What do we need to find out?

• Rock type?
– Sandstone? • Engineering
Shale? Limestone? – Well trajectory (coord)
• Rock Properties – Shape of hole
– Porosity – Casing Joints
– Permeability – Quality of cement
– Bedding Orientation – etc

Well Logs •
–
–
Fractures?
Temperature
Fluids
– Type (water, oil, gas)
– Saturation
– Salinity
– Pressure

Geol472-2009

What for? (Log applications) What can we measure?

• Stratigraphic correlation • Electrical Properties
• Formation Tops • Natural radioactivity
• Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water saturations
• Porosity • Induced radioactivity
• Correlation with seismic data • Acoustic Properties (velocity)
• Sedimentological studies
• Reservoir modeling
• Shape of hole
• Structural studies • Noise
• Temperature
• etc
• Depth
• Orientation of hole
• …

Log Types
• Lithologic Logs
• Other
– Spontaneous Potential
(SP) – Dipmeter
– Gamma Ray (GR) – Caliper
– Temperature
– Acoustic
• Porosity Logs
– FMI
– Neutron
– Many more …
– Density
– Sonic

• Resistivity Logs (Fluid

Type)
– Resistivity
– Induction
 Spontaneous Potential (SP)
• One of the Oldest Logging Measurements
– Used Commercially in 1931
• Discovered as Noise in Resistivity
Surface
• Found to be Related to Presence of Sandstone

Downhole

The earth well

works like a
battery

E = -K log (aw/amf)
Typical SP log
E is in millivolts

aw= water salinity

aw= mud salinity

Ion flow is easier in

permeable
sandstones

SP has Poor Spontaneou

s Potential
Limestone (SP) Drift
Response
 Gamma Ray Log SP and
• Lithology log Gamma Ray
• Measures natural radioactivity
• Uses a scintilometer (Gaiger counter) •Gamma Ray in API
Units
• Potassium (K), Uranim, Thorium,
Phosphorous •Shales swing right

• K → abundant in clay → shales

• Unaffected by fluids

Spectral Gamma Ray

Differentiates the different sources of gamma rays

Resistivity Log Applications Resistivity Tool Background

• Three Classes
• “True” Rt Formation Resistivity
– Electrode Logs
• Fluid Saturation Sw from Archie’s Equation
– Laterologs
• Determination of Hydrocarbon-Bearing vs. Water- • Focused Electrodes
Bearing Zones
– Induction
• Geopressure Detection
• Measure Resistivity in Ohms
• Diameter of Invasion
• Porosity
• Correlation
 Resistivity Normal Resistivity Tool
Spacing of electrodes determines penetration
Resistivity of Water - Rw

Increasing Resistivity
Resistivity of Water and Formation

Resistivity of Water, Hydrocarbons,

and Formation

Resistivity of Formation

Induction (Conductivity) Tool

Guard or Laterolog Tool
Receiver coil measures the induced electrical field
created in the rocks by the transmitter coil The guard electrodes focus the current in a narrow
disk

Log Presentation and Scales

ID, IM, LL8 measure Resistivity
logs :
resistivity at different spherically-
distances form the focussed
(SFL), medium
borehole. induction
(ILM), and
ID= deep induction IM= deep induction
(ILD) from
medium induction LL8= KGS Jones #1
shallow induction
 The Borehole Environment
Calculating Fluid Saturation

(Rxo/Rt)5/8
Sw=
(R mf/Rw)
Rxo= Resistivity of flushed zone
Rw= Resistivity of formation water
Rmf= Resistivity of mud filtrate
Rt= Resistivity of uninvaded zone

Sonic (Acoustic) Logs

Header Measures of acoustic travel time in formation
∆t = 1/V

• ∆t is related to Porosity, Fluid Content and

Lithology
Wellbore Environment
Depth, Diameter,
Temperature,
Mud Parameters • Used to generate Synthetic Seismic traces
to link wells logs to seismic data

Creating synthetic seismic data:

Convolution

Wavelet

Acoustic impedance
Seismic Synthetic
from Sonic log
Reflectivity Seismic

GEOL 553 Lecture 3; Subsurface Analysis

 Density Log Neutron Log (CNL)
• Tool has a neutron source
• Measures of Density - ρ • H absorbs neutrons and emits gamma rays
• Tied to Porosity, Fluid Content and Lithology • Tool detects the emitted gamma rays
• Tool emits gamma rays • H is mostly in formation fluids (water and
• Detects returning scattered gamma rays hydrocarbons)
• Gamma ray absorption is proportional to rock • Can be run through casing
density • Reads low in gas zones
• Cannot distinguish oil from water

Porosity calibration
• If lithology is
High resistivity known, neutron and
density logs can be
calibrated for
Neutron-density porosity
cross over
indicates gas!

Relating log character to sedimentary facies

Applications of logs
• Stratigraphic studies
– Sedimentary facies
• Well correlation
• Reservoir models
• Structural interpretation
– Fault recognition
 Buildi
Building a reservoir
eservoir 3. Predict facies in wells
without core, but with good logs
model model Log Datum Terminology
1. Define 2. Relate
facies in core facies to log

1600 wells • KB - Kell elevation.

Kelly Bushing elev
• MD - Meas
Measured Depth along the wellbore
fro
from the Kell bushing (usually)
elly bus
• SS - Dep
Depth Relativ
Relative to Sealev
Sealevel
4. Fill the gaps between wells
• TVD – True Vertic
Vertical Dep
Depth, (importa
portan
n t fo r
non-
non-vertica
ertical wells
wells)
• SSTVD - Sub-Sea True Vertical Depth

108 Million Cells

28 cores

Correlation
Example

Major Sands
on SP