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Tutorial 1 2014 Rev1

This document contains 10 exercises related to physical layer concepts in computer networking such as: 1) Calculating bit rates from signal durations and vice versa 2) Encoding bit sequences using NRZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding 3) Decoding waveforms encoded with Manchester and differential Manchester 4) Calculating bandwidth requirements for multiplexed links and compression ratios for DVD video 5) Modulating and demodulating analog signals 6) Analyzing quantization noise from analog to digital conversion

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Sean
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67 views

Tutorial 1 2014 Rev1

This document contains 10 exercises related to physical layer concepts in computer networking such as: 1) Calculating bit rates from signal durations and vice versa 2) Encoding bit sequences using NRZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding 3) Decoding waveforms encoded with Manchester and differential Manchester 4) Calculating bandwidth requirements for multiplexed links and compression ratios for DVD video 5) Modulating and demodulating analog signals 6) Analyzing quantization noise from analog to digital conversion

Uploaded by

Sean
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EITF25

 Internet  -­‐  Techniques  and  Applications   !"#!  


 

Exercise  1:  Physical  layer  (OSI  1)  


 

1. Calculate  the  bit  rate  for  the  following  signals:  


a. A  signal  where  the  duration  of  a  bit  is  1  millisecond.  
b. A  signal  where  the  duration  of  a  bit  is  2  microseconds.  
 
2. What  is  the  duration  of  a  bit  in  the  following  signals?  
a. A  signal  with  bit  rate  100  kbps.  
b. A  signal  with  bit  rate  2  Mbps.  
 
3. Assume  that  we  want  to  transmit  a  bit  sequence  consisting  of  10  zeros.  Code  the  sequence  with  
the  following  line  coding  schemes:  
a. NRZ  
b. Manchester  
c. Differential  Manchester  
 
4. The  wave  forms  shown  below  are  Manchester  coded  bit  sequences.  Decode  them!  
a.  

 
b.  

 
c.  

 
 

5. Do  exercise  4  again,  now  assuming  that  Differential  Manchester  has  been  used.  
 
6. Assume  that  we  want  to  transmit  the  binary  sequence  0101110.  
a. Draw  the  wave  form  assuming  Manchester  encoding.  
b. Draw  the  wave  form  assuming  Differential  Manchester  encoding.  

Assume  in  both  cases  that  the  first  signal  is  a  transfer  from  a  high  signal  level  to  a  low  signal  
level,  irrespective  if  it  is  a  data  signal  or  a  clock  signal.    
EITF25  Internet  -­‐  Techniques  and  Applications   !"#!  
 
7. A  physical  link  with  five  connections  is  multiplexed  with  FDM.  Each  connection  requires  a  
channel  with  a  bandwidth  of  4  000  Hz.  Between  each  channel  there  is  a  200  Hz  guard  band.  
Calculate  the  minimum  total  bandwidth  of  the  link.  
 
8. A  DVD  video  is  compressed  using  MPEG-­‐2  and  in  this  problem  the  compression  ratio  will  be  
estimated.  The  video  is  recorded  at  25  frames  per  second  and  the  maximum  resolution  is  720  X  
576  pixels  per  frame.  A  pixel  consists  of  three  colours  quantised  using  8  bits.  A  normal  movie  of  
about  2  hours  takes  about  8  GB  on  the  disk.  Defining  the  compression  ratio  as  uncompressed  
size  divided  by  the  compressed  size,  what  is  it  for  DVD  video?  If  there  would  be  no  compression  
how  long  time  can  you  record  on  a  DVD?  
 
9. An  analog  (real  baseband)  speech  signal  s(t)  is  modulated  up  to  f0=20  kHz  using    
     sm(t)=s(t)*cos(2  pi  f0  t)  
 
a. To  down  convert  the  signal  the  same  modulation  by  cosinus  can  be  used  followed  by  an  
ideal  low-­‐pass  filter.  What  would  you  set  the  breaking  frequency  to  in  the  LP  filter  and  
what  is  the  amplitude  of  the  resulting  signal?  
 
b. The  signal  can  also  be  down  converted  using  sampling  and  alisasing  in  the  
reconstruction.  What  would  you  set  the  sampling  frequency  to?  
 
10. A  real  signal  x(t)  is  sampled  into  the  sequence  x[n]  and  each  sample  quantized  using  a  k  bit  
linear  quantiser.  Letting  the  number  of  quantisation  levels  be  M=2k  ,  the  amplitude  of  the  
samples  can  be  regarded  as  uniformly  distributed  in  [-­‐Md/2,  Md/2]  where  d  is  the  quantisation  
resolution.    
 
a. Define  the  quantisation  noise  (distortion)  as  d(x,xQ)=(x-­‐xQ)2,  and  show  that  the  average  
noise  is    
     E[d(X,XQ)]=d2/12    
 
b. Define  the  signal  to  quantisation  noise  ration  as    
     SQNR=E[X2]/  E[d(X,XQ)]  
Show  that  for  each  bit  added  to  quantisation  resolution  the  SQNR  decreases  with  
approximately  6  dB.  

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