practical applications, 7-segment displays are driven by a suitable decoder/driver IC such as the CMOS 4511 or TTL 7447
from a 4-bit BCD input. Today, LED based 7-segment displays have been largely replaced by liquid crystal displays (LCDs) which
consume less current.
7490 IC
74LS90 is basically a MOD-10 decade counter that generate a BCD output code. It consists of four master-slave JK flip-flop, which are internally connected to
provide MOD-2 (count to 2) counter and MOD-5 counter. 74LS90 also have an independent toggle JK flip-flop by CLKA and other three are driven by the CLKB.
Internal Logic Diagram

How to Use Decade Counter IC?

The below circuit diagram is for BCD decade counter, by giving HIGH and LOW logic to the CLKA pin, IC start counts from zero to 8 at every HIGH logic. If you want to
display the number on a 7-segment display you need a seven segment display driver IC.
General Description Each of these monolithic counters contains four masterslave flip-flops and additional gating to provide
a divide-bytwo counter and a three-stage binary counter for which the count cycle length is divide-by-five for the
DM74LS90. All of these counters have a gated zero reset and the DM74LS90 also has gated set-to-nine inputs for use in
BCD nine’s complement applications. To use their maximum count length (decade or four bit binary), the B input is
connected to the QA output. The input count pulses are applied to input A and the outputs are as described in the
appropriate truth table. A symmetrical divide-by-ten count can be obtained from the DM74LS90 counters by connecting the
QD output to the A input and applying the input count to the B input which gives a divide-by-ten square wave at output QA

Features
■ Typical power dissipation 45 mW
■ Count frequency 42 MHz
Function Generator
The Function Generator is a voltage source that supplies sinusoidal, triangular or square waves. It provides a convenient and realistic way to supply
stimulus signals to a circuit. The waveform can be changed and its frequency, amplitude, duty cycle and DC offset can be controlled. The frequency
range is great enough to produce conventional AC as well as audio- and radio-frequency signals.

To place the instrument, click the Function Generator button in the Instruments toolbar and click to place its icon on the workspace. The icon is used
to wire the function generator to the circuit.

The function generator has three terminals through which waveforms can be applied to a circuit. The common (center) terminal provides a
reference level for the signal.
Double-click on the icon (shown above) to open the front panel (shown below), which is used to enter settings.

To reference a signal from ground, connect the Common terminal to the ground component.

The positive terminal (+) provides a waveform in the positive direction from the neutral common terminal. The negative terminal (-) provides a
waveform in the negative direction.

Function Generator Settings

VCC
VCC stands for "voltage at the common collector." The letter "V" on a circuit stands for the supply voltage. The
letters "CC" indicate that the supply voltage is positive or negative. If the charge is positive, its circuit is a
Negative-Positive-Negative circuit, and if negative, it is a Positive-Negative-Positive circuit.

VCC is more commonly (voltage drain). The common collector is responsible for the power coming from the
base and the collector, while output is from the emitter-collector circuit. Integrated circuits with bipolar
transistors have positive and negative power supplies. The positive supply is called "VCC" while "VEE" is the
negative power supply.

These terminologies are related to the transistors i.e Bipolar Junction Transistor.

Basically, VCC stands for Voltage at Common Collector which denotes the voltage supplied to the collector of a transistor whereas VEE stands for
Voltage at Common Emitter which denotes the Voltage at the emitter of a transistor.

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I use in this project vcc of 5.0 volts.

Basically, VCC means voltage at common collector…where the name itself defines the meaning that it is the voltage connected from the power
supply to the collector in common in bipolar transistor.

Ground
A voltage measurement is always referenced to some point, since a voltage is actually a “potential difference” between two points in a circuit.

The concept of “ground” is a way of defining a point common to all voltages. It represents 0 volts. All voltage levels around the circuit are positive or
negative when compared to ground. In power systems, the planet Earth itself is used for this reference point (most home power circuits are
ultimately “grounded” to the earth's surface for lightning protection). This is how the expression “earthing” or “grounding” a circuit originated.

Most modern power supplies have “floating” positive and negative outputs, and either output point can be defined as ground. These types of supplies
can be used as positive (with respect to ground) or negative power supplies. In floating power supply circuits, the positive output is often used as
the voltage reference for all parts of the circuit.

The Ground Component

This component has 0 voltage and so provides a clear reference point for calculating electrical values. You can use as many ground components as
you want. All terminals connected to ground components represent a common point and are treated as joined together.
Not all circuits require grounding for simulation. However, any circuit that uses an opamp, transformer, controlled source or oscilloscope must be
grounded. Also, any circuit which contains both analog and digital components should be grounded. If a circuit is ungrounded or improperly
grounded (even if it does not need grounding in reality), it may not be simulated. If it is simulated, it may produce inconsistent results. The linear
transformer must be grounded on both sides.

7447N ic
BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver with Open-Collector Outputs

General Description

The DM74LS47 accepts four lines of BCD (8421) input data, generates their complements internally and decodes the data with seven
AND/OR gates having open-collector outputs to drive indicator segments directly. Each segment output is guaranteed to sink 24 mA in
the ON (LOW) state and withstand 15V in the OFF (HIGH) state with a maximum leakage current of 250 µA. Auxiliary inputs provided
blanking, lamp test and cascadable zero-suppression functions.

Features

■ Open-collector outputs

■ Drive indicator segments directly

■ Cascadable zero-suppression capability

■ Lamp test input

BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER/DRIVER The SN54/74LS47 are Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Drivers consisting of
NAND gates, input buffers and seven AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer active LOW, high sink current outputs for driving indicators
directly. Seven NAND gates and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to the seven
decoding AND-OR-INVERT gates. The remaining NAND gate and three input buffers provide lamp test, blanking input/ripple-blanking
output and ripple-blanking input. The circuits accept 4-bit binary-coded-decimal (BCD) and, depending on the state of the auxiliary
inputs, decodes this data to drive a 7-segment display indicator. The relative positive-logic output levels, as well as conditions required
at the auxiliary inputs, are shown in the truth tables. Output configurations of the SN54/74LS47 are designed to withstand the
relatively high voltages required for 7-segment indicators. These outputs will withstand 15 V with a maximum reverse current of 250
µA. Indicator segments requiring up to 24 mA of current may be driven directly from the SN74LS47 high performance output
transistors. Display patterns for BCD input counts above nine are unique symbols to authenticate input conditions. The SN54/74LS47
incorporates automatic leading and/or trailing-edge zero-blanking control (RBI and RBO). Lamp test (LT) may be performed at any
time which the BI/RBO node is a HIGH level. This device also contains an overriding blanking input (BI)

which can be used to control the lamp intensity by varying the frequency and duty cycle of the BI input signal or to inhibit the outputs.
• Lamp Intensity Modulation Capability (BI/RBO)

• Open Collector Outputs

• Lamp Test Provision

• Leading/Trailing Zero Suppression

• Input Clamp Diodes Limit High-Speed Termination Effect

Our project:
Applications:
It has the capability to create an acute stress in you while you give online exams.

They are useful in

 Gaming,
 Examinations.
 Sports
 Laboratories (eg: time taken to complete the chemical reaction)
 Gym
Luckily you can Incorporate it in every activity you do, consider each task as a
mock test !

 Exercising
Conclusion:
This project use as a stop watch or timer in any circuit

In this project we design 100 minutes timer by using two ics 7447N and 7490N

7490ic used because of DECADE COUNTER and 7447N of BCD TO SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAY OC 15V

And seven-segment-com-a-green to display numbers in timmer

Reference
. [Online]. Available:
https://www.google.com/search?q=stopwatch+multisim&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK
67zDu8TiAhVFzoUKHWlmC6oQ_AUIDigB&biw=1242&bih=568#imgrc=LyMnnQy3W49ehM: