Grammar for Certificate with answers Self-study grammar reference and practice LOUISE HASHEMI and BARBARA THOMAS Cambridge Books for Cambridge Exams eeeCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521533362 © Cambridge University Press 2003, ‘This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003, 5th printing 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-53336-2 paperback with audio CD ISBN-10 0-521-53336-8 paperback with audio CD ISBN-13 978-0-521-66577-3 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-66577-9 paperback Produced by Kamae Design, OxfordAcknowledgements The authors would like to thank their editors, Alison Sharpe and Anna Teevan, and also the following people for their comments and advice: Shahla Hashemi, Neca Huntic and Christina Wylie. ‘The authors and publishers would also like to thank the following teachers from around the world who commented on the material in its draft form: Roger Scott, Bournemouth, UK; Mairi Beaton, Lyon, France; Elisabeth de Lange, Beckum, Germany, Helen Gialias, Bournemouth, England; Mechthild Hesse, Bad Homburg, Germany; Diana Hopkins, Bath, England; Scott Lusher, Izmir, Turkey; Mark Nettle, Bath, England; Graham Palmer, Royston, England; Martin Parrott, London, England; Dmitris Primolis, Archanes, Greece; Susan Rastetter-Gies, Aschaffenburg, Germany; Nick Shaw, A Coruna, Spain; Anna Sikorzynska, Warsaw, Poland; Sylvia Sommer, Lyon, France; Roy Sprenger, Troyes, France. The authors and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material. It has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used and in such cases the publishers would welcome information from the copyright owners: p.23: adapted extract from ‘The rise and rise of news girl Katie’ by Lisa Millard, Cambridge Evening News, 26 April 1999, reproduced with permission of Cambridge Newspapers Ltd.s p.32: adapted extract from ‘Hurled through the door’ by Max Wooldridge, Observer, 6 February 2000 © Max Wooldridge, reproduced with permission of Max Wooldridge; p.198: adapted extract from The Language of Clothes by Alison Lurie, published by Henry Holt and Company (Owl Books) © Alison Lurie, reproduced with permission of A. P. Wyatt on behalf of Alison Lurie; p.213: adapted extract from ‘World Standard English’, The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language, 1997, by David Crystal, reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press. Photographs: p.6: Powerstock Zefa; p.11: Picture Desk/Kobal; p.12: Powerstock Zefa; p.21: Stockbyte; p.23: Rex Features; p.31: Art Directors and Trip; p.32: Robert Harding Picture Library; p.56.1: Network Photographers; p.56.2: Robert Harding Picture Library; p.56.3: Art Directors and Trip; p.56.4: Art Directors and Trip; p.64: Alamy.com; p.70: Robert Harding Picture Library; p.77: Corbis UK Ltd; p.87: Anthony Blake Picture Library; p.91a: Greg Evans Picture Library; p.9 1b: Greg Evans Picture Library; p.91c: Robert Harding Picture Library; p.91d: Rex Features; p.100: Art Directors and Trip; p.104: Powerstock Zefa; p.125: Art Directors and Trip; p.135.1: Corbis UK Ltd; p.135.2: Photofusion; p.153: Popperfoto; p.182a: Popperfoto; p.182b: Rex Features; p.182c Powerstock Zefa; p.182d Robert Harding Picture Library; p.187 Robert Harding Picture Library; p.196: Art Directors and Trip; p.197: Rex Features; p.216: Powerstock Zefa; p.222: Rex Interstock. Th